第一章

语.法.填.空

语法填空是指在大约 200词的短文中留出 10个填空，主要考查考生的语法知识。语法填空要求考生具备以下四个能力：
（1）阅读并理解短文的能力；

（2）分析句子结构的能力；

（3）熟练运用语法的能力；

（4）拼写单词的能力。


语法填空题的考查形式分为有提示词和无提示词两种，有提示词类题目和无提示词类题目的比例大概为 73。
（1）有提示词类填空题要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，主要考查词性的转换（名词与动词的转换、形容词与副词的转换等）、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级、名词的单复数、动词的时态语态及非谓语动词等。即有提示词的填空题一般是考查“名、动、形、副、非”。

（2）无提示词类填空题要求考生根据上下文语境和逻辑关系填入连词、冠词、介词、代词、情态动词、助动词等。即无提示词的填空题一般是考查“连、冠、介、代、情”。从近几年的高考出题情况分析，形容词、副词、并列句、复合句、谓语动词、非谓语动词已成为语


法填空题考查的热点。语法填空解题步骤如下：
（1）通读全文，了解大意，熟知考点，各个击破；

（2）巧用已知，推测未知，降低难度，铺平道路；

（3）理解句意，分析结构，抓住主干，牢记句型；

（4）重读全篇，仔细审查，语法正确，语义通顺；

（5）拼写准确，书写规范，大小写正确。


第一节.应掌握的五种基本句型

语法填空重点考查分析句子结构的能力，所以考生必须对英语中的五种基本句型了如指掌。
（一）主语 +系动词 +表语
常见的系动词有 be（是）、become（变成）、look（看）、seem（似乎）、appear（显得）、get（变得）、 
feel（摸起来）、grow（变得）、turn（变成）、remain（仍然是）、come（变得）、fall（变成）、keep（保持）、 
stand（保持）、stay（保持）、smell（闻起来）、sound（听起来）、taste（尝起来）等。
常用作表语的有名词、形容词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句等。如：
She looks happy.（她看起来很开心。） 
remain silent/seated（保持沉默 /在座位上坐好）
（二）主语 +不及物动词
通常，不及物动词后面不接宾语。如： 
He is listening now.（他正在听。） 
The plane will take off soon.（飞机马上就要起飞了。）
（三）主语 +及物动词 +宾语
通常，及物动词后面接直接宾语。如： 
Can I change seats with you?（我能跟你换座位吗 ?） 
I had to learn a poem by heart for the school concert.（我必须把诗记熟，以便在校音乐会上朗诵。）
（四）主语 +及物动词 +间接宾语 +直接宾语
间接宾语 +直接宾语也叫双宾语。能够接双宾语的及物动词有 give（给）、bring（带给）、tell（告诉）、 send（寄给，送给）、leave（留给）、pass（递给）、read（读）、write（写）、show（给……看）、teach（教）、 get（获得，得到）、award（授予）、lend（借给）、rent（租给）、buy（买）、pay（支付）、hand（递给）等。如： 
She brought me a new dictionary.（她给我带了一本新字典。） 
Pass him a cup of tea, please.（请递给他一杯茶。）
（五）主语 +及物动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语
宾语 +宾语补足语也叫复合宾语。宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语。常带复合宾语的及物动词有 elect（选举）、feel（感觉到）、find（发现）、get（使得）、have（使，让）、 hear（听到）、keep（保持）、make（使）、notice（注意到）、see（看见）、let（使）、smell（闻到）、watch（注视）、 appoint（任命）、call（称）、catch（发现）、allow（允许）、ask（请求，要求）、cause（使得）、consider（认为）、 think（想，认为）、wish（希望）等。如 : 
They elected Smith mayor.（他们选举史密斯当市长。） 
This film made him a star.（这部影片使他成为明星。） 
They appointed him captain of the English team.（他们任命他为英格兰队队长。）
只要记住以上五种基本句型，不管多长、多复杂的句子也可以通过“抓句子主干”的方法破解。“句
子主干”就是指以上五种基本句型，“抓住句子主干”之后再解决如定语和状语等“细枝末节”就可轻松
破解长难句了。利用好以上五种基本句型可以大大提高学习效率，取得事半功倍的效果。
第二节.有提示词填空题的解题技巧

有提示词类的填空题要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，主要考查谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化以及词性的转换（名词与动词的转换、形容词与副词的转换）等。当给出的提示词是动词原形时，一般是考查动词的时态、语态或者非谓语动词的用法。
（一）考查时态和语态
考查时态和语态类题目的解题步骤如下。（1）分析句子结构，确定句中是否缺少谓语，如缺谓语动词，则考查动词的时态和语态。
（2）确定主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，从而确定使用主动语态还是被动语态，若是被动关系还要根据语境考虑使用哪种时态的被动语态。
（3）要注意主谓一致。

That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, (close) my book and walked away. 

 closed
分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词，且与 declined和 walked构成三个并列谓语，故此处应填 closed。

After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months earlier, but the man 
at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that 
week, but for the week after.

were told 
分析句子结构可知，此处为谓语动词。由句意可知是“我们被告知”。由上下文的时态可以推断，此处应用一般过去时的被动语态，另外还要注意主谓一致，故填 were told。
（二）考查非谓语动词
考查非谓语动词类题目的解题步骤如下。
（1）若句中已有谓语，且不是作并列谓语，则应该考虑本题是否考查的是非谓语动词。
（2）根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分或某些词语的特殊要求，确定非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式；作原因状语、伴随状语及时间状语等需用现在分词或过去分词形式；作后置定语多用现在分词、过去分词或不定式形式；作主语或宾语用 v-ing形式或不定式形式；作 enjoy、finish、 imagine、consider等动词的宾语时 ,需用 v-ing形式；作 decide、refuse、want等动词的宾语时，需用不定式形式；题目前为系动词，需用 v-ing形式（令人感到……的）或过去分词 v-ed形式（感到……的）作表语。

（3）分词作状语时，确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。主动关系用 v-ing形式，被动关系用 v-ed形式。

（4）现在分词作状语时，根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式（ v-ing）还是用完成式（having done）。



Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might be made of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.

to create根据句意可知，此处是作目的状语，动词不定式形式用于表示目的，所以应该填 to create。
【例4】 
Granddaughter Gayle Parksm, 31 — who works alongside her in the family business — said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award. She said, “We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward. When we got a call (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.”

 saying 

本句是由 when引导的时间状语从句，句子主干是 we got a call，所以此处是考查非谓语
动词。根据句意， saying she was short-listed是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 a call，且与 a call构成主动状态，表示电话的内容，所以填 saying。

On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the 
North Shore under the stars, (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

listening 
根据句子结构可知，本句的谓语是 were invited，所以本题是考查非谓语动词。 listen to与句子的主语 we是主动关系，所以应用现在分词形式作伴随状语，同时该空与 meeting interesting locals是
平行结构，故填 listening。
（三）考查形容词或副词
当给出形容词或副词形式时，往往要求写出形容词或副词的比较级或最高级形式，有时也会考查形
容词与副词之间的转换。
这类题目的解题步骤如下。
（1）分析结构，确定该处在句子中作定语还是状语。形容词作定语（修饰名词）或表语；副词作状语（修饰动词、形容词、副词、过去分词、介词短语、句子）。
（2）根据结构和句意确定用比较级还是最高级，以及是否需要加表示否定或相反意义的前缀或后缀。

A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for being Britain’s oldest full-time employee still working 40 hours a week. Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les. Her years of hard work have (final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated（提名）her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.

 finally 此处应为副词形式，修饰动词 been acknowledged，所以填 finally。

Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements, leading to the illusion（错觉）that populations are (high) than they actually are.

 higher 由横线后的单词 than可知，此处要用形容词的比较级形式，所以填 higher。
【例8】 
I’m not sure who is more frightened, me or the female gorilla（大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I’m walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I’m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the (loud) of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.

 loudest 

根据横线前的 the和横线后表示范围的短语 of all可知，此处应用形容词的最高级形式，
所以填 loudest。

As a result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even (bad), 
the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.

 worse 
even是副词，常用来修饰形容词或副词的比较级。 even worse为固定搭配，意为“更糟的是”，常作状语，所以填 worse。
（四）考查词性转化
词性转化多以派生词变化为主，如名词与形容词之间的相互转化、动词与形容词之间的相互转化、
动词与名词之间的相互转化、形容词与副词之间的相互转化等。此外，还包括名词的单复数变化。
解题步骤如下。
（1）分析句子结构，确定要填的词在句中充当的成分。如副词修饰动词、形容词或修饰整个句子；形容词修饰名词；冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后面应该用名词。
（2）根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词性。
注意：有时不仅要注意词性的转化，还要考虑使用意义相反的前缀或后缀，以确保逻辑关系通顺。同时，要保证所填词拼写无误。
（3）形容词变副词时要注意以 -le结尾的词，如 possible、probable、comfortable、terrible、simple等要去 e加 y；其他形容词不去 e，直接加 ly，但 truly例外。

In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing.

 belief
由横线前的冠词 a可知，此处用名词形式 belief，在 a belief that populations are increasing中， that引导的是 belief的同位语从句。

School uniforms are (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. Some very good schools don’t have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms. 
【答案】 traditional 本句是主系表结构，形容词充当表语，故用 tradition的形容词 traditional。


It is possible that caffeine may cause birth defects（缺陷）in humans, too. One study showed that (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.

women 
根据后半句中的人称代词 they可知，此处应填 woman 的复数形式 women。
第三节.无提示词填空题的解题技巧

无提示词类的填空题需要考生在没有提示词的情况下填写符合上下文逻辑、语法、句法的单词。这类题目主要考查代词、冠词、介词、情态动词、并列连词、复合句、特殊句式等，且横线处只能填一个单词。
（一）考查代词
代词主要包括不定代词、指示代词、替代词、it、人称代词的主格或宾格、反身代词、物主代词等。考查代词的题目的解题技巧如下。
（1）分析句子结构。若句子缺少主语，则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或 it；若句子缺少宾语，则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或 it。如果宾语与主语是同一个人（或物），则应使用反身代词。
（2）理解句子意思，并牢记固定词组。

Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using  every day.

 it 
横线处指代上文提到的 the railway，所以填 it。

For the past 20 years, I have lived by these words. Soon I will graduate and become part of the real world. 
Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”. myself whisper to oneself意为“自言自语”，所以填 myself。


One of the effective ways to build vocabulary is to read good books. You need to really read at least 
one good book a week, preferably a classic. This isn’t as hard as it sounds, and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while reading an interesting piece of literature. Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and (they) use unconsciously, meaning that you will tend to use the words learned this way in conversations almost automatically.

 their
根据句子结构 both... and...，可知横线处与 use构成了名词短语，此处应用形容词性物主
代词修饰名词 use，是指“它们的用法”。故填 their。
（二）考查冠词、形容词性物主代词或限定词
要清楚句子结构，如横线后为名词，又无提示词，可确定横线处应填冠词（ a、an、the）、形容词性物主代词（如 my、your等）或限定词（如 other、another、either、both等）。

In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and from work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over  top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.

 the 根据句意，此处特指轨道的顶部，应用定冠词 the表示特指。

She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to the challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term resting. Instead, she is earning $6,500 a day as  model in New York. 

a 
根据句意， Sarah Thomas在纽约当了一名模特。 model是可数名词，在此处表示泛指，且以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词 a。

On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by its mother. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, other is with mum — she never suspects.

 the
根据上文可知，这是一对（熊猫）双胞胎幼崽，由此结合横线前句中的 one可知，此处
为 one… the other句型，所以填 the。
（三）考查介词
考查介词的题目要求考生能够根据语境、句意或固定词组填写正确的介词。
【例19】 
But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer this question is not clear. One study in America found that students’ grades improved a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn’t want to wear the uniform. Other American studies showed no connection between uniforms and school performance.

 to

the answer to…为固定搭配，意为“……的答案”。

My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching 
these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my 
colleagues and I were worried.

for 
search for为固定短语，意为“寻找”。
（四）考查情态动词和助动词
若句子结构较完整，横线的谓语动词是动词原形 have done或 be doing等，很可能是填情态动词；如果强调谓语动词，很可能填 do、does、did；如果构成部分是倒装句，横线后有主语，主语后是动词原形、 v-ed或者 v-ing形式，这时要根据需要填 do、does、did、have、has、is、am、are。

Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked, “ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh, dear! It’s mine.” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully.

 Did 
本句是一般疑问句，应该填 do的适当形式，因为上下文都是一般过去时，所以填 Did。此处应注意位于句首的答案首字母应大写。

I explained that while I didn’t carry any cash, I happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it.

 did
因谓语动词 happen是动词原形，而上下文语境的谓语动词都是过去式，所以此处应填情
态动词或助动词。根据句意，虽然没有带现金，但“我”碰巧有一条新毯子，便问他是否要用。填助动词 did，对谓语动词进行强调。
（五）考查并列连词或复合句
并列连词包括 and、but、or、so等。
复合句包括定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。

（1）定语从句考查关系代词（that、which、who、whom、whose、of which、of whom）或关系副词（when、where、why）。
（2）名词性从句考查引导词 that、what、whether、which、who、whom、when、why、where、how、 however等。

（3）状语从句考查表示原因的从属连词如 because、as、since，表示让步的从属连词 though、although、 as、while，表示条件的从属连词 if、unless等，表示时间的从属连词 when、while、as、before、after、 until、since等，表示结果的从属连词 so… that或 such… that等，表示比较的从属连词 than、as… as 等。

解题技巧如下。

（1）分析结构。若句中有两个句子（即有两个主谓结构），并且两个句子之间没有句号、分号，也没有连词或引导词，横线处必填并列连词构成复合句。

（2）根据两个句子的句意、逻辑关系或句式结构确定是并列结构还是某种复合句。

（3）如果是复合句，则应该判断出是定语从句、名词性从句还是状语从句，然后再根据从句的特点，结合引导词的意义和作用确定具体的引导词。


（4）若两个或几个单词或短语之间是平行结构又没有连词，则很可能填并列连词。

While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it is more effective at lengthening life  walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

 than
根据横线前的 more effective可知，本句考查比较级，是指“跑步比散步、骑自行车或游泳更能有效地延长寿命”，所以填 than。

Does the name of the college you attend really matter? Research on the question suggests that, for most students, it doesn’t. What students do at college seems to matter much more than  they go. The students benefitting most from college are those who are totally engaged（参与）in academic life, taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources（资源） .

 where 
横线处所引导的从句与 What students do at college是平行结构，并且横线处在句中充当地点状语，修饰 go，所以填 where。

According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil-testing program  gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million 
tons.

 that/which
分析句子结构可知，横线处引导定语从句，先行词是 a soil-testing program，指的是物，
在定语从句中作主语，故应用 that或 which引导定语从句，所以填 that/which。
【例26】 
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days even a few months. It took years of work to reduce industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is cleaner than ever.

 or
根据上下文内容可知，此处表示并列关系，指的是那条河流不是在几天内或几个月内发
生的变化，具有选择性，所以填 or。
（六）考查特殊句式
特殊句式包括强调句、倒装句、 there be句型、感叹句、“祈使句 + and/or +陈述句”结构、 “not only… but also…”“not… but…”“neither... nor…”“either… or”结构等。

After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six months earlier, but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We were told that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week,  for the week after. I didn’t understand how this would happen and my credit card had already been 
charged for the reservation.

but 
not… but…意为“不是……而是……”。根据句意，由于失误，房间的预定日期不是度假的那周，而是下一周，所以填 but。

It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.

 that 
本题考查强调句型。根据句意，直到汽车停在我们家房前，我们才看到 Lily坐在乘客座位上。强调句型的结构是“It is/was +被强调的部分 +that/who+其他成分”。本句中 only when the car pulled up in front of our house为被强调的部分，所以填 that。

第四节.语法填空.高考真题详解



China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon. The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe（探测器） — the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess — 61 (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on the moon’s far side is 62 (extreme) challenging. Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the