第一章 阅读理解命题研究与解题技巧 第一节 应该了解的考试要点 一、了解大纲最新要求 高考英语考试大纲对考生的阅读技能有如下要求。 考生能读懂有关日常生活的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性 话题的简短文章。考生应能: (1)理解主旨要义; (2)理解文中具体信息; (3)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义; (4)根据所读内容做出判断和推理; (5)理解文章的基本结构; (6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。 二、阅读理解的命题特点 高考英语试卷长期以来赋予阅读理解较多的内容和较高的分值比例(满分30分)。阅读理解选材比 较丰富,有日常生活、科普、人文、历史、地理、社会现象等;体裁较广,有记叙文、说明文、议论 文、应用文等(如表1所示);材料来源广泛,有些节选自各类书籍,有些出自报纸杂志,有些则选 自各类宣传材料。阅读理解试题保持了知识性、教育性和趣味性,体现了时代气息,彰显了文化特色, 注重人文关怀,拓宽考生视野,引导考生关注中国和世界发展趋势。同时,试题强调对语言实用性的考查。 表1 2015—2019年全国卷二英语阅读理解体裁分布 年份 序号 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 A 记叙文 应用文 应用文 应用文 应用文 B 说明文 记叙文 记叙文 说明文 夹叙夹议文 C 议论文 说明文 说明文 说明文 说明文 D 应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 说明文 2 第二节 应该知道的应试技巧 一、四类“路标”词 根据功能,“路标”词可以分为以下四类。 “路标”词1——继续前进 and,besides,what’s more,in addition,moreover,furthermore,also,likewise,equally important等, 这些词的作用是列举同类事物或表示递进。 “路标”词2——因果关系 thus,so,therefore,consequently,as a result,so that 等,不仅提示继续阅读,而且还暗示上下文存 在的因果关系,接下来作者可能要陈述的重要内容。因此,在阅读时,要特别注意这些“路标”词。 “路标”词3——接近尾声 这种“路标”词不仅提示继续阅读,而且暗示已经“接近尾声”,如as a result,finally,in conclusion, to sum up,in a word等,接下来作者可能要有总结性和概括性的陈述。命题人常常在这些地方出主旨大 意题或推理判断题。 “路标”词4——注意转弯 另一类“路标”词提醒“注意转弯”,最常见的有but,yet,while,whereas,nevertheless,otherwise, although,though,despite,in spite of,on the contrary,however,instead,rather,in contrast等,这些词 或词组表示前后两个句子、段落的转折或对比。看到它们,考生就应准备好迎接一个思路大转弯,或者 应当开始考虑同前面陈述相反的事实或观点,这样才能预测作者的意图。 二、正确选项设置的四大规律 阅读理解题考查的是考生从文章中获取信息的能力。高考阅读理解题有别于一般获取信息目的的阅 读,它更倾向于定向理解,即要求考生在阅读文章后能快速、正确地回答命题人所设计的问题。所以, 高效阅读意味着将注意力放在信息上。要善于抓住与问题有关的信息,阅读时要多加注意,而其他信息 则可迅速掠过。 设置规律1——主旨是解 高考英语正确选项的第一原则是“主旨是解”,适用于全部宏观题和许多微观题。仅根据这条原则, 就可以得到很大一部分题目的正确答案。每一篇阅读文章,都有非常明确的主旨,或说明作者态度,或 说明一种现象,或说明一个事物,等等。正确的选项都是符合主旨大意的,凡是与文章主旨无关的,甚 至与主旨相悖的,绝对是错误的选项。 与“主旨是解”相对应的是“例子非解”,这是非常有迷惑性的,如文章为了说明一个现象,举了一 个例子,然后,命题人在题干中问“通过这篇文章,我们可以推断出什么”。如果答案的内容是例子的内 容,不管你认为它有多么正确,都是错误的选项。这一点非常有用,因为主旨句一般是高度概括的,是 通过现象看到的本质内容,而例子都是具体直观的,在文章中很明显。所以,一看到选项中出现了例子 中的词汇,或描述例子中的事情,都要高度戒备,这很可能是错误的选项。 设置规律2——抽象概括是解 在考查“主旨大意”时,高考英语正确选项的另一个重要原则是:抽象概括是解,具体细节非解。 有些题目的四个选项都和主旨相关,其中有三个具体、清晰地说出了一个有头有尾的细节,另一个是对 文章的概括和总结,那么这个抽象概括的选项就是正确答案。 3 设置规律3——but后是解 高考阅读理解经常会出现这种情况:前面说了一个众所周知的现象,但后面有一个but,话锋一转, 开始叙述作者自己的观点或研究发现的结论。这个but (有的时候是however等表示转折的词)非常关键, 它后面的内容直接提出了作者的观点和态度,也就是主旨,所以but后面说的内容往往就是解。当选项中 有一个选项可以定位在but后面,而其余三个定位在其他位置,那么这个选项往往就是答案。 设置规律4——积极向上是解 适用于选标题的题目。如果选项表达的思想太悲观、太消极、太片面,基本都是错误的选项;只有 积极向上的、充满正能量的选项才是正确答案。 各位考生要谨记,在做阅读理解时要做到“不见依据不做答”。每道题的作答都要理由充分、依据 确凿,不仅“知其然”,而且“知其所以然”,才能以不变应万变。 三、干扰项设置的六大规律 设置规律1——偷换概念 偷换概念是高考英语阅读中常见的命题伎俩,其表现方式一般是混淆概念中的所指对象、适用 范围或修饰语。也就是说,将原文某句话中的短语或者某个关键词换成了另一个词汇,虽然选项仍用文 章中的句法结构和大部分词汇,但换了几个关键词即造成了意思上的改变。考生只要使用“原文定位法”, 将选项中的句子和文中的句子对比分析,很容易就能找出差异所在。 设置规律2 ——以偏概全 命题人在某个选项中,照抄原文中的单词,照搬原文中的句子,将原文中所指对象的范围扩大,文 中明明是只适用于部分情况,在选项中却表现为适用于全部情况。此时考生一定要注意,这可能是陷阱。 照抄部分原文,以偏概全,在细节题中尤其常见,考生千万要小心。 设置规律3——无中生有 无中生有是指原文中根本没有提及或者推导不出来的内容,选项中却出现了。 设置规律4——逻辑倒置 选项将原文的逻辑关系做了颠倒处理。比如将文中的因果关系颠倒,原文中的结果变成了选项的原 因;再比如将文中的手段、目的关系颠倒,原文的手段变成了选项中的目的。考生只要将选项与原文对比, 就会清晰地发现错误所在。 设置规律5——望文生义 望文生义是指拘泥于文字的表面意思,而非原文真实意图的表达。 设置规律6——答非所问 选项提及的内容是原文信息,但不符合题目所问。 高考英语阅读理解题中的错误选项有一定的规律,通过分析错误原因,就可以很容易地总结出规 律,从而避免这些错误,提高解题效率。 四、阅读理解七种破解方法 1. 略读法 略读法用于概括和归纳段落中心思想。略读是指人们以可能达到的最快速度阅读。略读的技巧如下。 (1)顺行快速向前移动视线,千万不要停顿或复视。 (2)把注意力集中在关键词上。关键词是实词,如名词、形容词、数词、动词和副词等。介词、冠词、 连接词、语气词、代词以及助动词和情态动词等都不是关键词。 (3)遇到生词尽量猜,猜不出的生词可跳过去。 2. 查读法 查读法是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。查读的特点是带着问题寻找答案。 (1)略读阅读材料,对原文有大概的了解,掌握其主旨。 (2)把主要精力放在寻找所需要的细节上。快速通篇跳读,从左到右、自上而下呈Z形扫视,直至 找到所需要的部分。然后,可放慢速度,细读要查找的内容。 3. 题干定位法 题干定位法是指根据题干中的关键词(单词或短语)定位答案所在的位置,从而缩小阅读范围,这种 方法省时有效。例如,对于广告、演出信息、航班时间表等,不必阅读全文,宜采用这种方法。先从题干 中抓住关键性词语(题眼),然后以此为线索,通过略读及查读快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语 句,仔细品味,对照比较,确定答案。 4. 阅读理解中长难句化简法 2019年和2018年高考试题中长难句明显增多了,并且多在长难句处设题。所以,分析破解长难句是 我们备考的重点和难点。 (1)如果文中长难句是带有较多成分的简单句,可以采取“去枝叶,留主干”的方法分析、理解。例 如,Schools across China are expected to hire 50, 000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures. (本句主干部分为: Schools are expected to hire graduates as teachers.) (2)如果长难句是含有多个从句的复合句,可以先找从属连词,分析从句,再理解句意。例如, Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say that he didn’t know that his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa. (画线为从属连词) (3)如果长难句是含有插入语的句子,可以忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题。例如,The lack of right male role models in many of their lives — at home and particularly in the school environment — means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against. (画线部分为插入成分) (4)如果句子中有成分省略,应该首先把握大意,并找出上文对应信息,再补充省略成分。例如, The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally won’t pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females, whereas girls usually will (pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at males). (画线部 分为省略部分) (5)如果句子是倒装句,应该确定主语,调整语序,再理解文意。例如,Before 1066,in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. (画线部分为倒装句) 5. 自然段定位法 自然段定位法即命题人往往按照信息点在文中出现的先后顺序依次设制各个小题。也就是说,各题 的答案信息常常在短文中依次出现,排在后面的小题,文中对应的信息点也在后面。例如,第1题(非 主旨题目时)往往位于第一、二自然段;第2题会在第1题的答案信息之后且与第1题的位置最接近; 第3题会在第2题的答案信息之后,往往在文中较为中间的地方;第4题则位于文中靠后的位置。最后 一题一般是主旨题(包括给文章加标题、归纳写作目的),可能涉及全文内容。 6. 首尾定位法 做某些细节题如排序题时可采用“首尾定位法”,即先找出最先发生的事和最后发生的事,迅速缩小 选择范围,从而快速选出答案。 7. 排除法 利用排除法做题时,考生要注意有时在两个选项之间要根据诸如“主旨是解,例证非解”等规律, 结合文章整体意思做出判断。 第三节 应该掌握的阅读题型和解题技巧 一、事实细节题 事实细节题在阅读理解中占的比重较大,是最重要的一种题型。主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细 节的理解能力,属于表层理解题范畴,难度较小。该题型有个特点:所提问题一般可以在文中直接或间接 找到答案,但正确的选项一般不可能与阅读材料的原文一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意 思,即“同义替换”。 (一)考点类型 1. 直接细节题 解答此类题时,不必通篇细读,而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法,先从题干中抓住关键性的词语 (题眼),然后以此为线索,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品 味,对照比较,确定答案。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷三,A) … Admission Charges Hall & Gardens Gardens Adults £12.00 £8.00 Groups £9.00 £5.50 22. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens? A. £l2.00. B. £9.00. C. £8.00. D. £5.50. 解析 本题属于直接细节题。题干问一位随团游客参观Hall & Gardens应买多少钱的门票。所需信 息来自文中的第一部分。在Admission Charges下面列出了参观Hall & Gardens与单独参观Gardens的门 票价格。考生须注意题目中“a member of a tour group”这一细节,与原文中的Groups信息吻合,结合文 中的相关信息直接找到答案。故选B。 2. 间接细节题 间接细节题考查的并非单一信息,而是多处信息的整合。解答这类题目时,考生需要先抓住题干中 的关键词(题眼),然后迅速“原文定位”,一定要跨段落搜集,多点归纳,全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合 分析、归纳,切忌根据“一面之词”草率得出结论。同时,还要学会辨别答案以及干扰项的特征,快速 排除干扰项。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷三,C) … (第五段):Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages. He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls, roofs and corridors. This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements (元素) . (第六段):Wang’s works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions. Through such a balance, he had created a new type of Chinese architecture, said Tadao Ando, the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize. (第七段):Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums. “That is only evidence that traditions once existed,” he said. (第八段):“Many Chinese people have a misunderstanding of traditions. They think tradition means old things from the past. In fact, tradition also refers to the things that have been developing and that are still being created.” he said. (第九段):“Today, many Chinese people are learning Western styles and theories rather than focusing on Chinese traditions. Many people tend to talk about traditions without knowing what they really are.” said Wang. (第十段):“The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty.” he said. 31. What should we do about Chinese traditions according to Wang? A. Spread them to the world. B. Preserve them at museums. C. Teach them in universities. D. Recreate them in practice. 解析 本题属于间接细节题。文章第五段至第十段主要描述了王澍的设计见解:将现代建筑与 中国传统建筑相结合,创造出新的中国建筑风格。由第五段和第六段可知,作者引用1995年同一奖项 获得者对王澍的评价,指出王澍的作品表现出他对现代建筑和中国传统的深刻理解,并将二者结合,创 造出新的中国建筑风格。第八段提到很多人误认为传统就是过去的旧事物,但事实上,那些发展中的 以及正被创造的事物也可以称为传统。第十段提到王澍认为中国古代建筑风格应该在实践中进行再创 造,并在实践中研究传统,否则传统的再创造就会变得虚假、空洞。根据以上搜集到的信息,多点归 纳总结,选出正确答案。A项Spread them to the world属于无中生有,原文未提及,故排除;B项和文 章背道而驰,原文是“Wang believes traditions should not be sealed in glass boxes at museums.”故排除;C项 属于偷梁换柱,因为文章描述了杭州象山校区独特的建筑风格,而非在大学里教授中国传统建筑。故排 除C项。故选D。 3. 数据推算题 这类题目要求考生就文章提供的数据以及数据与文中其他信息的关系,做简单的计算和推断。做此 类题目时要做到以下两点。 (1)抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。 (2)弄清众多信息中哪些属于有用信息,哪些属于干扰信息。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷一,C) … (第三段)At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that. 30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present? A. About 6,800. B. About 3,400. C. About 2,400. D. About 1,200. 解析 本题属于数据推算题。题干问的是目前少于6 000人使用的语言有多少种。根据“At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.”可知,目前世界上大约有6 800种语言。另外,根据“The median number of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.”可知,说某种语言的人的中位数只有6 000,这意味着世界上有一半语言使用人数不足 6 000人,6 800种的一半是3 400种。故选B。 (二)三大解题技巧 1. 利用特殊标点符号 高考试题中,常常出现生僻词汇或超纲词汇,命题人常常利用特殊标点符号(破折号、引号、冒号) 解释说明生僻词汇,并在此处设题,考生只需阅读标点符号前后内容,就能找到正确的答案。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷一,B) (第一段)Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 24. What do we know about Susanna Reid? A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests. B. She has started a new programme. C. She dislikes working early in the morning. D. She has had a tight budget for her family. 解析 本题针对特殊标点符号设题,破折号后面的内容即是答案出处。根据第一段中的“but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.”,特别是破折号后面的内容可知,这位电视节目主持人正在主持一档新的节目,介绍如何以较少 的花费做出好吃的饭菜。A项和C项的表述与第一段中的“Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning.”意思不符,虽然选项仍用文章中的句法结构和部分词汇,但换了 几个关键词造成意思发生了改变,错误类型是偷梁换柱。D项属于无中生有,文中提及这个节目能够帮 助预算紧张的家庭做出好吃的饭菜,但并没有说明 Susanna Reid家预算紧张,故可排除D项。故选B。 2. 同义转述是解 事实细节题的答案很多都是原文的同义替换项。巧用同义替换,即可轻松锁定答案。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷一,A) Washington, D.C. Bicycle Tours … Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration: 3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear! 21. Which tour do you need to book in advance? A. Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B. Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 解析 同义转述项是答案。本题问的是在四个旅游项目中,哪个项目需要提前预约。考生需快速 阅读文章,找到相关段落中的相关内容即找到答案。根据“Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms — disappear!”可知,请在名额未满、樱花未凋谢之前预约。所以,樱花自行车之旅需提 前预约。Reserve your spot与book in advance是同义转述,故选A。 真题再现:(2016年全国卷一,D) … (第二段)Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. 33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought? A. The Chinese. B. The French. C. The Mexicans. D. The Russians. 解析 根据“Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.”以及“In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.”可 知,许多美洲土著居民和中国人、泰国人一样,认为人们之所以沉默是需要进行思考。本题题干中的 careful thought与文中所提到reflection是同义转述,解题时可以利用这两个词汇间的同义关系轻松锁定答 案。故选A。 3. 寻找关键词 在出现一些关键词如however, but, moreover, above all, therefore, thus等时,要特别注意句子前后意思 的转折、递进、因果等关系,事实细节题的答案往往蕴含在这些关键词语前后的句子中。 真题再现:(2018年北京卷,C) greater waxs moth Plastic-Eating Worms (第一段)Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills (垃圾填埋场) , and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. (第二段)Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste (糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. 43. What can we learn about the worms in the study? A. They take plastics as their everyday food. B. They are newly evolved creatures. C. They can consume plastics. D. They wind up in landfills. 解析 正确选项设置的一个规律是“but 后是解”。本文第一段叙述塑料在垃圾填埋场堆积如山, 污染环境,到目前为止,塑料还没有有效的处理办法。在前面说了一个众所周知的现象后,突然有一个 but,话锋一转,开始叙述作者自己的观点或研究发现的结论,这个but (有时候是however等表示转折的词) 非常关键,直接提出了作者的观点和态度,考生应对but特别敏感,but后面的内容,往往就是正解。再 根据“Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligram, or almost 3% of it.”可 知,西班牙和英国的研究人员最近发现,大蜡螟的幼虫能分解聚乙烯,聚乙烯塑料占所有塑料的40%。 研究小组把100只幼虫放在一个商用聚乙烯塑料购物袋上12个小时,这些虫子消耗并分解了大约92毫 克聚乙烯或将近3%的购物袋。所以可知,蠕虫能消耗塑料。故选C。 二、主旨大意题 (一)考点类型 主旨大意题考查考生对一篇文章中心思想的理解,考查形式主要有以下四种。 1. 篇章主旨 篇章主旨是针对全文主题提问。主题句大多出现在首段,其次是末段,有时甚至需要结合不同段落 的主题进行概括。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷三,B) (第一段)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness (荒野) . But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. (第二段)Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning. An avalanche (雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. (第三段)But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. 27. What is the text mainly about? A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada. C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson. 解析 本题是主旨大意题。应根据文章中第三段的主题进行概括。文章第一、二段介绍了19世纪 末金子的发现使曾经一片荒野的道森市在两年内迅速发展成为一座拥有3万人口的加拿大西部最大城市 之一。第三段讲述了随着金子的开采殆尽,这座城市的人口纷纷流失,导致现在总人口下降到只有762 人。因此,全文主要描述了这座城市的兴衰。B项“加拿大淘金热”,以偏概全;C项“荒野之旅”,曲解 文意;D项“道森的旅游业”,偷换概念。故选A。 2. 段落主旨 短文首段或各段的首句往往是段落中心或文章的中心思想所在之处。段落主旨题一般针对某个段落 或几个段落的主题设问。 真题再现:(2018年天津卷,D) … (第三段)The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first. 52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3? A. To avoid jumping to conclusions. B. To stop complaining all the time. C. To follow the teacher’s advice. D. To admit mistakes honestly. 解析 本题是考查段落主旨的主旨大意题。主旨在段首第一句,然后用例证证明此观点。本题问 的是作者在第三段主要表达了什么观点。根据“The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs.”可知,唤醒感知力的第一步是不要在事情发生前预测将看到和 感觉到什么。然后,作者用实例说明预测会导致感官产生错误,因此本段想要表达的观点,就是避免匆 忙下结论。B项属于偷换概念,与文章大意背道而驰;C项和D项都属于无中生有。故选A。 3. 文章标题 标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面,给文章提炼标题属于深层理解题。文章标题是对文 章的概括,既要精练又要精确。 文章标题具有以下三个特点。 (1)概括性,即准确、简短。标题的用词不应是具体的细节描述,而是要站在全文的角度进行归纳和 提炼。 (2)针对性,即与内容范围相符。对文章的核心或主题一针见血,所表达的内容不能少于或多于文 章阐述的内容。 (3)醒目性,即新颖巧妙,能引发读者的阅读欲望。 选择标题的三个具体做法如下。 (1)概括文章的主题。 (2)逆向思维法又称逆向思考,即如果“我”是作者,遇到这样的标题,文章应该怎样写。 (3)整体把握文章,不被细节迷惑。 标题干扰项有以下三种错误类型。 (1)以偏概全(多表现为部分代替整体)。 (2)过度概括(含有过于肯定或绝对的词语,人为地扩大范围)。 (3)以事实或细节代替抽象概括。 真题再现:(2018年全国卷一,B) (第一段)Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. (第二段)In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11. (第三段)“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant ,” she explains. “I pay £5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.” (第四段)The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market. (第五段)With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different