Preface
We all deal with projects in our daily lives. In most cases, organization and manage-ment simply amount to constructing a list of tasks and executing them in sequence, but when the information is limited or imprecise and when cause-and-effect relationships are uncertain, a more considered approach is called for. This is especially true when the stakes are high and time is pressing. Getting the job done right the first time is es-sential. This means doing the upfront work thoroughly, even at the cost of lengthening the initial phases of the project. Shaving expenses in the early stages with the intent of leaving time and money for revisions later might seem like a good idea but could have consequences of painful proportions. Seasoned managers will tell you that it is more cost-effective in the long run to add five extra engineers at the beginning of a project than to have to add 50 toward the end.
The quality revolution in manufacturing has brought this point home. Companies in all areas of technology have come to learn that quality cannot be inspected into a product; it must be built in. Recalling the 1980s, the global competitive battles of that time were won by companies that could achieve cost and quality advantages in existing, well-defined markets. In the 1990s, these battles were won by companies that could build and dominate new markets. Today, the emphasis is partnering and better coor-dination of the supply chain. Planning is a critical component of this process and is the foundation of project management.
Projects may involve dozens of firms and hundreds of people who need to be man-aged and coordinated. They need to know what has to be done, who is to do it, when it should be done, how it will be done, and what resources will be used. Proper planning is the first step in communicating these intentions. The problem is made difficult by what can be characterized as an atmosphere of uncertainty, chaos, and conflicting goals. To ensure teamwork, all major participants and stakeholders should be involved at each stage of the process.
How is this achieved efficiently, within budget, and on schedule? The primary objective in writing our first book was to answer this question from the perspective of the project manager. We did this by identifying the components of modern project management and showing how they relate to the basic phases of a project, starting with conceptual design and advanced development, and continuing through detailed design, production, and termination. Taking a practical approach, we drew on our col-lective experience in the electronics, information services, and aerospace industries. The purpose of the second edition was to update the developments in the field over the
XII Preface
last 10 years and to expand on some of the concerns that are foremost in the minds of practitioners. In doing so, we have incorporated new material in many of the chapters specifically related to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) published by the Project Management Institute. This material reflects the tools, techniques, and processes that have gained widespread acceptance by the profession because of their proven value and usefulness.
Over the years, numerous books have been written with similar objectives in mind. We acknowledge their contribution and have endeavored to build on their strengths. As such in the third edition of the book, we have focused on integrative concepts rather than isolated methodologies. We have relied on simple models to convey ideas and have intentionally avoided detailed mathematical formulations and solution algorithms¨C¨C aspects of the field better left to other parts of the curriculum. Nevertheless, we do pres-ent some models of a more technical nature and provide references for readers who wish to gain a deeper understanding of their use. The availability of powerful, commercial codes brings model solutions within reach of the project team.
To ensure that project participants work toward the same end and hold the same expectations, short- and long-term goals must be identified and communicated continu-ally. The project plan is the vehicle by which this is accomplished and, once approved, becomes the basis for monitoring, controlling, and evaluating progress at each phase of the project¡¯s life cycle. To help the project manager in this effort, various software packages have been developed; the most common run interactively on microcomput-ers and have full functional and report-generating capabilities. In our experience, even the most timid users are able to take advantage of their main features after only a few hours of hands-on instruction.
A second objective in writing this book has been to fill a void between texts aimed at low- to mid-level managers and those aimed at technical personnel with strong ana-lytic skills but little training in or exposure to organizational issues. Those who teach engineering or business students at both the late undergraduate and early graduate levels should find it suitable. In addition, the book is intended to serve as a reference for the practitioner who is new to the field or who would like to gain a surer footing in project management concepts and techniques.
The core material, including most of the underlying theory, can be covered in a one-semester course. At the end of Chapter 1, we outline the book¡¯s contents. Chapter 3 deals with economic issues, such as cash flow, time value of money, and depreciation, as they relate to projects. With this material and some supplementary notes, coupled with the evaluation methods and multiple criteria decision-making techniques discussed in Chapters 5 and 6, respectively, it should be possible to teach a combined course in proj-ect management and engineering economy. This is the direction in which many under-graduate engineering programs are now headed after many years of industry prodding. Young engineers are often thrust into leadership roles without adequate preparation or training in project management skills.
Among the enhancements in the Third Edition is a section on Lean project man-agement, discussed in Chapter 8, and a new Chapter 16 on simulation-based training for project management.
Lean project management is a Quality Management initiative that focuses on max-imizing the value that a project generates for its stakeholders while minimizing waste.
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Lean project management is based on the Toyota production system philosophy origi-nally developed for a repetitive environment and modified to a nonrepetitive environ-ment to support project managers and project teams in launching, planning, executing, and terminating projects. Lean project management is all about people¡ªselecting the right project team members, teaching them the art and science of project management, and developing a highly motivated team that works together to achieve project goals.
Simulation-based training is a great tool for training project team members and for team development. Chapter 16 discusses the principles of simulation-based training and its application to project management. The chapter reports on the authors¡¯ experi-ence in using simulation-based training in leading business schools, such as members of the Global Network for Advanced Management (GNAM), and in leading engineering schools, such as the Columbia University School of Engineering and the Technion. The authors also incorporated feedback received from European universities such as Technische Universit.t M¨¹nchen (TUM) School of Management and Katholieke Uni-versiteit Leuven that used the Project Team Builder (PTB) simulation-based training environment. Adopters of this book are encouraged to try the PTB¡ªit is available from http://www.sandboxmodel.com/¡ªand to integrate it into their courses.
Writing a textbook is a collaborative effort involving many people whose names do not always appear on the cover. In particular, we thank all faculty who adopted the first and second editions of the book and provided us with their constructive and infor-mative comments over the years. With regard to production, much appreciation goes to Lillian Bluestein for her thorough job in proofreading and editing the manuscript. We would also like to thank Chen Gretz-Shmueli for her contribution to the discus-sion in the human resources section. Finally, we are forever grateful to the phalanx of students who have studied project management at our universities and who have made the painstaking efforts of gathering and writing new material all worthwhile.
Avraham Shtub Moshe Rosenwein