Unit One Physiology of Digestion.....................1
Text A Pavlov’s Dogs and Classical Conditioning...................................... 2
Text B Pavlov’s Award Ceremony Speech....................................................9
Unit Two Respiratory Enzymes.......................19
Text A Dr. Otto H. Warburg—A Survivor of Ethical Storms...................20
Text B Otto H. Warburg’s Award Ceremony Speech................................ 31
Unit Three Penicillin............................................. 37
Text A The Discovery of Penicillin............................................................... 38
Text B Early Days of Penicillin......................................................................44
Unit Four DNA Structure..................................55
Text A The Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNA —The Double Helix............................................................................ 56
Text B Young Watson and X-ray Diffraction..............................................65
Unit Five Mobile Genes.................................... 73
Text A Barbara McClintock and the Discovery of Jumping Genes....... 74
Text B In Memoriam—Barbara McClintock.............................................. 81
Unit Six Organ and Cell Transplantation.... 87
Text A Advancement in Organ and Cell Transplantation........................88
Text B Remembering Dr. Joseph E. Murray...............................................94
Unit Seven Magnetic Resonance Imaging.... 101
Text A Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for MRI...................102
Text B Interview with Sir Peter Mansfield: My Early Days...................108
Unit Eight Human Immunodeficiency Virus..... 117
Text A A Conversation with Fran?oise Barré-Sinoussi......................... 118
Text B Fran?oise Barré-Sinoussi on the History and Future of HIV Research.....................................................................................126
Unit Nine Telomere Effect.............................. 133
Text Elizabeth H. Blackburn on the Telomere Effect: “It’s About Keeping Healthier for Longer.”............................. 134
Text B Elizabeth H. Blackburn: Discovering Telomeres........................ 141
Unit Ten Artemisinin.......................................151
Text A Nobel Laureate Tu Youyou, Malaria, and the Discovery of Artemisinin................................................................ 152
Text B Tu Youyou and Artemisinin: An Obscure Miracle..................... 159
Unit Eleven Autophagy....................................... 171
Text A Discoveries on How Cells Eat Themselves.................................. 172
Text B Yoshinori Ohsumi—How My Autophagy Research Began....... 178
Unit TweIve Circadian Rhythm.......................... 189
Text A Molecular Mechanisms that Controls the Circadian Rhythm...............................................................................................190
Text B Interview with Michael Rosbash...................................................196