第一部分英语知识运用 第一篇英语知识运用解题方法指导 在整个考研英语中，完形填空相对于其他题型而言，是得分率较低的一个题型。许多考生对这一部分往往“束手无策”，在做题时不知如何下手，经常依靠语感来解题，有时甚至将题目全部做完后，也不知道整篇文章讨论的究竟是什么。 其实，从技术层面上来分析，考研英语中的完形填空并不是很难。首先，较阅读来说，完形填空文章的篇幅并不长，一般为240~280个英语单词；其次，不论是文章本身还是答案选项，一般都不会出现偏词、难词，词汇基本都在大纲的范围内。 那么，既然看上去不难，为什么正确率却不高呢？这主要是由于考生对完形填空这个题型及其命题规律不够了解。下文将对完形填空这一题型进行全面剖析，并为考生提供有效的解题技巧，以便考生在考研英语中更好地攻克完形填空。 一、大纲解析 完形填空的命题方式是在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语，形成空格，要求考生在给出的对应备选答案中，选出一个最佳的答案，使文章完整通顺、连贯。这种题型既考查 对短文的阅读理解能力，对语法、词汇、习语、句型、搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查文章的篇章结构。考研英语大纲中载明，完形填空部分不仅“考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力”。 因此，根据完形填空的命题思路以及考研英语的大纲，考生若想顺利完成完形填空部分的答题，需要具备两大能力，一是对英语文章的阅读理解能力，二是在阅读理解的基础上对英语语法与词汇的具体运用能力。 1.阅读理解能力 完形填空实际上是一种“填空式”文章，命题人将文章的部分词语抽去，考生需要将整篇文章“复原”，以此来考查考生对于整篇文章的理解能力。因此，如果没有很好的阅读能力，就不能很好地完成这种障碍式阅读。 通过阅读，考生需要对完形填空中的文章有精确的把握，不仅要了解文章的主旨，而且要对文章的句子以及句子与句子之间的关系进行理解。由此可以看出，完形填空对于考生阅读能力的要求不仅仅是宏观上的泛读，更要求考生对于文章的内部结构以及具体细节能够有精准的掌握。 2.英语知识运用能力 在完形填空的20道题中，通常有12~15道题考查词汇，包括对词义的辨析（形近义异词、形异义近词、形异义异词等）、词语的固定搭配（介词与名词、介词与形容词、介词与动词、动词与副词、动词与名词的搭配等）、习语（即一些固定的词组）等方面的考查；还有5~8道题考查语法结构和篇章结构。 所以在完形填空中，考生必须能够灵活运用所掌握的英语知识，不仅要掌握词汇、语法等基础的英语语言知识，还要了解一些英语中的固定搭配及习语表达。 第一部分英语知识运用 二、题型分析 1.词义辨析题 词义辨析分为单词辨析与短语辨析，其中单词辨析主要包括名词辨析、动词辨析、形容词辨析和副词辨析；短语辨析主要是名词短语辨析、动词短语辨析、形容词短语辨析或者介词短语辨析。需要注意的是，许多词义辨析题都跟介词或短语有关系，所以对词汇的掌握归根到底还是对该词汇用法的掌握。 根据对近十年考研英语中的完形填空的统计，在20个选项中至少有60%的选项是关于词汇的，即需要考生对四个选项中的词汇进行辨析，这就要求考生对近义词或者近义词组有着较强的辨析能力。就所占比例以及题目难度来说，考生在复习中应当将这一题型当作重中之重。 例：2007年考研真题完形填空第1题 By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked to the future. A.nativesB.inhabitantsC.peoplesD.individuals 这四个词都含有“人”的概念，区别在于，native强调“土著居民，原住民”；inhabitant指“一般意义上的居民”；peoples作复数表示“民族”；individual则强调“个体性、独立性”，这句话的意思是说“国家的人民”，因此四个选项中inhabitants最为合适，故选B。 2.固定搭配题 固定搭配题主要考查英语中一些固定的用法，包括短语的搭配、连词介词的搭配。固定搭配题是考研英语完形填空中的必考题型，这一题型要求考生对一些英语的固定搭配和习惯表达加以熟记。此类型的题目灵活度较低，对于考生来说，复习起来比较有针对性。在平常的英语学习中，考生可以识记一些常用的英语固定表达，也可以通过总结历年考研真题中此类考题进行背诵。 例：2010年考研真题完形填空第2题 Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”... A.atB.upC.withD.off 在此题中，考生需要选择一个介词和end搭配，end up的意思为“最终……”，up与end构成固定搭配，故选B 。可见，在固定搭配题中，考生如果能够熟识固定词组或短语的含义与用法，就能够比较容易地选出正确答案。 3.逻辑推理题 逻辑推理题就是通过上下文的关系来确定答案，不仅仅包括填入一些连词（如and，but，however等），还包括理解含有逻辑关系连词的句子。在做这一类型的题目时，考生不仅需要对文章的整体关系进行把握，还要掌握句子与句子之间的逻辑关系。考生要“立足本句，放眼全局”，不能“只见树木，不见森林”。 例：2005年考研真题完形填空第1题 The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. A.althoughB.asC.butD.while 在这篇文章的开头，作者就指出了“人类的鼻子被低估了”，横线处的前文意为“和动物相比，人的鼻子通常被认为是不敏感的”，后文意为“这主要是因为和动物相比，人是直立的”。由此可见，横线前后为转折关系，四个选项中只有but表示转折关系。另外， but是表示转折的并列连词，通常but后面的内容是语句重心所在，而这句话中，作者想要强调的正是but后面的内容。故选C。 三、解题技巧 1.通过主旨句或首段获取信息 为了让考生更易于理解文章内容，命题人在设计完形填空试题时，总会保留一个完整的主旨句，开宗明义、点出主题，而整篇文章都是围绕这个主旨句展开的。因此在完形填空中，要格外重视文章的开头。考生应充分利用首段主旨句提供的信息，挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索，并据此确定文章的主题词以及作者的态度。 比如在2009年的完形填空中，首句就提到“Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.”，意为“动物智力的研究总是让我思考人类到底有多聪明”。通过文章的首句，我们就可以很容易地找到文章的两个主题关键词，即“动物智力研究”和“人类有多聪明”，而全文也正是围绕这两个关键词展开深入讨论的。再比如在2006年真题的完形填空中，文章开篇的两句话为“The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. 1，homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly 2.”第一句话引出整个文章的主题：美国无家可归者的人数在不断增加，第二句话紧接第一句，进一步强调指出，这一群人数量已增加到地方政府无法应对的地步。根据这两句话，我们就可以判断出这篇文章主要是研究和讨论美国无家可归者增多现象的，the homeless表明了本文的主题词，而growing以及such proportions则表明了作者的态度，即对这个现象的担忧。 2.分析认识文章结构 只有在明白文章结构，了解文章各部分、各层次之间的关系后，才能加深对文章的理解。纵观历年考研英语知识运用真题，大部分真题都采用了总分对照结构。此种结构对于整篇文章而言，是通过总述句概括出文章的中心主线，然后由分述部分对总述，即中心主线再展开详细描述。总述是对分述的概括，而分述是对总述的展开，两者之间有着明确的互相支持、互相印证的对照关系。 例如在2008年真题的完形填空中，文章就采用了总分这一论述结构。文章中，作者围绕“一部分人是否比另外一部分人聪明”这个主题展开进行讨论，第一段先总的提出这个话题，指出Cochran敢于声明一些人比另外一些人更聪明，文章的第二段则接着对Cochran的这个新举动进行具体介绍，第三段则是对文章主题展开说明，作者对研究的人群进行了分析，并得出结论认为智力和疾病密切相关。由此，这篇文章的行文结构就非常清晰了。通过对文章结构的具体分析，考生便能够对作者的写作思路和谋篇布局进行很好的掌握；同时，在了解文章结构的基础上，考生会更容易把握带空的句子所需要的是什么内容，因而就能更容易选准答案了。 3.正确运用词汇、语法等语言知识及搭配关系解题 想要清楚梳理文章的逻辑关系，考生在做题时就应注意文章中的搭配：如逻辑搭配，包括过渡词、连接手段、指代关系、肯定、否定等；结构搭配，指名词、动词、形容词等在句中或文中与其他词的搭配；语义搭配，包括区别同义词、近义词、反义词、形近异义词、同形异义词；惯用搭配，即通常所说的固定短语。 这就要求考生具有扎实的英语词组、短语、习惯用法等英语搭配的知识。在这其中，考生应当特别注意表示逻辑关系的介词或短语，掌握这些词语的含义以及用法，不仅能够帮助考生迅速解题，也能够帮助考生快速理解句子与句子间的逻辑关系，因为这些词语能够为发现逻辑关系提供有效线索。 以下是完形填空中常见的八种逻辑关系及其代表性的标志词： 并列关系and, and also, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as 递进关系also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, indeed 因果关系because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so...that, such...that 转折关系but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand 让步关系although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of 对比关系while, whereas, as, rather than, instead of, not...but 条件关系if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that 列举关系such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely 4.利用上下文寻找解题信息 由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关、逻辑紧凑的语篇，通常围绕一个话题展开论述，各句话之间并不是孤立的，而是紧密联系的，因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以利用上下文来寻找解题信息，根据这些词之间的有机联系迅速而准确地得出正确答案。 考生在解题时应联系在空格处的上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。 如2007年真题的完形填空的第2题，这篇完形填空的第一段为： “By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.” 2. A.confusedlyB.cheerfullyC.worriedlyD.hopefully 此题需要我们判断“这些国家的人民是怎样看待未来的”。解题中，如果单单只看第2题所在的句子，会很难得出正确答案，答案中的四个选项在填入空格时，在语法与语意上都是说得通的。但是，正确答案只有一个。在选项无法通过语法、语义来判断正误时，就需要利用上下文的线索来确定最佳选项。在下文中，我们可以看到，作者用了ideals、freedom、belief等词语，从这些词语中便可以判断出“这些国家的人民应该是对未来充满希望的”，故正确答案为D。 5.排除法解题 完形填空的文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，而且整个文章逻辑严密、行文紧凑，语句都紧紧围绕着中心主线展开，正确的选项一定是紧扣文章主题和中心主线的。因此，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。此外，如果不能很有把握地直接看出某一道题的答案，也可以把排除法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运用，从而缩小选择的范围，提高答题准确率。 例： 2006年真题完形填空的第13题 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. 13. A.searchingB.strollingC.crowdingD.wandering 这篇文章主要是在讨论美国无家可归者在增多的现象，对于无家可归者而言，他们是终日游荡在大街上，而不是在街上搜索、散步或是聚集。因此，根据文章的中心主线可以判断D项以外的其他三个选项都是和主题无关的。根据排除法，得出了本题的正确答案为D。 6.运用背景知识和社会常识解题 解答完形填空题时，有时文章中提供的信息并不够，这时就还需要考生结合已有的常识和背景等信息综合考虑，最后选出符合常识的最佳答案。考生的知识范围越广，对文章的理解就越容易，如果在整体上知道所选短文在说什么，那么局部上的每一个空填起来也会得心应手。在日常的英语学习中，考生可以通过阅读国外杂志上的文章，如《经济学人》、《科学美国人》，来加强自己的背景知识。 上述六种方法可以且应当综合运用，但最关键的还是需要考生在理解文章大意的基础上，耐心、细心地分析选项语法和含义，得出正确答案。 第二篇历年考研英语真题 英语知识运用部分 2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题英语知识运用部分 Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly cant remember1we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintances name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments”. 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that theres actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8. Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11, because these connections are made through effort and fluctuate 12 mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first “brain training Program”designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental14. The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. 1.A.whereB.whenC.thatD.why 2.A.improvesB.fadesC.recoverD.collapses 3.A.UnlessB.WhileC.OnceD.If 4.A.damagingB.limitedC.unevenD.obscure 5.A.relationshipB.environmentC.wellbeingD.outlook 6.A.figuresB.findsC.pointsD.turns 7.A.responsesB.roundaboutC.workoutsD.associations 8.A.genreB.criterionC.circumstancesD.functions 9.A.channelB.sequenceC.processD.condition 10.A.featureB.excelC.persistD.believe 11.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.OtherwiseD.Therefore 12.A.instead ofB.according toC.apart fromD.regardless of 13.A.furtherB.backC.asideD.around 14.A.frameworkB.stabilityC.flexibilityD.sharpness 15.A.hurriesB.remindsC.allowsD.forces 16.A.holdB.trackC.orderD.pace 17.A.toB.withC.forD.on 18.A.constantlyB.habituallyC.irregularlyD.unusually 19.A.putB.carryC.buildD.take 20.A.idleB.familiarC.riskyD.effective 2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题英语知识运用部分 Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4, he theorised that a judge5of appearing too soft6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. To8this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the9of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was11. He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews12by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had13applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale14numerous factors into consideration. The scores were15used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is16out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one17that, then the score for the next applicant would18by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to19the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been20. 1.A.grants B.submits C.transmits D.delivers 2.A.minor B.objective C.crucial D.external 3.A.issue B.vision C.picture D.moment 4.A.For example B.On average C.In principle D.Above all 5.A.fond B.fearful C.capable D.thoughtless 6.A.in B.on C.to D.for 7.A.if B.until C.though D.unless 8.A.promote B.emphasize C.share D.test 9.A.decision B.quality C.status D.success 10.A.chosen B.studied C.found D.identified 11.A.exceptional B.defensible C.replaceable D.otherwise 12.A.inspired B.expressed C.conducted D.secured 13.A.assigned B.rated C.matched D.arranged 14.A.put B.got C.gave D.took 15.A.instead B.then C.ever D.rather 16.A.selected B.passed C.marked D.introduced 17.A.before B.after C.above D.below 18.A.jump B.float C.drop D.fluctuate 19.A.achieve B.undo C.maintain D.disregard 20.A.promising B.possible C.necessary D.helpful 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题英语知识运用部分 Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the courts reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6to the code of conduct that 7to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases 8the question of whether there is still a 9between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust. The justices must 18 doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20, convincing as law. 1.A.emphasizeB.maintainC.modifyD.recognize 2.A.whenB.lestC.beforeD.unless 3.A.restoredB.weakenedC.establishedD.eliminated 4.A.challengedB.compromisedC.suspectedD.accepted 5.A.advancedB.caughtC.boundD.founded 6.A.resistantB.subjectC.immuneD.prone 7.A.resortsB.sticksC.loadsD.applies 8.A.evadeB.raiseC.denyD.settle 9.A.lineB.barrierC.similarityD.conflict 10.A.byB.asC.thoughD.towards 11.A.soB.sinceC.providedD.though 12.A.serveB.satisfyC.upsetD.replace 13.A.confirmB.expressC.cultivateD.offer 14.A.guardedB.followedC.studiedD.tied 15.A.conceptsB.theoriesC.divisionsD.conceptions 16.A.excludesB.questionsC.shapesD.controls 17.A.dismissedB.releasedC.rankedD.distorted 18.A.suppressB.exploitC.addressD.ignore 19.A.accessibleB.amiableC.agreeableD.accountable 20.A.by all meansB.at all costsC.in a wordD.as a result 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题英语知识运用部分 Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”. But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4, a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 6, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individuals emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20, the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1.A.amongB.exceptC.despiteD.like 2.A.reflectB.demandC.indicateD.produce 3.A.stabilizingB.boostingC.impairingD.determining 4.A.transmitB.sustainC.evaluateD.observe 5.A.measurableB.manageableC.affordableD.renewable 6.A.In turnB.In factC.In additionD.In brief 7.A.oppositeB.impossibleC.averageD.expected 8.A.hardensB.weakensC.tightensD.relaxes 9.A.aggravateB.generateC.moderateD.enhance 10.A.physicalB.mentalC.subconsciousD.internal 11.A.Except forB.According toC.Due toD.As for 12.A.withB.onC.in D.at 13.A.unlessB.untilC.ifD.because 14.A.exhaustsB.followsC.precedesD.suppresses 15.A.intoB.fromC.towardsD.beyond