上编翻译篇

第一部分高屋建瓴考研翻译概述篇

一、  翻译考试的题型内容与考生状况分析

大纲要求硕士研究生入学英语考试将英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分，其目的是测试考生根据上下文准确理解概念或复杂结构并运用汉语予以正确表达的能力。考题安排在阅读C 节(5 小题)，要求考生阅读一篇约400 词的文章，并将其中5 个画线部分(约150 词)译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。每题划分为若干个给分段，每一分段的分值为0.5或1。对考生的要求是对原文理解正确，译文表达清楚准确，对汉语不作过高要求。
从近几年的考研翻译情况来看，考试成绩都不理想。往往是满分为10分的考题，平均成绩不到5分——这就对总体得分造成了影响。
为什么翻译会出现普遍丢分呢？我们认为主要有两方面的原因： 从客观上分析，翻译题句式结构比较复杂，修饰、指带关系隐晦，对理解分析造成了困难。由于翻译考试不是短文或段落的连贯翻译，而是从某一篇章中的取出若干句子，这些句子大都比较复杂，必须根据原文上下文才能正确理解英文，因此加大了翻译的难度，使不少考生感到不好下笔。从主观上分析，考生思想上对翻译的重视不够，再加上缺乏相应的技巧方法及其训练，这样一来，翻译考试自然便会出现力不从心的状况。从每年考研的翻译考试情况看出： 考生的翻译能力远远低于读写的实际水平。在很多情况下，能理解的，却不会表达； 勉强能表达的，又表达失误，不是生搬硬套便是词不达意，因此造成翻译上的失败。
综上所述，翻译考试要想立于不败之地，就必须从以下方面克服上述两大问题。
——加强对难句的阅读理解分析； 
——思想上要加以重视，投入一定的时间做翻译练习； 
——掌握必要的翻译技巧方法。
正确理解英文原文是确保翻译准确无误的前提，而通顺清楚的表达则是获取高分的保证。水到渠成，功夫到家了，翻译动手能力也就自然而然形成了，只要是自己看懂了的东西便可准确通顺地翻译成汉语。
二、 英译汉命题趋势与考生问题的症结
从近年考研英译汉命题的情况来看，有以下3个明显特点。
其一，从考试题材上看，几乎都是与现代科技、文化相关的内容，以新世纪以来的翻译试题为例： 




2001年智能机器人2008年达尔文的智力评价
2002年行为科学研究2009年正规教育的地位
2003年人类学与文化的关系2010年生态保护系统问题
2004年语言与大脑的关系2011年《人生的思考》书评
2005年电视与传媒2012年对普遍原则的探索
2006年美国知识分子2013年花园与人居环境
2007年欧洲大学的法律学习2014年音乐随笔

其二，从语法结构来讲，侧重考查若干短语，如动词短语、分词短语(形容词短语)、不定式短语以及少量较难的介词短语。此外，语法结构及逻辑关系比较复杂，有时不做些语法分析和逻辑推理就理不出头绪。还有若干代词，如it，they，that，this，one 等，它们必须要根据上下文才能确定其词义所指。此外还有一些较难处理的从句，如what 从句，定语从句，由as 引起的比较状语从句等。
其三，从词汇来讲，难度增大了，侧重考查一词多义、一词转义，也就是说，所考词汇如果照字面直译多半会出差错，必须通过上下文进行词义引申，理解某一词在具体场合的特定含义，才能做出正确的译文，而死抠词字、照搬英语结构、被动语态往往会表达不通顺。
从考生卷面的情况分析，我们认为造成翻译扣分的原因主要有以下几点。
1. 对原文的理解不够。画线句往往是要根据上下文才能理解透彻，而考生由于时间紧张，看到句子便率尔操觚，对原文的主要框架结构、相互指代关系理解不够准确，这样一来译句的准确度也就成了问题。
2. 考生不懂得英汉句式结构的差异，对翻译技巧方法更是知之甚少，因此在考试中甩不开原文的句式结构，不敢进行必要的词序调整，句序、语序转换，不敢进行词类转换，不会用增词法、减字法之类的基本翻译处理方法。
3. 中文表达能力有限，不能将对原文理解了的东西随心所欲地用汉语清楚地表达出来，一些考生甚至还出现错别字现象。
三、 考研翻译的做题思路与步骤 
1. 粗略阅读原文，搞清作者意图
用一两分钟时间把整个文章通读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意，积极调动相关的思维活动，使头脑进入最佳考试状态。通读只需了解其大意即可，遇到生词一掠而过，千万不要被与所考的5个句子无关的一些生词、短语，甚至人名地名所纠缠住。
2. 理清句子结构，把握句式重心
在粗读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意的基础上，逐句处理5个句子。动手翻译之前，首先要理清句子结构，哪是主语，哪是谓语，句子的重点在哪里，然后再根据表达的需要来确定译文的句型。
3. 注意上下关系，参照“左邻右舍”
要翻译的5个句子与全文都有不同程度的上下文关系，应当学会利用语境分析来判断词义，获取有用的信息。譬如，根据前后句“左邻右舍”的提示，便可确定代词的确切指代物。在很多情况下，句中出现的“超纲词”的词义也很有可能通过上下文来搞清楚。
4. 仔细检查译文，确保准确通顺
做完翻译之后，对照原文检查。先看译文意思与原文是否有出入，有无漏译，然后再丢开原文，看译文是否通顺。如果遇到英汉因表达差异而造成的译文语句不畅，可考虑打破原文的结构，用意译的方式翻译出原文的意思即可。下面我们结合2013年研究生英语入学考试中的翻译题看看具体应当怎样进行翻译操作。
试题评析(2013) 
　　2013年全国研究生入学统一考试的翻译试题是一篇选自意大利作家罗伯特·哈里森（Robert Pogue Harrison）的小品文集Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition，经适当修改，要求考生阅读文章后，将其中5个画线句子（总共151个词）译成汉语。试题全文如下： 
　　Section Ⅲ Translation
　　46. Directions: 
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
　　It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
　　One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world”, to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of ones relation to ones environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
　　Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.  

　46. Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
　1) 句式结构
　这是一个带状语从句、宾语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下：  
　主句： it strikes one that...它使人突然想到……
　时间状语从句： when one looks at the photographs of the garden当一个人看着这些图片时
　让步状语： for all their diversity of styles尽管它们风格各式各样
　宾语从句： these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges 这些花园显示了各种其他基本迫切的要求
　程度状语： beyond that of decoration and creative expression超越装饰和创造性表达的要求
　2) 理解与表达
　要译好这句话，关键在于把握原文句式结构，在此基础上形成通顺的译文。此外，还应注意遣词用字，一些常见的词语如one、strike、for all、speak of等，都不能照字面机械地理解，而应灵活地加以处理。one（pron.）泛指任何人，此处译作“我们”； strike（vt.）给……以深刻印象，引起……的感情(或情绪等)； diversity（n.）多样性，差异； for all尽管，虽然； speak of流露出，显示。
　参考译文： 
　然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的这些花园图片，我们会突然想到，尽管这些花园风格千差万别，但都显示出超越装饰和创造性表达之外的各种其他基本迫切诉求。
　47. A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. 
　1) 句式结构
　这是一个带让步状语从句、定语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下： 
　主句： A sacred place of peace... is a distinctly human need一块神圣的和平之地，无疑是人类的需求
　让步状语从句： however crude it may be不管它有多么简陋
　比较状语： as opposed to shelter和庇护所相反
　定语从句： which is a distinctly animal need那无疑是动物的需求
　2) 理解与表达
　这句话的结构相对较简单，其中的让步状语、比较状语按汉语习惯表达法处理即可； 非限制定语从句另起一句译出。注意几个词语的准确意思： distinctly（adv.）明显地，无疑地； crude（adj.）粗糙的，天然的，简陋的； as opposed to与……截然相反，对照。
　参考译文： 
　一个神圣的宁静处所，无论多么简陋，无疑是人类的一种需求，它有别于动物所需要的庇护栖息地。
　48. The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as such.
　1) 句式结构
　这是一个带有两个定语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下： 
　主句： The gardens of the homeless...introduce form into an urban environment无家可归者的花园把一种形式引入城市环境
　定语从句1： which are in effect homeless gardens它们实质上是漂泊的园地
　定语从句2： where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as such它要么不存在，要么难以分辨
　2) 理解与表达
　这句话含两个定语从句，前一个可按一般“的”字结构译出，后面由where引导的定语从句可增添“而”表示转折对照。注意以下几个词语的理解： in effect 实质上； homeless gardens 无家可归（者）的花园，可意译为“漂泊的园地”； introduce form into 将（建筑）形式引入； discernible（adj.）可辨别的; as such本身，就其本身而论。
　参考译文： 
　流浪者绘制的花园实质上是漂泊的园地，这类花园将建筑形式引入城市环境，而在城市环境中这种形式其本身要么不存在，要么难以辨别。
　49. most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.
　1) 句式结构
　这是一个带定语从句、状语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下：  
　主句： most of us give into a demoralization of spirit...我们大多数人会深陷入精神萎靡的状态
　定语从句： which we usually blame on some psychological conditions我们通常将此归咎为一些心理原因
　时间状语从句： until one day we find ourselves in garden直到某天我们发现自己置身花园
               and feel the expression vanish并且感到这种感觉消失
　比较状语： as if by magic好像魔法一样
　2) 理解与表达
　这句话的结构比较复杂，定语从句、时间状语按汉语习惯表达法处理即可。注意以下几处词语的理解： give into让步于，陷入； demoralization of spirit精神萎靡； blame on把责任推给……，责怪； vanish（vi.）消失； 突然不见。
　参考译文： 
　我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态，并常常将此归咎为一些心理原因，直到有一天我们发现自己置身花园，感到这种萎靡不振像魔法般突然消失。
　50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.
　1) 句式结构
　这是一个由it...that 引导的强调句，其框架结构如下： 
　主句： It is this... reference... that fully justifies the use of正是这种参照使……的使用合乎情理
　让步从句： though in a “liberated” sense即使从“无拘的”的意义上讲
　目的状语： to describe these synthetic constructions来描述这些虚拟建筑
　2) 理解与表达
　这句话的结构并不复杂，但其措辞搭配与汉语习惯表达法相差很大。注意以下几处词语的理解： implicit or explicit reference含蓄或清晰的提及； justify（vt.）证明……是正当的，替……辩护； in a “liberated” sense 从“无拘的”意义上； synthetic constructions虚拟建筑。
　参考译文： 
　　正是这种含蓄或清晰的自然参照，充分证实了用“花园”一词来描述这些虚拟建筑的合理性，即便从“无拘的”意义上讲也行得通。

第二部分决胜千里真题篇
一、 历年真题全掌握
为全面了解真题，我们为大家提供了2001—2014历年翻译试题的内容，分别从句式结构、词语理解、准确表达三方面对试题进行详细的分析讲解，并给出准确的参考译文。每题下划线下标出的数字为每道题分段计分的分值。
2014 
Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
Beethovens importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.
This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethovens music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethovens habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.
Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
Beethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living. （441words）
难点解析与翻译技巧
2014年全国研究生入学统一考试的翻译试题是一篇关于音乐随笔杂文，全文共441词，要求考生阅读文章后，将其中5个下划线句子（总共140个词）译成汉语，翻译难度比往年低。
46. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,//all we can do

1.5

is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself.

1.5
【句式结构】这是一个带定语从句、状语从句、表语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下： 
主句：It is also the reason...它也是……的原因
定语从句、状语从句：the reason why when we try to describe music with words为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐的原因
主语从句：all we can do is...我们能做的一切是……
宾语从句：articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself清楚地表达我们对它（音乐）的反应，但不能领会音乐其本身 
【词义解析】本句翻译的难点是对句子结构的识别，要把关键词的意思表达准确。
articulate:清楚地表达
reaction:反应
grasp：领会，抓住
【参考译文】这就是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们所能做的一切只是清楚地表达对音乐的反应，而不能领会音乐其本身的原因所在。
47. By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one,//and I find

1

courage an essential quality for the understanding,//let along the performance, of his

10.50.5

works.
【句式结构】这是一个由两个单句构成的并列句，其框架结构如下： 
句1：he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one...他是个思想自由、勇敢的人
插入语: By all accounts据大家所说
句2：I find courage an essential quality for the understanding of his works我发现要理解他作品，勇气是其本质 
让步状语：let along the performance更不用说演奏了
【词义解析】这句话的结构较复杂，尤其是其中的几个短语，根据上下文整体理解，恰当翻译句中词义。
freethinking思想自由
By all accounts据大家所说
let along更不用说
【参考译文】人们都认定贝多芬是个思想自由、勇敢无畏的人，我发现要理解他作品，勇气是其关键本质，更不用说演奏其作品了。
48. Beethovens habit of increasing the volume//with an extreme intensity and then

0.5

abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage//was only rarely used by composers before

1.51

him.
【句式结构】这是一个带被动语态的单句，其框架结构如下： 
主谓结构：Beethovens habit of... was only rarely used by...贝多芬的……习惯很少被……用
定语：increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage将音量提升至极度强烈，然后突然紧接着又是一段柔和的节拍（的习惯）
宾语：by composers before him 被他以前的作曲家
【词义解析】这句话的结构较为简单，比较容易理解，但涉及一些有关音乐的知识，将其确切翻译即可。
volume 音量
soft passage 轻柔的节奏
composer作曲家
【参考译文】贝多芬习惯于先把乐曲的音量增到极致，然后再突然跟上一段轻柔的节奏——在他之前，鲜有作曲家运用这样的手段。
49. Especially significant was his views of freedom, //which, for him, was associated

0.5

with the rights and responsibilities of the individual; //he advocated freedom of thought and

1.51

of personal expression.
【句式结构】这是由两个句子构成的并列句，其框架结构如下： 
句1为复合倒装句：
主谓结构：significant was his views of... 重要的是他对……的看法
定语从句：which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual在他看来这和个人的权利与责任有关
句2为简单句：
主谓结构：he advocated freedom of...他倡导……自由
【词义解析】翻译此句的难点是长句的处理，可考虑长句的划断，再用通顺的汉语译出原文的意思。
especially significant 尤为重要
associate with与……相关
personal expression 个人言论
【参考译文】尤其重要的是他对自由的看法。在他看来，自由与个人的权利和义务息息相关；他倡导的是思想自由和个人言论自由。
50. One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven //by saying that suffering is

1

 inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.
2
【句式结构】这是一个带宾语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下： 
主谓宾结构：One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven...一个人会解释贝多芬的很多作品
宾语从句：（by saying） that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living通过说这样的话：痛苦是难免的，但是与痛苦抗争的勇气使生活有价值
【词义解析】这句话比较好理解，难点就是将后边的宾语从句翻译通顺自然。
interpret 解释
suffering 苦难
render 给予
【参考译文】我们可以通过这样的认识来解释贝多芬的很多作品：苦难是难免的事，但与苦难抗争的勇气使生活有价值。
2014
音乐对于不同的人意味着不同的事物，有时甚至对同一个人在他生命的不同时刻意味着不同的事物。可能是诗学的、哲学的、感性的、或数学的内容，但在在我看来，任何情况都必须与人的灵魂相关。因此，它是形而上的，但表达的方式纯粹是物理性的：音响。我认为恰恰是超自然的信息通过物理手段而永久共存——这就是音乐的力量。这就是为什么当我们试图用语言来描述音乐时，我们所能做的一切只是清楚地表达对音乐的反应，而不能领会音乐其本身的原因所在。
贝多芬在音乐界的重要性已经由他创作的乐曲的革命性质所界定。他从迄今通行的和谐与结构的惯例中将音乐解放出来。有时我觉得在他的晚期作品造表达了一种打破连续性的迹象的愿望。正如他最后的钢琴奏鸣曲所示，音乐是突然爆发，看似并不连贯。在音乐表现中，他并不觉得受到传统惯例的约束。人们都认定贝多芬是个思想自由、勇敢无畏的人，我发现要理解他作品，勇气是其关键本质，更不用说演奏其作品了。
事实上这种勇敢的态度成了贝多芬的音乐表演的必要条件。他的作品要求表演者拿出勇气，例如，在力度变化的使用上。贝多芬习惯于先把乐曲的音量增到极致，然后再突然跟上一段轻柔的节奏——在他之前，鲜有作曲家运用这样的手段。
从最广义上讲，贝多芬是一个深刻关注政治的人。他对日常政治没有兴趣，但关心的是道德行为问题和影响到整个社会的大是大非问题。尤其重要的是他对自由的看法。在他看来，自由与个人的权利和义务息息相关；他倡导的是思想自由和个人言论自由。
贝多芬的音乐往往是从混乱转向次序，好像次序是为了人类生存所必要的。对他来说，次序并不是缘于遗忘或忽略了困扰我们存在的障碍导致，而是一个必然的发展，是一种改善，可能导致精神升华的希腊理想。葬礼进行曲不是英雄交响曲的最后乐章，而是第二章，这并非偶然，其结果是苦难不具有最终决定权。我们可以通过这样的认识来解释贝多芬的很多作品：苦难是难免的事，但与苦难抗争的勇气使生活有价。
2013 

It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world”, to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of ones relation to ones environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didnt exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.（428words）
难点分析与翻译技巧
2013年全国研究生入学统一考试的翻译试题是一篇选自意大利作家罗伯特·哈里森（Robert Pogue Harrison）的小品文集Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition，经适当修改，要求考生阅读文章后，将其中5个下划线句子（总共151个词）译成汉语。
46. Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless,//it

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strikes one that,//for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other

0.50.5

fundamental urges,//beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
1
【句式结构】这是一个带状语从句、宾语从句的复合句，其框架结构如下： 
主句：it strikes one that...它使人突然想到……
时间状语从句：when one looks at the photographs of the garden当一个人看着这些图片时
让步状语：for all their diversity of styles尽管它们风格各式各样
宾语从句：these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges 这些花园显示了各种其他基本迫切的要求
程度状语：beyond that of decoration and creative expression超越装饰和创造性表达的要求