Chapter 3Men of Honours
第三章名人之印



 导读 

牛顿说自己的成功是因为站在了巨人的肩膀上。每个时代都会有杰出的人物。本章的四篇文章是《本杰明·富兰克林》《约翰·邓恩的肖像》《莱特兄弟的趣闻》和《我如何看待自己的工作》。
以人物传记见长的布鲁克斯以富兰克林为例，讲述了一个出身卑微的小人物如何成为时代的楷模。沃尔顿的《约翰·邓恩的肖像》一文以考究的文笔和用词刻画了一位信仰虔诚、智慧卓绝的玄学诗人，在他身上，充满了爱与仁慈。《莱特兄弟的趣闻》通过对飞机发明家莱特兄弟逸事的挖掘，讲述了背后鲜为人知的趣事。同样是飞行员出身的圣·埃克絮佩里以《小王子》一书享誉世界，同时他也是《我如何看待自己的工作》的作者。如果说作家的意义是让读者对作品产生阅读兴趣，那么飞行员的使命就是让每一次飞行都值得回忆。
除了追忆名人似水般的年华外，我们还能从他们的身上汲取榜样的力量。今天，当我们再一次站在这些巨人的肩膀上时，既是在向他们致敬，也是在展望更美好的未来。








1. Benjamin Franklin
by Elbridge Brooks


Franklins life is full of charming stories which all young men should know—how he peddled［1］ ballads in Boston, and［2］ stood, the guest of kings, in Europe; how he worked his passage as a stowaway to Philadelphia, and rode in the queens own litter in France; how he walked the streets of Philadelphia, homeless and unknown, with three penny rolls for his breakfast, and dined at the tables of princess, and received his friends in a palace; how he raised a kite from a cow shed, and was showered with［3］ all the high degrees the colleges of the world could give, how he was duped［4］ by a false friend as a boy, and became the friend of all humanity as a man; how he was made Major General Franklin, only to resign［5］ because,as he said, he was no soldier, and yet helped to organize the army that stood before the trained troops of England and Germany.
This poor Boston boy, with scarcely［6］ a days schooling, became master of six languages and never stopped studying; this neglected apprentice［7］ tamed the lightening, made his name famous, received degrees and diplomas from colleges in both hemispheres, and became forever remembered as “Doctor Franklin”, philosopher, patriot, scientist, philanthropist［8］ and statesman.
Selfmade, selftaught, selfreared, the candle makers son gave light to all the world; the street ballad seller set all men singing of liberty; the runaway apprentice became the most soughtafter［9］ man of two continents, and brought his native land to praise and honour him.
He built America — for what our Republic is today is largely due to the prudence［10］, the forethought, the statesmanship, the enterprise, the wisdom, and the ability of Benjamin Franklin. He belongs to the world, but especially does he belong to America. As the nations honoured him while living, so the Republic glorifies him when dead, and has enshrined him in the choicest of its niches — the one he regarded as the loftiest—the hearts of the common people, from whom he had sprung［11］ and in their hearts Franklin will live forever.

【参考译文】
本杰明·富兰克林


［美］埃尔布里奇·布鲁克斯

 富兰克林的一生充满了迷人的故事，所有的年轻人都应当知道——他如何在波士顿叫卖民谣唱本，而后来在欧洲成为各国国王的宾客； 他如何偷偷登船、靠做工抵付船资到达费城，而后来在法国却坐上了王后的轿子； 他如何无家可归、举目无亲地走在费城的大街上，用三个便士买来的面包卷当早饭，而后来却成为公主宴席上的宾客，并在宫殿里会见他的朋友； 他是如何从牛棚里放起风筝，而后来却接连获得世界上各大学所能给予的高级学位； 他是如何在儿时被一个虚伪的朋友所欺骗，而在成年后成为全人类的朋友； 他是如何被封为富兰克林少将，但他说他不是军人而辞了职，却又帮助组建了那支敢于迎战训练有素的英德联军的军队。
这个几乎没有上过一天学的波士顿穷男孩，后来精通六种语言，而且从未停止过学习； 这个无人注意的学徒制服了闪电，名声大噪，获得了东西两半球各大学院的学位和文凭，成为人们永远铭记的 “富兰克林博士”、哲学家、爱国者、科学家、慈善家和政治家。
 这位蜡烛制造者的儿子自强不息、自学成材、自食其力，为全世界带来了光明； 这位民谣唱本的街头叫卖者让所有的人都唱起了自由之歌； 这位逃跑的学徒成了两大洲最广受欢迎的人，并赢得了祖国的赞美和尊敬。
 他缔造了美国——因为我们的共和国能有今天，很大程度上是由于本杰明·富兰克林的深思熟虑、他的远见卓识、他的政治精神、他的积极进取和聪明才干。他属于世界，但尤其属于美国。生前，各国崇敬他； 死后，共和国颂扬他，把他安放在最宝贵的壁龛中——一个他视为最崇高的壁龛——普通民众的心中，他从人民中诞生，富兰克林将永远活在人民的心中。
（孙庆芳译）
【注释】
［1］peddle /pedl/ v. (沿街)叫卖； 兜售
［2］how... and... 怎样从……成为…… （and后面的谓语和前面的谓语是并列关系，起到前后对比的作用。）
［3］be showered with向……抛撒； 撒落。如They were showered with rice in the traditional manner.（人们按传统习俗朝他们抛撒大米。）
［4］dupe /djup / v. 欺骗。如He was duped into telling them everything. （他受骗向他们坦陈一切。）
［5］resign /rIzaIn/ v.辞职
［6］scarcely /skesli / adv. 几乎不。辨析： hardly指接近最低限度，差不多没有多余，强调困难和程度; scarcely指不太充分，不太够，不足，不能令人满意，强调数量; barely指仅仅够，一点不多，强调没有多余。
［7］apprentice /prentIs/ n. 学徒。如He was an apprentice to a master craftsman.他师从一位能工巧匠。
［8］philanthropist /flnrpIst/ n.慈善家
［9］soughtafter adj. 吃香的，抢手的，广受欢迎的。如You will have tremendous opportunities and you will be highly sought after.（你将会有大量的机会，并备受追捧。）
［10］prudence /prudns/ n. 谨慎。如Western businessmen are showing remarkable prudence in investing in the region. （西方商人对在那个地区投资正表现出异常的谨慎。）
［11］its niches — the one he regarded as the loftiest — the hearts of the common people, from whom he had sprung： 句中the one和niches之间是同位语的关系。he regarded as the loftiest的前面省略了一个关系代词that/which，引导的定语从句修饰the one。from whom这里也引导了一个定语从句，修饰前面的people。
【美文赏析】


 本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin,1706—1790）出生于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿，美国政治家、科学家； 同时也是出版商、印刷商、记者、作家、慈善家； 更是杰出的外交家及发明家。他是美国独立战争时期重要的领导人之一，参与了多项重要文件的草拟，参与起草《独立宣言》，并曾出任美国驻法大使，成功赢得法国对美国独立的支持。他曾经进行多项涉电实验，并且发明了避雷针，最早提出电荷守恒定律。今天，当我们在美国使用美元的时候，会发现100元面值的纸钞上就有他的肖像，可见其在美国人心目中的地位。
文章开篇反复采用how... and...的句式结构，突出对比，表现出富兰克林顽强向上的精神。全文饱含热情，用词积极有力，高度颂扬了富兰克林的励志进取和智慧才干。尽管他没有受过多少正规学校教育，但读书很多，通过自己的不断努力，最终成就了自己。他在自传中提出了13条美德，即节制、缄默、有序、决心、节俭、勤奋、真诚、正义、中庸、整洁、冷静、节欲、谦逊。
富兰克林是一位政治家、革命家，但他最能打动每一个平凡人的地方是他作为一个社会人所表现出的勤奋、智慧、责任、博爱等一系列美德。在一定程度上来说，他是美国精神的塑造者之一。令人敬佩之处在于在富兰克林漫长的政治生涯中，他从未放弃对科学和文学的研究。他追逐到了闪电，在科学史上拥有了一席之地； 他在担任议员期间改进了宾州公路上的路灯，升级了公路的排水系统，对现代城市的模式和治理做出了很大贡献。



富兰克林有一句口头禅是“空袋子可站不直”，也就是我们常说的“仓廪实而知礼节”。努力奋斗—获得财富—回馈社会，可以说他奠定了当今美国社会的精神主旨。
 富兰克林为什么会有如此大的魅力？除了勤奋外，最难能可贵的是他善于用最简单的方式去处理生活中的日常事务，用极高的自律严格要求自己，用真诚的态度对待真实的自我，他每天会使用事务清单，对自我进行打分，不断地给自己反馈，进而实现自我的更迭。

一课一思
（1） What does “he belongs to the world” mean?
（2） What can we learn from Benjamin Franklin? 

参考答案
音频




2. Portrait of John Donne
by Izaak Walton

He was of stature［1］ moderately tall; of a straight and equally proportioned body, to which all his words and actions gave an unexpressible addition of comeliness.
The melancholy［2］ and pleasant humor were in him so contempered［3］, that each gave advantage to the other, and made his company one of the delights of mankind.
His fancy was unimitably high, equalled only by his great wit; both being made useful by a commanding judgement. 
His aspect was cheerful, and such as gave a silent testimony［4］ of a clear knowing soul, and of a conscience at peace with itself.
His melting eye showed that he had a soft heart, full of noble compassion; of too brave a soul to offer injuries, and too much a Christian not to pardon them in others.
He did much contemplate — especially after he entered into his sacred calling — the mercies of Almighty God, the immortality of the soul, and the joys of heaven, and would often say in a kind of sacred ecstasy［5］ — “Blessed be God that He is God, only and divinely like Himself.”
He was by nature highly passionate［6］, but more apt to reluct at the excesses of it. A great lover of the offices of humanity, and of so merciful a spirit that he never beheld the miseries of mankind without pity and relief. 
He was earnest and unwearied in the search of knowledge, with which his vigorous［7］ soul is now satisfied, and employed in a continual praise of that God that first breathed it into his active body： that body which once was a temple of the Holy Ghost, and now become a small quantity of Christian dust： —
But I shall see it reanimated.
【参考译文】
约翰·邓恩的肖像


［英］伊萨克·沃尔顿

他身材中等偏上，体格挺拔而匀称，他的言语和举止又让他徒增了几分难以言表的清秀俊朗。
忧郁和愉悦的性情在他身上显得如此协调而相得益彰，让人倍感与他为伴真乃人生幸事。
他的想象力极高，正如他那难以匹敌的智慧，这两者都离不开他绝对的判断力。
他的文笔轻松愉悦，字里行间透漏出一个纯净而有知觉的灵魂，也透露出了一个能与自己和睦自处的良知。
他柔情似水的目光是他温柔内心的体现，在他内心的深处只留存着高尚的怜悯。如此勇敢的灵魂让他不会去伤害别人，而身为基督徒，他的信仰如此坚定，不可能不去原谅别人带来的伤害。
他经常思索，尤其在他受到了神圣的召唤，得到了上帝的怜悯、永生的灵魂和天堂的喜乐之后更是如此。他常会用一种神圣而兴奋的语气说道，“神是应当称颂的，因为他是神，神圣且独一无二的神。”
他本身是一个热情高昂的人，但更倾向收敛锋芒。他拥有对世人深刻的爱和充满悲悯的情怀，以至于他总是带着怜悯和宽慰来审视世间的疾苦。
他对知识的追求热切而不知疲倦，而知识又让他充满活力的灵魂得以满足。他一直赞美上帝，正是凭借上帝吹的这口气他的身体才变得灵动。昔日这身体曾奉为圣灵的殿堂，如今却是众多基督徒中微不足道的一粒尘土。
但我终将见证它的灵性再次舞动。
（姜明高锋译）
【注释】
［1］stature /stt(r)/ n.  一般指身材，直立状态下的自然身高。形近词有statue /sttu/ n.雕塑，如the Statue of Liberty 自由女神像； status /steIts/ n. 状态，如status quo 现状。
［2］melancholy /melnkli/ n. 忧郁； 悲伤。表述心情的悲伤可以用 sad、down、depressed，俚语的表达中可以用blue 表述情绪的低落。melancholy 更多是指习惯性的、性格中内在的忧郁。
［3］contemper /kntemp/ v. (obsolete)调和（古）。现代英语中可以用harmonize((使）协调）或reconcile((使）和谐）。
［4］testimony /testImni/ n. 证据，证明，证词。 testify 为其动词形式，意思是“证明，证实”。
［5］ecstasy /ekstsi/ n. 狂喜，入迷，忘形。衍生词包括ecstatic /IksttIk/ adj. 狂喜的，热情极高的。
［6］passionate /pnt/ adj. 热诚的; 狂热的。passion 热情，是其名词形式。 同义词包括 enthusiastic /InjuzistIk/ adj. 热情的。
［7］vigorous /vIɡrs/ adj. 充满活力的; 果断的; 精力充沛的。词根 vigor 意为 “活力，精力”。同义词包括energetic /endetIk/ adj. 充满活力的，精力充沛的。
【美文赏析】


本文作者伊萨克·沃尔顿（1593—1683）是著名的英国作家，代表作为《高明的垂钓者》。本篇节选自《约翰·邓恩传》的结尾部分。本文篇幅并不算长，结构也相对简单，语言简洁而优美典雅，由表及里，堪称人物肖像描写的典范。说道邓恩本人，除了是一名忠诚的基督教徒外，也是一位著名的玄学派诗人。他喜欢用奇思妙想作比喻。诗作“No man is an island.”将个人与整体的关系比喻得入微入细。美国作家海明威也沿用了他在该诗中的“for whom the bell tolls”，写出了作品《丧钟为谁而鸣》。
由于文章年代较为久远，表达中有个别单词释义为历史语义如aspect，虽不需要现今读者掌握，但也为文章平添几分趣味。当然，文中更是有很多的表达值得我们学习和仔细品味。例如，形容“相得益彰”，文中出现了“each give advantages to the other”的表达，简洁而明确。再如： “a conscience at peace with itself”字面的意思为“能与自己和平共处的良知”，描述的是一种问心无愧的极高境界，看似无奇，但若没见过英美作家这样的表达，英语学习者也不知是否地道。
阅读本文时，除用词和文字表述外，文化因素也影响着读者对文章的理解。在文章后半段，提及了邓恩的基督教信仰，其中用到了“God... breathed it into his active body.”的表达，就源自《圣经》中上帝用泥土造人的描述。 （the Lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being.）其中“泥土”来自原文中dust一词，以对应倒数第二段最后的 Christian dust 这一表达。阅读邓恩的作品，读者如果有一定的宗教背景常识会事半功倍。

一课一思
(1) Can you use your own words to describe John Donne as a person?
(2) In what way can one become a man of “a conscience at peace with itself”?

参考答案
音频




3. The Wright Brothers Story


Wilbur Wright (1867—1912) and Orville Wright (1871—1948) were brothers. Their father, Milton, was a bishop in the church. Their mother, Susan, the daughter of a wagon［1］ maker, made toys for her children and encouraged their curiosity. One day, Bishop Wright brought home a small toy “helicopter” made of wood with two twisted rubber bands to turn a small propeller. Wilbur and Orville played with it until it broke, then made new copies of the toy themselves. They also sold toys to their friends, including handmade kites. The Wright brothers did things together from the time they were small boys.
The Wright brothers went into the printing business together in 1889. Three years later, they opened their first bicycle shop. Initially［2］, they sold and repaired bicycles. In 1896, they began to build their own brand of bicycles. The Wright brothers experiences with bicycles aided them in their investigations of flight. They used the technology they learned from their bicycle business in their airplanes. Their thoughts on balancing and controlling their aircraft were also rooted in their experience as cyclists.
The Wright brothers began their aeronautical［3］ research in 1899. Their first aircraft was a small kite with a 5foot wingspan［4］ that was used to test their notions of aircraft control. In 1900, they built their first machine designed to carry a pilot and chose Kitty Hawk, N.C., as a suitable testing ground. With its strong steady winds, open areas, and tall sandy dunes［5］, the area was perfect for their experiments. When their 1900 aircraft produced less lift than expected, the Wright brothers flew it as a kite and gathered information that would enable them to design improved machines. They returned to Kitty Hawk in 1901 with a new glider［6］ that did not perform as they expected. While they had learned a great deal with their first two machines, they had also encountered new puzzles and dangers.
During the 1901 glider tests, the Wright brothers had discovered that “wingwarping［7］” created unequal drag on the two wings. Key to solving the control problem was the addition of a rudder［8］ to the glider design in 1902. They developed a direct linkage between the rudder and warping system. With the success of this system design, the Wrights were ready to move onto a powered aircraft.
At Kill Devil Hills, N.C., at 10： 35 a.m., the Wright 1903 Flyer took off under its own power with Orville as the pilot. It flew 12 seconds and went a distance of 37 meters. Orville and Wilbur took turns making three more flights that morning. Wilbur was at the controls for the fourth and longest flight, traveling 260 meters in 59 seconds. The Wright 1903 Flyer became the first powered, heavierthanair machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight with a pilot aboard. Today, this amazing flying invention can be viewed as it is suspended［9］ overhead, at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
【参考译文】
莱特兄弟的趣闻


威尔伯·莱特（1867—1912）和奥维尔·莱特（1871—1948）两人是亲兄弟。他们的父亲弥尔顿是一位教堂牧师。他们的母亲苏珊是马车制造商的女儿，为孩子们制作玩具，激发他们的好奇心。一天，他们的父亲莱特牧师带回来一个小玩具“直升机”。这个“直升机”是木制的，由两条拧紧的橡皮筋带动螺旋桨旋转。莱特兄弟二人一直在玩这个“直升机”玩具，直到把玩具玩坏了。他们又自己做了一个新的。他们还把玩具卖给他们的朋友们，包括手工制作的风筝。莱特兄弟从小就一起做事、玩耍。
1889年，莱特兄弟开始从事印刷生意。三年后，开了他们第一家自行车商店。起初，他们只销售和修理自行车。1896年，他们开始建立自己的自行车品牌。莱特兄弟在自行车方面的经验有助于他们对飞行的研究。他们把从自行车生意中学到的技术用到了飞机上。他们关于飞机平衡和控制方面的思考也源自制造自行车的经历。
莱特兄弟在1899年开始航空学研究。他们的第一台飞行器是一个翼展5英尺的小风筝，用来测试他们对飞行器控制的理解。1900年，他们完成了第一台载人飞行器并选择小鹰镇作为测试地点。小鹰镇风速稳定，场地开阔，而且有高高的沙丘，堪称完美的实验场地。他们设计的飞行器产生的升力比预想的要低，莱特兄弟便像风筝一样放飞它并收集数据，这些数据使他们设计出改良版的飞行器。1901年，他们带着新的滑翔机再次来到小鹰镇，但并没有达到预期的效果。他们从最初这两台机器上学到了很多经验，同时，也遇到了新的困惑和危险。
在1901年的滑翔机测试中，莱特兄弟发现“翘曲机翼”可以产生两翼上不同的拉力，这是解决控制问题的关键，这也让他们在1902年的滑翔机设计中增加了方向舵。他们开发了直接连接方向舵和翘曲系统的装置，这个系统装置的成功也让莱特兄弟做好了研发动力飞行器的准备。
上午10点35分，在斩魔丘镇，奥威尔驾驶莱特1903飞机凭借自身的动力起飞。飞行时间12秒，飞行距离37米。那天早上，奥威尔和威尔伯轮流驾驶飞机又起飞了三次。第四次起飞由威尔伯驾驶，59秒飞出了260米的最长航程。莱特1903飞机成为第一架比空气重的动力飞机，并且实现了可控、持续、载人的飞行。今天，这台神奇的飞行发明悬挂在华盛