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AkhtarŮʿ£¨¾­¼ÃºÍÉç»áÊÂÎñ ²¿£©Ëµ£¬Ä¿Ç°Ö÷ÒªµÄ¾­¼Ã·çÏÕÊǷdz£¹æ »õ±ÒÕþ²ßÖÕÖ¹ºóµÄÒç³öЧӦ¡£ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ spillovers »òspillover effects£¨¡°Òç³öЧӦ¡±£©ÊÇÒ»¸ö¾­¼ÃѧÊõÓÐèÒª·­Òë³öÀ´¡£ spillover effects ÊÇÖ¸economic events in one context that occur because of something else in a seemingly unrelated context (Wikipedia: spillovers)£¬ Èç¡°The economic benefi ts of increased trade are the spillover effects anticipated in the formation of multilateral alliances of many of the regional nation states.¡±£¬ÓÖÈç¡°Orders from a rendering plant are negative spillover effects upon its neighbours.¡±¡£Òç³öЧӦ¼ÈÓлý¼«·½Ã棬ҲÓÐÏû¼«·½Ã棬ǿµ÷µÄÊÇÒ»¼þÊÂÇéµÄÍⲿ ЧӦ£¨externality£©£¬¶ø²»ÊǼòµ¥µÄ¡°¸±×÷Óᱡ£ ½âÎö 4 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿»õ±ÒÕþ²ß£¨monetary policy£©Ö¸ÖÐÑëÒøÐÐΪʵÏּȶ¨µÄ¾­¼ÃÄ¿±ê£¨ÈçÎȶ¨ Îï¼Û¡¢´Ù½ø¾­¼ÃÔö³¤¡¢ÊµÏÖ³ä·Ö¾ÍÒµºÍƽºâ¹ú¼ÊÊÕÖ§£©£¬ÔËÓø÷ÖÖ¹¤¾ßµ÷½Ú»õ±Ò¹©Ó¦Á¿ ºÍÀûÂÊ£¬½ø¶øÓ°Ïìºê¹Û¾­¼ÃµÄ·½ÕëºÍ´ëÊ©µÄ×ܺ͡£»õ±ÒÕþ²ßÓг£¹æÐÔ£¨conventional£© Óë·Ç³£¹æÐÔ£¨unconventional£©Ö®·Ö¡£³£¹æÐÔ»õ±Ò¹¤¾ß°üÀ¨·¨¶¨´æ¿î×¼±¸½ðÂÊ£¨statutory reserve requirement ratio£©¡¢ ÔÙÌùÏÖÂÊ£¨re-discount rate£©¡¢ ¹«¿ªÊг¡ÒµÎñ£¨open market operation£©µÈ¡£¶øµ±¾­¼ÃË¥ÍË»ò¾­¼ÃΣ»úÊ®·ÖÑÏÖØÊ±£¬³£¹æÐÔ¹¤¾ß²»×ãÒÔµ÷½Ú¾­¼Ã£¬´Ë ʱ±ØÐëËßÖî·Ç³£¹æÐÔ¹¤¾ß£¬°üÀ¨Ç°Õ°Ö¸Òý£¨forward guidance£©¡¢Á¿»¯¿íËÉ£¨quantitative easing£©¡¢ÊÕÒæÂÊÇúÏß¿ØÖÆ£¨yield curve control£©¡¢¸ºÀûÂÊ£¨negative interest rate£©£¬µÈµÈ¡£ Çë¿´Ïà¹ØÓ¢ÎÄ×ÊÁÏ£º The fi nancial and economic crisis of 2007¨C2009 witnessed unprecedented policy responses from central banks. As the fi rst responders, central banks acted aggressively, lowering policy interest rates and introducing extraordinary measures to provide liquidity to short-term funding markets. The intensifi cation of the crisis in the autumn of 2008 and the collapse of real economic activity prompted many central banks to further lower policy rates, although their ability to continue to do so became constrained as short-term interest rates approached zero. Consequently, numerous unconventional monetary policy tools were introduced to provide additional monetary easing. These included new or expanded credit facilities, as well as large-scale purchases of government securities (often referred to as quantitative easing, QE). (investopedia.com) ÔÙ¿´Ê²Ã´ÊÇ¡°Á¿»¯¿íËÉÕþ²ß¡±£¨QE£©£º Á¿»¯¿íËÉÖ÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸ÖÐÑëÒøÐÐÔÚʵÐÐÁãÀûÂÊ»ò½üËÆÁãÀûÂÊÕþ²ßºó£¬Í¨¹ý¹ºÂò¹úÕ®µÈÖг¤ÆÚ ծȯÔö¼Ó»ù´¡»õ±Ò¹©¸ø£¬ÏòÊг¡×¢Èë´óÁ¿Á÷¶¯ÐÔ×ʽðµÄ¸ÉÔ¤·½Ê½£¬ÒÔ¹ÄÀø¿ªÖ§ºÍ½è´û£¬ Ò²±»¼ò»¯µØÐÎÈÝΪ¼ä½ÓÔöÓ¡³®Æ±¡£ Á¿»¯¿íËÉÕþ²ßËùÉæ¼°µÄÕþ¸®Õ®È¯²»½ö½ð¶îÅӴ󣬶øÇÒÖÜÆÚÒ²½Ï³¤¡£Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÀûÂÊ µÈ³£¹æ¹¤¾ß²»ÔÙÓÐЧµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬»õ±Òµ±¾Ö²Å»á²ÉÈ¡ÕâÖÖ¼«¶Ë×ö·¨¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÁ¿»¯¿íËÉ£© ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿´ÓÕâЩ½âÊÍÀ´¿´£¬QE Ó¦µ±·­ÒëΪ¡°ÊýÁ¿¿íËÉ¡±²Å±ãÓÚÀí½â¡£¹ËÃû˼Ò壬 ¡°Á¿»¯¡±Êǰѱ¾À´²»Ò×ÓÃÊýÁ¿±í´ïµÄÊÂÎïÓÃÊýÁ¿À´±í´ï£¬·ÅÔÚ´Ë´¦±È½Ï·Ñ½â¡£²»¹ý£¬¼ÈÈ» ÒѾ­Ô¼¶¨Ë׳ɣ¬ÒëÕß¿ÉÒÔÑØÓᣠ5 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© Ô­ÎÄ 8. Structural reforms were needed to transform a cyclical recovery1 in advanced economies and stimulate domestic demand2 in emerging markets. As the exit from the easy monetary policy stance developed3, careful fiscal management4 and normalized private sector credit growth supported by structural reforms5 would be critical to sustainable growth. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 8. Ðè½øÐнṹ¸Ä¸ï¸ÄÉÆÏȽø¾­¼ÃÌå µÄÖÜÆÚÐÔ¸´ËÕÎÊÌ⣬ºÍ´Ù½øÐÂÐËÊг¡µÄÄÚ Ðè¡£Ëæ×Ÿ÷¹úÕýÖð²½³·Ïú¿íËɵĻõ±ÒÕþ ²ß£¬½¨Á¢ÉóÉ÷µÄ²ÆÕþ¹ÜÀíÖÆ¶È£¬ºÍͨ¹ý½á ¹¹¸Ä¸ïÔö¼Ó¶Ô˽Ӫ²¿ÃŵĽè´ûÕý³£»¯£¬¶Ô ¿É³ÖÐøÔö³¤»áÆðµ½ÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óᣠ8. Ðèͨ¹ý½á¹¹ÐԸĸת±äÏȽø¾­ ¼ÃÌåµÄÖÜÆÚÐÔ¸´ËÕ£¬´Ì¼¤ÐÂÐËÊг¡µÄÄÚ Ðè¡£Ëæ×Ÿ÷¹úÖð²½±íÃ÷½«Í˳ö¿íËɵĻõ±Ò Õþ²ß£¬ÈçÄÜʵÐÐÉóÉ÷µÄ²ÆÕþ¹ÜÀí£¬´Ù½øË½ Óª²¿ÃŽè´ûÔö³¤Õý³£»¯£¬¸¨Ö®ÒԽṹµ÷ Õû£¬½«¶Ô¿É³ÖÐøÔö³¤Æðµ½¹Ø¼ü×÷Óᣠ1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¾­¼ÃÖÜÆÚ£¨economic cycle£©ÓÖ³ÆÉÌÒµÖÜÆÚ£¨business cycle£©£¬ÊÇÖ¸¾­¼ÃÔËÐÐ ÖÐÖÜÆÚÐÔ³öÏֵľ­¼ÃÀ©ÕÅÓë¾­¼Ã½ôËõ½»Ìæ¸üµüµÄÒ»ÖÖÏÖÏó£¬ÈçÏÂͼËùʾ£º ½âÎö Economic Activity Troughs Contraction Contraction Contraction Expansion Expansion Peaks Long-term Trend Expansion Full Business Cycle Time Phases of the Business Cycle 6 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Economic cycle refers to the period of time during which an economy moves from a state of expansion to a state of contraction, before expanding again. In practice, a cycle should contain a phase of expansion or recovery (to a peak) and a phase of slowdown or recession (to a trough). If the rates of growth and contraction are very strong, an economy could be ¡°booming¡± for a while at its peak, while the trough could see a phase of depression or stagnation. A trend governed by a business or economic cycle is termed cyclical. (lexicon.ft) Òò´Ë£¬cyclical recovery Ö¸µÄ¾ÍÊÇÔÚÉÌÒµÖÜÆÚÖУ¬¾­¼ÃÖÜÆÚÐÔ¸´ËյĹý³Ì¡£ ¡¾ÍÚ¾òÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå¡¿ÄÇô£¬Ê²Ã´½Ðtransform a cyclical recovery£¿ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÄܻᷭÒë³É ¡°¸Ä±äÖÜÆÚÐÔ¸´ËÕ¡±£¬µ«ÕâÓÖÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¿ÉÏÍø²éÕ⼸¸ö¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¬¿´µ½Ò»ÆªÑݽ²£¬ÌâÄ¿½Ð ¡°Turn Cyclical Recovery into a Structural Recovery¡±£¨¡¶°ÑÖÜÆÚÐÔ¸´ËÕ±äΪ½á¹¹ÐÔ¸´ËÕ¡·£©£¬ ÕýºÃÓë±¾¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼ÏàÆ¥Åä¡£¼ìË÷ÖÐÎÄ£¬Ò²·¢ÏÖ±êÌâΪ¡¶µÂÀ­»ù£º½á¹¹ÐԸĸォ»áʹÖÜ ÆÚÐÔ¸´ËÕת±äΪ½á¹¹ÐÔ¸´ËÕ¡·µÄÎÄÕ¡£ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÒÔÍÆ¶Ï£¬½á¹¹ÐԸĸstructural reforms£© ´øÀ´µÄ½á¹û½Ð×÷¡°½á¹¹ÐÔ¸´ËÕ¡±£¨structural recovery£©¡£Ê²Ã´ÊǽṹÐԸĸ¿´Å·ÖÞÖÐÑë ÒøÐÐÌṩµÄ½âÊÍ£º What are structural reforms? Structural reforms are essentially measures that change the fabric of an economy, the institutional and regulatory framework in which businesses and people operate. They are designed to ensure the economy is fi t and better able to realise its growth potential in a balanced way. Structural reforms work on the supply side of the economy. By tackling obstacles to the effi cient¡ªand fair¡ªproduction of goods and services, they should help increase productivity, investment and employment. This can be done in many ways. For example, the overall business environment can be improved through regulations supporting more flexible labour markets, a simpler tax system or less red tape, making it easier for companies to conduct business and plan for the future. Households, in turn, may benefi t from cheaper (and better) products, which also means more money to spend on other goods. In addition, reforms can be targeted at specifi c sectors, such as those encouraging innovation in key industries. What is important, however, is that growth is balanced. This means that factors like social fairness and inclusion are also taken into account. Indeed, reforms which increase access to education or lower tax evasion and corruption would help support economic growth while promoting social fairness. (ecb.europa.eu) 7 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© ÆäÖеÄÒ»¾ä»°¡°Structural reforms work on the supply side of the economy.¡±£¬ÈÃÎÒÃÇÏëµ½ÖÐ ¹úµÄ¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸsupply-side structural reforms£©£º¡°¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸïÕë¶Ô½á¹¹Ê§ ºâ¡¢¹©Ðè´íÅäµÄ¾­¼ÃÏÖ×´£¬ÒԸĸïΪÊֶΣ¬Íƽø¾­¼Ã½á¹¹µ÷Õû£¬Í¨¹ý¼õÉÙÎÞЧºÍµÍ¶Ë¹© ¸ø£¬À©´óÓÐЧºÍÖи߶˹©¸ø£¬´Ù½øÒªËØÁ÷¶¯ºÍÓÅ»¯ÅäÖã¬Í¬Ê±ÖØÊÓ¹©¸ø²àÓëÐèÇó²àµÄЭ ͬ·¢Á¦£¬ÊµÏÖ¸ü¸ßˮƽµÄ¹©ÐèÆ½ºâ¡±¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£º¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¡°¹©¸ø²à¡±£¨supply-side£©Óë¡°ÐèÇó²à¡±£¨demand-side£©ÊÇÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄ¡£ÐèÇó²à ÓÐͶ×Ê¡¢Ïû·Ñ¡¢³ö¿Ú¡°Èý¼ÝÂí³µ¡±£¬ÕâÈý¼ÝÂí³µ¾ö¶¨¶ÌÆÚ¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÂÊ£»¶ø¹©¸ø²àÔòÓÐÀͶ¯ Á¦¡¢ÍÁµØ¡¢×ʱ¾¡¢´´Ð¡°ËÄ´óÒªËØ¡±£¬ÕâËÄ´óÒªËØÔÚ³ä·ÖÅäÖÃÌõ¼þÏÂËùʵÏÖµÄÔö³¤Âʼ´ÖÐ ³¤ÆÚDZÔÚ¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÂÊ¡£¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸïÖ¼ÔÚµ÷Õû¾­¼Ã½á¹¹£¬Ê¹ÒªËØÊµÏÖ×îÓÅÅäÖã¬Ìá Éý¾­¼ÃÔö³¤µÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊýÁ¿¡£¹©¸ø²à¹ÜÀíÇ¿µ÷ͨ¹ýÌá¸ßÉú²úÄÜÁ¦À´´Ù½ø¾­¼ÃÔö³¤£¬¶øÐèÇó ²à¹ÜÀíÔòÇ¿µ÷¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÌá¸ßÉç»áÐèÇóÀ´´Ù½ø¾­¼ÃÔö³¤£¬Á½Õß¶ÔÓÚÈçºÎÀ­¶¯¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÓÐ×Å ½ØÈ»²»Í¬µÄÀíÄî¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£º¹©¸ø²à½á¹¹ÐԸĸ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿domestic demand Ϊ¡°ÄÚÐ衱£¬¼´¹úÄÚµÄÐèÇ󣬰üÀ¨Í¶×ÊÐèÇóºÍÏû·ÑÐèÇ󣬼´ Èý¼ÝÂí³µÖеÄǰÁ½¼Ý¡£´Ì¼¤ÄÚÐè¾ÍÊÇͨ¹ýÀ©´óͶ×ʺÍÏû·ÑÀ´´ø¶¯¹úÃñ¾­¼ÃµÄÔö³¤¡£ 3 ¡¾Êʵ±±äͨ¡¿develop a stance ¾ÍÊÇÐγÉÒ»¸öÁ¢³¡£¬ÒëÎĽøÐÐÁËÁé»î´¦Àí¡£Õâ¾äÒ²¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ ¡°Ëæ×Ÿ÷¹úÖð²½ÐγÉÍ˳ö¿íËÉ»õ±ÒÕþ²ßµÄÁ¢³¡¡±¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿²ÆÕþ¹ÜÀí£¨fi scal management£©ÊÇÖ¸Õþ¸®ÎªÁËÂÄÐÐÖ°ÄÜ£¬¶ÔËùÐèµÄÎïÖÊ×ÊÔ´ ½øÐеľö²ß¡¢¼Æ»®¡¢×éÖ¯¡¢Ð­µ÷ºÍ¼à¶½»î¶¯µÄ×ܳƣ»¼òÑÔÖ®£¬¾ÍÊÇÕþ¸®³ï¼¯¡¢Ê¹ÓÃºÍ¹Ü Àí×ʽðµÄ»î¶¯¡£Ëü¼ÈÊÇÕþ¸®¹ÜÀí»î¶¯µÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö£¬ÓÖÊÇÕþ¸®»î¶¯µÄÎïÖʱ£ÕÏ¡£²Æ Õþ¹ÜÀí¶ÔÓÚÕþ¸®¹ÜÀíµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬ÊÇÓɲÆÕþµÄÕþÖΡ¢¾­¼ÃË«ÖØÊôÐÔ¾ö¶¨µÄ¡££¨MBA Öǿ⠰ٿƣº²ÆÕþ¹ÜÀí£©fi scal µÄÒâ˼ÊÇof or relating to taxation, public revenues, or public debt¡£ £¨merriam-webster.com£© 5 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿supported by structural reforms Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÐÞÊÎfi scal management ºÍ normalized private sector credit growth¡£ÒòΪ±¾¶ÎµÚÒ»¾ä̸µÄ¾ÍÊǽṹÐԸĸÕâ¾ä»°ÊÇ Ëµ£¬³ýÁ˽ṹÐԸĸ»¹ÐèÒª²ÉÈ¡ÁíÍâÁ½ÏîÕþ²ß¡£ºê¹Ûµ÷¿ØÓÐÁ½´óÕþ²ß¹¤¾ß£º²ÆÕþÕþ²ß ºÍ»õ±ÒÕþ²ß¡£²ÆÕþÕþ²ßÖ÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸Õþ¸®Ö§³ö¡¢Ë°ÊÕÕþ²ßµÈ£¬ÊÇÓɲÆÕþ²¿ÃÅÖÆ¶¨µÄ£»»õ±ÒÕþ ²ßÖ÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸ÀûÂÊ¡¢»õ±Ò·¢ÐÐÁ¿¡¢´æ¿î×¼±¸½ðÂʵÈÕþ²ß£¬ÊÇÖÐÑëÒøÐУ¨ÈËÃñÒøÐУ©Öƶ¨µÄ¡£ fi scal management ÊôÓÚ²ÆÕþÕþ²ß£¬¶ønormalized private sector credit growth ÊôÓÚ»õ±ÒÕþ²ß¡£ ·­ÒëרҵÐÔÄÚÈÝÐèÒª¾ß±¸Ò»¶¨µÄרҵ֪ʶ£¬·ñÔò¼´Ê¹·­Òë³öÀ´£¬Ò²²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨ÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·¡£ ¸ÄÒëûÓÐÃ÷È·ÌåÏÖÐÞÊιØÏµ£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÀí½âΪÐÞÊÎÁ½Õß¡£ 8 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 9. The crisis had left deep scars, including output and financial losses and major job dislocation1. Almost 600 million new jobs were needed. Social distress must be eased. While discussions of the MDGs referred to the need to lift some 1.2 billion people out of extreme poverty2, evidence had not yet emerged regarding how that number might be affected by the crisis. In addition, inequality had consequences that would linger and threaten sustained growth and development3. 9 . ´Ë´ÎΣ»úÁôÏÂÁ˺ÜÉîµÄÉ˺ۣ¬ °üÀ¨²úÁ¿ºÍ½ðÈÚ·½ÃæµÄËðʧÒÔ¼°ÑÏÖØÊ§ Òµ¡£²î²»¶àÐèÒª´´Ôì6ÒÚ¸öй¤×÷¸Úλ¡£ Éç»áÎÊÌâØ½´ý»º½â¡£¾¡¹ÜÔÚÌÖÂÛǧÄê·¢ չĿ±êʱÌáµ½ÁËÐèҪʹԼ12ÒÚÈ˰ÚÍѼ« ¶ËƶÀ§£¬µ«Ä¿Ç°»¹Ã»Óм£Ïó±íÃ÷´Ë´ÎΣ »ú»á¶ÔÕâЩÈËÔì³ÉÔõÑùµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÁíÍ⣬ ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó»áÔì³É·Å»º¿É³ÖÐøÔö³¤ºÍ·¢ Õ¹µÄºó¹û¡£ 9 . ´Ë´ÎΣ»úÁôÏÂÁ˺ÜÉîµÄÉ˺ۣº ²ú³öϽµ¡¢½ðÈÚÐÐÒµÊÜËð¡¢Ê§ÒµÎÊÌâÑÏ ÖØ¡£ÏÖÔÚÐèÒª´´Ôì½ü6ÒÚ¸ö¹¤×÷¸Ú룬 »º½âÉç»áѹÁ¦¡£¾¡¹ÜÔÚÌÖÂÛǧÄ귢չĿ ±êʱÌáµ½ÐèҪʹ´óÔ¼12ÒÚÈ˰ÚÍѼ«¶Ëƶ À§£¬µ«Ä¿Ç°»¹Ã»ÓÐÖ¤¾Ý±íÃ÷´Ë´ÎΣ»ú¿É ÄܶÔÕâЩÈËÔì³ÉÔõÑùµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÁíÍ⣬²» ƽµÈÏÖÏó¿ÉÄܵ¼Ö³¤ÆÚºó¹û£¬Íþв¿É³Ö ÐøÔö³¤ºÍ·¢Õ¹¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Output in economics is the quantity of goods or services produced in a given time period, by a fi rm, industry, or country, whether consumed or used for further production. The concept of national output is essential in the fi eld of macroeconomics. (Wikipedia: output) output ׼ȷÀ´½²Ó¦¸ÃÊÇnational output£¬¼´¡°¹úÃñ²ú³ö¡±¡£¸ù¾Ý×ÊÁÏ£º The Need to Understand the Impact of the Crisis on Potential Output The crisis is already having a dramatic impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In its economic forecast released on 4 May, the Commission estimated that GDP will contract by about 4% in 2009 and by 0.1% in 2010 in both the EU 27 and the euro area. The longer-term repercussions on potential output are however less clear. (ec.europa.eu) ¹úÄÚÉú²ú×ÜÖµ£¨GDP£©ÊǼÆËã¹úÃñ²ú³ö×î³£Óõķ½·¨£¬Ò²ÊǺâÁ¿¹ú¼Ò£¨»òµØÇø£©¾­¼Ã×´ ¿öµÄÖ¸±ê¡£´Ë´¦Ò²¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°¹úÃñ²ú³ö¡±¡£ ¡¾×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à¡¿¡°²úÁ¿ºÍ½ðÈÚ·½ÃæµÄËðʧÒÔ¼°ÑÏÖØÊ§Òµ¡±¸ÄΪ¡°²ú³öϽµ¡¢½ðÈÚÐÐÒµÊÜ ½âÎö 9 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 10. In some economies, growth was associated with reduced inequality1, while in others growth had had the opposite effect on income distribution. China and Brazil had registered2 high growth rates from 1995 through 2005, but had very different outcomes with regard to inequality. The Gini coefficient3 had increased in China from 0.35 to 0.42, while during the same period it had declined from 0.6 to 0.57 in Brazil. 10. ÔÚһЩ¾­¼ÃÌåÖУ¬Ôö³¤Í¨³£Óë²» ƽµÈÏÖÏó¼õÉÙÓйأ¬µ«ÔÚÁíһЩ¾­¼ÃÌå ÖУ¬Ôö³¤¶ÔÊÕÈë·ÖÅäµÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇÏà·´µÄ¡£ ÖйúºÍ°ÍÎ÷´Ó1995Äêµ½2005Äê˫˫¼ µÃÁ˸ßÔö³¤ÂÊ£¬µ«Á½¹ú²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó·½Ãæ µÄ½á¹ûÈ´½ØÈ»²»Í¬¡£ÖйúµÄ»ùÄáϵÊý´Ó 0.35Éýµ½ÁË0.42£¬¶ø°ÍÎ÷ͬÆÚµÄ»ùÄáϵ ÊýÈ´´Ó0.6½µµ½ÁË0.57¡£ Ëð¡¢Ê§ÒµÎÊÌâÑÏÖØ¡±ÔÚ½Ú×àÉϸüºÃһЩ¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ÅÄÁ¿Ö±Òë¡¿extreme poverty ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÓÐЩÎļþÖÐÒëΪ¡°¼«¶ËƶÀ§¡±£¬ÓÐЩÎļþÖÐÒëΪ ¡°³àƶ¡±¡£Ç°Õ߸üÇкÏ×ÖÃæÒâ˼£¬ËùÒÔÒëÎÄÑ¡Óá°¼«¶ËƶÀ§¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿Ô­Òë¶Ôlinger µÄÀí½â²»µ½Î»¡£linger Ϊ²»¼°Îﶯ´Ê£¬Òâ˼ÊÇto take a long time to leave or disappear¡£Ô­ÎĵĽṹÊÇconsequences that would linger and [that would] threaten¡£ ¸ÄÒë 10. ÔÚһЩ¾­¼ÃÌ壬Ôö³¤¼õÉÙÁ˲» ƽµÈÏÖÏ󣬵«ÔÚÁíһЩ¾­¼ÃÌ壬Ôö³¤¶Ô ÊÕÈë·ÖÅäµÄ×÷ÓÃÔòÏà·´¡£ÖйúºÍ°ÍÎ÷´Ó 1995Äêµ½2005Ä궼ȡµÃÁ˸ßËÙÔö³¤£¬µ« Ôö³¤¶Ô¼õÉÙ²»Æ½µÈµÄЧ¹ûÈ´½ØÈ»²»Í¬¡£ ÖйúµÄ»ùÄáϵÊý´Ó0.35Éýµ½ÁË0.42£¬ ¶ø°ÍÎ÷ͬÆÚµÄ»ùÄáϵÊýÈ´´Ó0.6½µµ½ÁË 0.57¡£ 1 ¡¾¾ÐÄàÓÚÔ­ÎÄÐÎʽµ¼ÖÂÒâ˼ŤÇú¡¿±¾¶Î»°½²µÄÊÇ£¬¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ÔÚ²»Í¬¹ú¼Ò´øÀ´µÄ½á¹û²»Í¬¡£ ÓÐЩ¹ú¼Ò£¨±ÈÈçÖйú£©¾­¼ÃÔö³¤µ¼ÖÂÆ¶¸»²î¾à¼Ó´ó£¬ÓÐЩ¹ú¼Ò£¨±ÈÈç°ÍÎ÷£©¾­¼ÃÔö³¤È´ ËõСÁËÆ¶¸»²î¾à¡£±¾¾ä»°µÄ×ÖÃæÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬²»Æ½µÈµÄ¼õÉÙ°éËæ×ž­¼ÃÔö³¤£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉϱíʾ Òò¹û¹ØÏµ£¬¼´¾­¼ÃÔö³¤¼õÉÙÁ˲»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó£¬ÕâÒ»µã´Óϰë¾ä£¨while in others growth had had the opposite effect on income distribution£©¿ÉÒÔÇå³þÍÆ¶Ï³öÀ´¡£ººÓïµÄ¡°Óë¡­¡­Óйء± £¨¡°Ôö³¤Í¨³£Ó벻ƽµÈÏÖÏó¼õÉÙÓйء±£©Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°ÓÉ¡­¡­Ôì³ÉµÄ¡±£¬ºóÕßÊÇǰÕßµÄÔ­Òò£¬Ëù ÒÔ£¬Ô­ÒëµÄÒâ˼ÕýºÃÏà·´¡£³ö´íµÄÔ­Òò£¬²»Ò»¶¨ÊÇÒëÕßµÄÀí½âÎÊÌ⣬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÑ¡´Ê²»µ±´ø ½âÎö 10 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 12. Greater inequality was associated with less sustained growth1, and a decrease in inequality increased the expected length of a growth spell2 by 50 percent. In developing countries, concentration of assets had been found3 to inhibit productive investment4 and restrict growth potential. Growing levels of inequality in access5, opportunities and income led to inadequate education, health care and social protection, causing volatility, crises6 and diminished productivity7. Rising inequalities had been associated with excessively debt-financed consumption and investment patterns that had contributed to financial and economic crises8. 12. ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¼Ó¾çÍùÍùÓëÏà¶Ô²»¿É ³ÖÐøµÄÔö³¤Óйأ¬¶ø²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¼õÇá»á ¶ÔÔ¤²âÔö³¤ÆÚµÄ׼ȷÂÊÔö¼Ó50%¡£Óз¢ ÏÖ±íÃ÷£¬ÔÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬×ʲú¹ý¶È¼¯ÖÐ »áÒÖÖÆÉú²úÐÔͶ×ʺÍÏÞÖÆÔö³¤Ç±Á¦¡£È¨ ÀûÃż÷¡¢»ú»áºÍÊÕÈë·½ÃæµÄ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó ¼Ó¾ç»áµ¼Ö½ÌÓý¡¢Ò½ÁƱ£½¡ºÍÉç»á±£ÕÏ ²»×㣬´Ó¶øÊ¹Éç»á´àÈõ£¬Î£»úƵ·±£¬Éú ²úÁ¦ÍË»¯¡£ÏÖÒÑ·¢ÏÖ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¼Ó¾çÓë ¹ý¶ÈµÄ¸ºÕ®Ïû·ÑºÍµ¼ÖÂÁ˽ðÈں;­¼ÃΣ »úµÄͶ×ÊģʽÓйء£ À´µÄÒâÍâºó¹û¡£ 2 ¡¾Ê¹Óó£¼û˵·¨¡¿Register means to indicate by a record, as instruments do; or to enroll in a school or course of study. (dictionary.com) Ëü¼ÈÓС°Â¼È¡¡±Ö®Ò⣬Óֿɱíʾ¡°¼Ç¼µ½¡±¡£´Ë´¦ ÊǺóÕßµÄÒâ˼¡£Ô­Ò롰¼µÃ¡±¼´¼Ç¼µ½£¬Òâ˼ûÓÐ´í£¬µ«ÏÔÈ»²»ÊǺºÓï³£¼ûµÄÓ÷¨£¬Òò ´Ë¿ÉÁé»îÒëΪ¡°È¡µÃ¡±¡°»ñµÃ¡±µÈ¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿»ùÄáϵÊý£¨Gini coeffi cient£©ÊǺâÁ¿Æ¶¸»²î¾àµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÖ¸±ê£º The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality developed by the Italian statistician Corrado Gini and published in 1912. It is usually used to measure income inequality, but can be used to measure any form of uneven distribution. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, and everyone else has zero income). The Gini index is the Gini coeffi cient expressed in percentage form, and is equal to the Gini coeffi cient multiplied by 100. (Wikipedia: Gini coeffi cient) ¸ÄÒë 12. ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏóÔ½ÑÏÖØ£¬Ôö³¤Ô½²»¿É ³ÖÐø£»¶ø²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¼õÇᣬ»áʹԤÆÚ¼Ó ËÙÔö³¤ÆÚÑÓ³¤50%¡£Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬ÔÚ·¢Õ¹ Öйú¼Ò£¬×ʲú¹ý¶È¼¯ÖлáÒÖÖÆÉú²úÐÔͶ ×Ê£¬ÏÞÖÆÔö³¤Ç±Á¦¡£×¼ÈëÃż÷¡¢»ú»áºÍ ÊÕÈë·½ÃæµÄ²»Æ½µÈ¼Ó¾ç»áµ¼Ö½ÌÓý¡¢±£ ½¡ºÍÉç»á±£Õϲ»×㣬Ôì³ÉÊг¡²¨¶¯£¬´¥ ·¢Î£»ú£¬½µµÍÉú²úÁ¦¡£²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¼Ó¾ç µ¼Ö¹ý¶ÈµÄ¸ºÕ®Ïû·ÑºÍͶ×Êģʽ£¬¶øÕâ ÑùµÄÏû·ÑºÍͶ×ÊģʽÊÇÒý·¢½ðÈں;­¼Ã Σ»úµÄÒòËØÖ®Ò»¡£ 11 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© 1 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿Ô­Ò뻹ÊÇÔÚ²»³ä·ÖÀí½âµÄǰÌáϰ´×ÖÃæ·­ÒëµÄ£¬ËäÖ¸³öÁ˲»Æ½µÈ ÏÖÏó¼Ó¾çÓë¾­¼ÃÔö³¤Óйأ¬µ«È´Î´ÄܾßÌå±íÃ÷ÊǺÎÖÖ¹ØÏµ£¬¼´ÊÇÕýÏà¹Ø»¹ÊǸºÏà¹Ø£»¸ü δÄÜÖ¸³öºÎÕßΪÒò£¬ºÎÕßΪ¹û£¬ÓëÔ­ÎÄÒâ˼ÏàÈ¥ÉõÔ¶¡£ÕâÒ»Àý×ÓÔٴαíÃ÷£¬ÖÒʵԭÎIJ» µÈͬÓÚÖð×Ö¶ÔÒë¡£¸ÄÒëÓÃ×î¼òµ¥µÄÐÎʽ±íÃ÷ÁËÔ­ÎĵÄÒâ˼¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿¹ØÓÚgrowth spell µÄ½âÊÍ£¬¿É²ÎÔÄÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º We defi ne growth spells as periods of sustained growth episodes between growth accelerations and decelerations... (imf. org) ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓ¢ÎĽâÊÍÈ·¶¨Òë·¨¡¿¾Ý´Ë½âÊÍ£¬¿ÉÒÔ°Ñgrowth spell ·­ÒëΪ¡°¼ÓËÙÔö³¤ÆÚ¡±»ò¡°¸ß ËÙÔö³¤ÆÚ¡±¡£Ô­ÒëÔö¼ÓÁË¡°×¼È·ÂÊ¡±£¬Ïë±ØÊÇ¿´µ½¡°Ô¤²â¡±¶þ×Öºó£¬ÏëÏó¡°Ô¤²â¡±Ó¦¸ÃÓà ¡°×¼È·ÐÔ¡±À´ÐÎÈÝ¡£´Ë¾äµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£ºÉç»áԽƽµÈ£¬ÈËÃÇÔ¤ÆÚ¾­¼Ã¼ÓËÙÔö³¤µÄʱ¼ä¾ÍÔ½³¤¡£ ̸µÄÊÇÈËÃǶÔδÀ´µÄÔ¤ÆÚ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÒѾ­·¢ÉúµÄÊÂÇé¡£ spell µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Ò»Õó×Ó¡±£¬¼ûmerriam-webster.com£º ¡¾ÅúÅп´´ýËûÈËÒë·¨¡¿ÓÐÖйúѧÕß½«growth spell ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ôö³¤Ä§Ö䡱£º ×ݹÛÈËÀྭ¼ÃÊ·£¬´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÄÄÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔÁ¬ÐøÈýËÄÊ®Äêά³Ö9% ÒÔÉϵÄÔö³¤¡£Öйú´Ó 1978 Äê¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÖÁ½ñ£¬ÒѾ­ÓÐËÄÊ®¶àÄêÁË¡£Î´À´Öйú¾­¼ÃÄÜ·ñ´òÆÆ¡°Ôö³¤Ä§Ö䡱£¬ÔÚδ À´¼ÌÐø±£³Ö¿ìËÙµÄÔö³¤£¬¿´ºÃµÄÈ˲¢²»¶à¡£´ó¶àÊýÈËÈÏΪ£¬Öйú¾­¼Ã´Ó2012 Ä꿪ʼ£¬ÒÑ ¾­ÏÈÓÚ¡°ÁõÒ×˹תÕ۵㡱¸æ±ðÁË¿ìËÙÔö³¤ÖÜÆÚ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬1978 ¡« 2012 Äê¾ÍÊÇÖйúµÄ growth spell¡££¨Öйú¾­ÓªÍø£© ´ÓÉÏÎĵÄÓ¢ÎĽâÊÍ¿ÉÖª£¬spell ²¢·Ç¡°Ä§Ö䡱µÄÒâ˼£¬°Ñgrowth spell ÒëΪ¡°Ôö³¤Ä§Ö䡱£¬ µÈÓÚ°ÑÒ»¸ö°ýÒå´Ê±ä³ÉÁ˱áÒå´Ê£¬³ÉÁË¡°´òÆÆ¡±µÄ¶ÔÏó¡£Óɴ˿ɼûÍûÎÄÉúÒåµÄΣº¦¡£Ëù ν¡°´òÆÆÔö³¤Ä§Ö䡱£¬ÊµÎª¡°±£³Ö¼ÓËÙÔö³¤¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾ÒÔÃû´Êµ¹Íƶ¯´ÊÒë·¨¡¿Ñо¿µÄ½á¹û½Ð×÷fi ndings£¬ËùÒÔhad been found ÊÇÖ¸¡°Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ¡±¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿productive investment ÒëΪ¡°Éú²úÐÔͶ×Ê¡±Ã»ÓдíÎ󣬵«ÒëÕß×îºÃ˳±ãÁ˽âÒ» ÏÂʲôÊÇÉú²úÐÔͶ×Ê£º ½âÎö 12 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ The main characteristic of a productive investment is to engender value, as the transformation of raw material into a product, planting seeds to grow agricultural products, investing shares in a company in order to increase its business, infrastructure construction so that the country develops and the international market increases. Anything that is not consumed and loses its value is considered a productive investment. As for governments, the investment in the people, their education, and development can also be considered productive investment. 5 ¡¾access µÄÒë·¨¡¿ access ÊÇÒ»¸öÐèÒª¡°Ò»ÊÂÒ»Ò顱µÄ´Ê£¬ºÜÄÑÕÒµ½Ò»¸ö·ÅÖ®Ëĺ£¶ø½Ô×¼µÄÒë ·¨¡£ËüµÄ»ù±¾Òâ˼ÊÇ the state or quality of being approachable; the ability, right, or permission to approach, enter, or use (dictionary.com)£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°½Ó´¥¡±¡°½Ó½ü¡±¡°»ñµÃ¡±¡°»ñÈ¡¡±¡°½ø È롱¡°×¼È롱¡°·ÃÎÊ¡±¡°»ú»á¡±£¬µÈµÈ¡£Ô­ÒëÖеġ°È¨ÀûÃż÷¡±ÊÇÒ»¸öºÜÓд´ÒâµÄ·­Ò룬²» ÅųýÔÚÓÐЩÇé¿öÏ¿ÉÒÔʹÓᣴ˴¦ÒëΪʲô£¬Òª¿´×÷ÕßµÄÒâ˼¡£Õâ¾ä»°µÄºó°ë¾äÊÇ education, health care and social protection£¬Óëaccess ´îÅäʹÓ㬾ÍÊÇ¡°»ñµÃ½ÌÓý¡¢±£½¡ºÍ Éç»á±£ÕϵĻú»á¡±¡£µ«±¾¾ä»¹ÓÐÒ»¸öopportunities£¬Èç¹ûÊÇÒ»°ãÎļþ£¬°Ñaccess Ê¡µôÒ²ÎÞ ·Á£¬ÒòΪËüµÄÒâ˼Óëopportunities ¼¸ºõûÓÐÇø±ð¡£µ«´Ë´¦ÊÇÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ£¬Í¨³£²»½¨ÒéÊ¡µô ÈκÎÓÐÒâÒåµÄ´Ê£¬ËùÒÔ£¬ÐèÒªÕÒÒ»¸öÓëopportunities Òâ˼Ïà½üµÄ´Ê¡£ÒëΪ¡°×¼ÈëÃż÷¡±£¬ Ò²ÐíÄܹ»±í´ï¡°»ú»á¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£¡°È¨ÀûÃż÷¡±²»³£¼û£¬²»½øÐнâÊÍÓÐЩͻأ¡£ 6 ¡¾²é×÷ÕßÃû×Ö¡¿Volatility refers to the trait of being unpredictably irresolute (thefreedictionary. com)£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°Ò×±äÐÔ¡±¡°²¨¶¯ÐÔ¡±¡£µ«´Ë´¦ÊÇָʲôµÄ¡°²¨¶¯¡±£¬¿ÖŲ»Ì«Çå³þ¡£ÎÒÃÇ ÔڹȸèÖÐËÑË÷·¢ÑÔÕßµÄÃû×ÖºÍÕâ¾ä»°£¬ÕÒµ½Á˽²»°Ô­ÎÄ£¬Ô­»°ÊÇÕâÑùµÄ£º¡°Growing levels of inequality, not just in income, but also in access and opportunities¡ª leading to inadequate education, health care and social protection¡ª can create volatility, trigger crises and diminish productivity.¡±¡£Ã»Óз¢ÏÖvolatility µÄÒë·¨£¬È´·¢ÏÖÁËcrisis µÄº¬Ò壺 trigger crisis¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ Ô­Ò롰Σ»úƵ·±¡±¾Í²»×¼È·£¬Ó¦¸Ã¸ÄΪ¡°´¥·¢Î£»ú¡±¡£ volatility ÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¿ÍøÉϵÄÕâ¾ä»°Óиö×¢ÊÍ£º¡°See for example, Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality¡±¡£ÎÒÃÇ˳ÌÙÃþ¹Ï£¬¿´¿´Stiglitz ÈçºÎ½ç¶¨volatility¡£Õâ±¾ÊéÀï¹²ÓÐ11 ´¦³öÏÖ volatility (volatile)£¬Òâ˼¶¼ÊÇ¡°Êг¡²¨¶¯¡±£¬±ÈÈ磺 ? This takes the form of capital controls, or limiting the volatile movement of capital across borders, especially during a crisis. ? Opening up a country can expose it to all kinds of risks, from the volatility of capital markets to that of commodity markets. ? The algorithmic traders claimed that they were making markets more liquid (¡°deeper¡±), but it was a liquidity that disappeared when it was needed, when a real disturbance occurred 13 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© to which the market needed to adjust. The result was that the market began to exhibit unprecedented volatility. ? In fact, there are reasons to believe that fl ash trading actually makes markets not just more volatile but also less ¡°informative¡±. (resistir.info£© Òò´Ë£¬´Ë´¦Ó¦µ±¸ÄΪ¡°Êг¡²¨¶¯¡±¡£·­Òë¹ý³ÌÖÐÔøÐÞ¸ÄΪ¡°Éç»á²¨¶¯¡±£¬¿´À´ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ¡£ 7 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ Diminish means to reduce, lessen (dictionary.com)£¬ ÒâΪ¡°¼õÉÙ¡±¡°Ï÷Èõ¡±£¬ û ÓС°ÍË»¯¡±Ö®Òâ¡£ÔÙ˵£¬¡°ÍË»¯¡±Óë¡°Éú²úÁ¦¡±Ò²ÎÞ·¨´îÅä¡£ 8 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿Ô­Òë¶Ôbe associated with Àí½âÓÐÎó¡£±¾ÎÄ̸µÄÊǽðÈÚΣ»ú£¬´Ë´¦ that ´Ó¾äÓ¦¸ÃÐÞÊÎdebt-fi nanced consumption ºÍinvestment patterns Á½¸ö³É·Ö£¬²»¿ÉÄܽöÊÇ ÆäÖÐÒ»ÏîÓë½ðÈÚΣ»úÓйء£Ô­ÒëÀí½âΪֻÐÞÊÎinvestment patterns¡£ ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿contribute to Ò²²»Ò×·­Òë¡£Èç¹ûºóÃæ¸úµÄÊÇ»ý¼«ÐÐΪ£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ ¡°ÓÐÖúÓÚ¡±£¬µ«´Ë´¦ÊÇÏû¼«ÐÐΪ£¨¡°½ðÈں;­¼ÃΣ»ú¡±£©£¬Òò´Ë»»Á˸ö˵·¨£¨¡°ÊÇÒý·¢¡­¡­µÄ ÒòËØÖ®Ò»¡±£©¡£Èç¹û·­ÒëΪ¡°ÕâÑùµÄÏû·ÑºÍͶ×Êģʽ»áÒý·¢½ðÈں;­¼ÃΣ»ú¡±£¬Òâ˼¾ÍÓÐЩ ¾ø¶Ô¡£contribute Òâζ׎ö½öÊÇÒý·¢Ä³ÖÖ½á¹ûµÄÒòËØÖ®Ò»¡£ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 14. If appropriate employment, corporate governance, competition, and wage and income distribution policies1 were in place, structural changes could reduce inequality. The impacts of globalization and technological change on domestic income distribution depended on macroeconomic, financial and labour market policies2. 14. Êʵ±µÄ¾ÍÒµ¡¢¹«Ë¾ÖÎÀí¡¢¾ºÕùºÍ ÊÕÈë·ÖÅäµÄÕþ²ßÈçÄܵ½Î»£¬²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó ¾Í¿ÉÒòΪ½á¹¹ÐԸıäµÃµ½¼õÉÙ¡£¹úÄÚµÄ ÊÕÈë·ÖÅä×îÖÕÄÜ·ñµÃÒæÓÚÈ«Çò»¯ºÍ¼¼Êõ ¸ïÐÂÈ¡¾öÓÚºê¹Û¾­¼Ã¡¢½ðÈÚºÍÀͶ¯Á¦ÊÐ ³¡µÄÕþ²ß¡£ 14. Èç¹û¾ÍÒµ¡¢¹«Ë¾ÖÎÀí¡¢¾ºÕùºÍÊÕ Èë·ÖÅäÕþ²ßµ½Î»£¬Í¨¹ý½á¹¹¸Ä¸ï¾Í¿ÉÒÔ ¼õÉÙ²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó¡£È«Çò»¯ºÍ¼¼Êõ¸ïÐÂ¶Ô ¹úÄÚÊÕÈë·ÖÅäµÄÓ°ÏìÈ¡¾öÓÚºê¹Û¾­¼Ã¡¢ ½ðÈÚºÍÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡Õþ²ß¡£ 14 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ employment, corporate governance, competition, and wage and income distribution policies ËäÈ»¿ÉÒÔ·­Òë³öÀ´£¬µ«¾ßÌåÊÇָʲô£¬ÒëÕß¿ÖŲ»Ò»¶¨Çå³þ¡£Ã¿´Î·­Ò룬²»·ÁÈÏ Õæ²éÒ»ÏÂÿ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄº¬Ò壬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓÉî¶ÔÔ­ÎĵÄÀí½â¡£±ÈÈ磬²éÒ»²éwage and income distribution policies£¬»á¿´µ½ÓÐÎÄÕÂÖ¸³ö£º Many recent studies have shown a signifi cant increase in income inequality since the 1980s. One of the proposed methods for fi xing this trend is to increase the minimum wage, since this policy would help those at the low end of the income spectrum to see economic growth. (network.bepress.com) ÕâÑù£¬ÒëÕß¾ÍÖªµÀ¹¤×ÊÕþ²ß£¨×îµÍ¹¤×Ê£©ºÍÊÕÈë·ÖÅäÖ®¼äµÄ¾ßÌå¹ØÏµ¡£ÔÙ²éÏÂÒ»¾äµÄ labour market policies£¬¿´µ½ÆäÖÐÒ²°üº¬minimum wages£¬ÕâÑù¾Í¿´µ½Á½¾ä»°Ö®¼ä´æÔÚÁª ϵ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÕâÁ½¾ä»°¶¼ÔÚ̸ÈçºÎ¼õÉÙÊÕÈë·ÖÅ䲻ƽµÈµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ ´ó¼Ò²»·ÁÔÙ²éÒ»ÏÂÆäËû¸ÅÄîµÄ½âÊÍ£¬½è»úѧϰһµãÆäËûרҵµÄ֪ʶ¡£ 2 ¡¾Á˽âºê¹Û±³¾°¡¿Õâ¾ä»°Ëµ°×ÁË£¬¾ÍÊǹúÄڵĵÍÊÕÈëȺÌåÄÜ·ñµÃÒæÓÚÈ«Çò»¯ºÍ¼¼Êõ¸ïУ¬ È¡¾öÓÚºê¹Û¾­¼Ã¡¢½ðÈÚºÍÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡µÄÕþ²ß¡£Õâ¾ä»°ÊÇÕë¶ÔÀ͹¤½×²ãµÄ·´È«Çò»¯À˳±¶ø ÑԵģ¬ºÜ¶àÈËÈÏΪȫÇò»¯Ã»ÓиøÀ͹¤½×²ã´øÀ´¶à´óµÄºÃ´¦¡£µ«¼ÈÈ»Ìù½üÔ­ÎÄ×ÖÃæ·­Òë¿É ÒÔ³ä·Ö±í´ïÔ­Ò⣬½¨Òé²»¸Ä±äÔ­À´µÄ±í´ï·½Ê½¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 16. In the past 30 years, there had been a very significant increase in the income share earned by the top 1 percent1 in such countries as the United States and the United Kingdom, while in France, Germany, Japan and Sweden, that had been less noticeable. Diversity across countries was the result of different policies on access to profits2. In some countries, taxes and transfers attempted to eliminate excess returns3 to certain economic participants. Even in industrial countries, the Gini coefficient varied widely depending on structures, economic characteristics and public policy. While the Gini coefficient had been rising in many countries, it was doing so at different rates. Not only had disposable income4 in the top decile5 increased dramatically, but there had been a widening of the gap across income classes, with higher income classes benefiting. Some countries had corrected the market or disposable income outcomes quite actively, while others had not. 15 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë 16. ¹ýÈ¥30ÄêÀÔÚÏñÃÀ¹úºÍÓ¢¹ú ÕâÑùµÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬Õ¼È«Éç»á×ÜÈË¿Ú1%µÄ¾«Ó¢ ½×²ãÊÕÈë·Ý¶îѸÃÍÔö¼Ó£¬µ«ÔÚ·¨¹ú¡¢µÂ ¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾ºÍÈðµä£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó²¢²»ÄÇôÃ÷ ÏÔ¡£¹úÓë¹úµÄ²îÒìÔ´ÓÚÓйØÀûÈóÃż÷µÄ ²»Í¬Õþ²ß¡£ÔÚһЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬Õþ¸®ÊÔͼͨ¹ý ˰ÊÕºÍ×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶Ïû³ýijЩ¾­¼Ã»î¶¯²ÎÓë ÕߵĹýÊ£ÊÕÈë¡£ÉõÖÁÔÚ¹¤Òµ¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬»ù ÄáϵÊýÒ²ÒÀ½á¹¹¡¢¾­¼ÃÌØµãºÍ¹«¹²Õþ²ß ²»¾¡Ïàͬ¡£ËäÈ»Ðí¶à¹ú¼ÒµÄ»ùÄáϵÊýÒ» Ö±ÔÚÉÏÉý£¬µ«ÔöËÙÈ´¸÷²»Ïàͬ¡£²»½ö×î ¸ßµÈ¼¶µÄ¿ÉÖ§ÅäÊÕÈë´ó´óÔö¼Ó£¬¶øÇÒ²» ͬÊÕÈëȺÌåÖ®¼ä²î¾àÒ»Ö±ÔÚÀ©´ó£¬»ñÒæ µÄÊǽϸߵÄÊÕÈëȺÌ塣һЩ¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÊг¡ »ò¿ÉÖ§ÅäÊÕÈëµÄ·ÖÅä½øÐÐÁË»ý¼«µ÷Õû£¬ µ«ÁíһЩÔò¸ù±¾Ã»Óе÷Õû¡£ ¸ÄÒë 16. ¹ýÈ¥30ÄêÀÔÚÃÀÓ¢µÈ¹ú¼Ò£¬ Õ¼×ÜÈË¿Ú1%µÄÈËÔÚ×ÜÊÕÈëÖÐËùÕ¼·Ý¶î ´ó·ùÔö¼Ó£¬µ«ÔÚ·¨¹ú¡¢µÂ¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾ºÍÈð µä£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó²¢²»ÄÇôÃ÷ÏÔ¡£¹ú¼ÒÖ®¼ä µÄ²îÒìÔ´ÓÚÀûÈó·ÖÅäÕþ²ß²»Í¬¡£ÔÚһЩ ¹ú¼Ò£¬Õþ¸®ÊÔͼͨ¹ý˰ÊÕºÍ×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶Ïû ³ýijЩ¾­¼Ã»î¶¯²ÎÓëÕߵĹý¶È»Ø±¨¡£Éõ ÖÁÔÚ¹¤Òµ»¯¹ú¼Ò£¬»ùÄáϵÊýÒ²ÒÀ½á¹¹¡¢ ¾­¼ÃÌØµãºÍ¹«¹²Õþ²ß¶ø²»¾¡Ïàͬ¡£ËäÈ» Ðí¶à¹ú¼ÒµÄ»ùÄáϵÊýÒ»Ö±ÔÚÉÏÉý£¬µ«Ôö ËÙÈ´¸÷²»Ïàͬ¡£²»½öÊÕÈëˮƽÔÚǰ10% µÄÈ˿ڿÉÖ§ÅäÊÕÈë´ó´óÔö¼Ó£¬¶øÇÒ²»Í¬ ÊÕÈëȺÌåÖ®¼äµÄ²î¾àÒ²Ò»Ö±ÔÚÀ©´ó£»¸ß ÊÕÈëȺÌå»ñÒæ¸ü´ó¡£Ò»Ð©¹ú¼Ò»ý¼«¾À ÕýÊг¡»¯ÊÕÈë»ò¿ÉÖ§ÅäÊÕÈëµÄ²»Æ½µÈÎÊ Ì⣬µ«ÁíһЩ¹ú¼ÒÔòûÓС£ 1 ¡¾¾¡Á¿²»Ôö´Ê¡¿Ô­Ò롰ռȫÉç»á×ÜÈË¿Ú1% µÄ¾«Ó¢½×²ãÊÕÈë·Ý¶îѸÃÍÔö¼Ó¡±Ôö¼Ó¡°¾«Ó¢½× ²ã¡±¿ÉÒÔ£¬µ«ÎÞ±ØÒª¡£ ¡¾Õå×ÃÓôʡ¿¡°Ñ¸ÃÍ¡±ÊÇÖ¸Ëٶȿ죬¶øsignifi cant ÊÇÖ¸ÊýÁ¿´ó¡£ ¡¾Ôö´Êʹº¬ÒåÇåÎú¡¿¡°ÊÕÈë·Ý¶î¡±²»ÊǺÜÇå³þ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¾ßÌå˵Ã÷¡°ÔÚ×ÜÊÕÈëÖÐËùÕ¼·Ý¶î/ ±È Àý¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿ÈçǰËùÊö£¬access µÄÒâ˼¶àÑù£¬Ã¿¸ö·­ÒëÇé¾°¶¼ÐèÒª¶¯Ò»·¬ÄԽ access to profi ts Òâ˼ÊÇ»ñµÃÆóÒµÓ¯ÀûµÄ»ú»á£¬Êµ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇÖ¸ÆóÒµÓ¯ÀûµÄ·ÖÅä·½°¸£¨¸ø¹¤ÈË ¶àÉÙ¡¢ ¸ø¹ÜÀí²ã¶àÉÙ£©¡£ ÓëǰÎÄ£¨ µÚ14 ¶Î£© income distribution ºÍinequality Ö¸ÏòµÄÄÚÈÝÏàͬ¡£ Ô­Òë¡°ÀûÈóÃż÷¡±ÏÔÈ»Òâ˼´íÎ󣬸ÄΪ¡°ÀûÈó·ÖÅ䡱¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿excess returns ÒëΪ¡°¹ýÊ£ÊÕÈ롱£¬ÏÔÈ»ÊÇûÓÐÀí½âÔ­ÎĵÄÒâ˼¡£ÊÕ Èë²î¾àÀ­´ó£¬¾ÍÊÇÉÙÊýÆóÒµ¸ß¹Ü¹¤×ÊÌ«¸ß¡¢¹¤È˵Ť×ÊÌ«µÍÔì³ÉµÄ¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ Disposable income is total personal income minus personal current taxes. (Wikipedia: disposable income) ¿ÉÖ§ÅäÊÕÈëÊÇָ˰ºóÊÕÈë¡£ ½âÎö 16 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Decile means a tenth part of a distribution (thefreedictionary.com)£¬¼´¡°£¨Êý¾Ý£© ·Ö²¼ÖеÄÊ®·ÖÖ®Ò»¡±£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ10%¡£Ïê¼ûen.oxforddictionaries.com µÄ½âÊͺÍÀý×Ó£º decile »¹ÓÐÒ»¸öÒâ˼¡ª¡ª¡°Ê®·ÖλÊý¡±£¨collinsdictionary.com£©£º Ê®·ÖλÊýÊǽ«Ò»×éÊý¾ÝÓÉСµ½´ó£¨»òÓÉ´óµ½Ð¡£©ÅÅÐòºó£¬ÓÃ9 ¸öµã½«È«²¿Êý¾Ý·ÖΪ10 µÈ·Ý£¬ÓëÕâ9 ¸öµãλÖÃÉÏÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄÊýÖµ³ÆÎªÊ®·ÖλÊý£¬·Ö±ð¼ÇΪD1¡¢D2¡­¡­D9£¬±íʾ 10% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚD1 Ï£¬20% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚD2 Ï¡­¡­90% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚD9 Ï¡£ ÓëÊ®·ÖλÊýÀàËÆ£¬ËÄ·ÖλÊý£¨quartile£©ÊÇÖ¸½«Ò»×éÊý¾ÝÓÉСµ½´ó£¨»òÓÉ´óµ½Ð¡£©ÅÅÐòºó£¬ ÓÃ3 ¸öµã½«È«²¿Êý¾Ý·ÖΪ4 µÈ·Ý£¬ÓëÕâ3 ¸öµãλÖÃÉÏÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄÊýÖµ³ÆÎªËÄ·ÖλÊý£¬·Ö±ð ¼ÇΪQ1£¨µÚÒ»ËÄ·ÖλÊý£©¡¢Q2£¨µÚ¶þËÄ·ÖλÊý£¬¼´ÖÐλÊý£©¡¢Q3£¨µÚÈýËÄ·ÖλÊý£©¡£ ͬÀí£¬°Ù·ÖλÊý£¨percentile£©Êǽ«Ò»×éÊý¾ÝÓÉСµ½´ó£¨»òÓÉ´óµ½Ð¡£© ÅÅÐòºó·Ö¸îΪ100 µÈ·Ý£¬Óë99 ¸ö·Ö¸îµãλÖÃÉÏÏà¶ÔÓ¦µÄÊýÖµ³ÆÎª°Ù·ÖλÊý£¬·Ö±ð¼ÇΪP1¡¢ P2¡­¡­P99£¬±í ʾ1% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚP1 Ï£¬ 2% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚP2 Ï¡­¡­99% µÄÊý¾ÝÂäÔÚP99 Ï¡£ ͨ¹ýËÄ·ÖλÊý¡¢Ê®·ÖλÊýºÍ°Ù·ÖλÊý£¬¿ÉÒÔ´óÌå¿´³ö×ÜÌåÊý¾ÝÔÚÄĸöÇø¼äÄÚ¸üΪ¼¯ÖУ¬ Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ËüÃÇÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ·´Ó³Êý¾ÝµÄ·Ö²¼Çé¿ö¡£ ·ÖλÊý£¨»ò·Öλµã£©Í³³Æquantile¡£ÆäËû·ÖλÊý»¹ÓÐquintile£¨Îå·ÖλÊý£© ¡¢sextile£¨Áù ·ÖλÊý£©¡¢septile£¨Æß·ÖλÊý£©¡¢octile £¨°Ë·ÖλÊý£©µÈ£¬Ïê¼û¡¶SPSS 17 ÖÐÎİæÍ³¼Æ·ÖÎöµä ÐÍʵÀý¾«´â¡·Ò»Êé¡£ 17 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 17. A certain amount of inequality was probably essential to the effective functioning of a market economy, in order to provide market signals and incentives for investment, growth and entrepreneurial activity1. A tolerable level2 should be distinguished from harmful, excessive inequality that could be damaging to long-term growth. Market outcomes could be controlled, and distribution, tax and transfer policies3 applied. In some countries, excessive, persistent structural inequalities interacted with market forces4a, significantly affecting the human capital base4b. Technical progress had raised returns to capital and skilled labour. The challenge was to enhance the skill set of the labour force so that it could participate in international competition. Over the past 30 years, unskilled labour had been hurt more than any other sector5. 17. ijÖ̶ֳÈÉϵIJ»Æ½µÈ¶ÔÓÚÊг¡¾­ ¼ÃÓÐЧÔËÐÐÀ´ËµÒ²ÐíÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬ÒòΪ¿ÉÒÔ ½«Æä×÷ΪÊг¡Ðźţ¬»¹¿ÉÒÔ¼¤ÀøÍ¶×Ê¡¢Ôö ³¤ºÍ´´Òµ¡£Ó¦°Ñ¿ÉÈÌÊܵIJ»Æ½µÈ´Ó¹ý¶È²¢ ÓпÉÄÜÉ˼°³¤ÆÚÔö³¤µÄË®Æ½Çø·Ö¿ªÀ´¡£Èç ¹û²ÉÈ¡·ÖÅ䡢˰ÊÕºÍ×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶Õþ²ß£¬Êг¡ ½á¹ûÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¿ØÖƵġ£ÔÚһЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬¹ý¶È¡¢ ³¤ÆÚ´æÔڵĽṹÐÔ²»Æ½µÈÓëÊг¡µÄÁ¦Á¿¹² ´æ£¬ÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìÁËÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾µÄ»ù´¡¡£¼¼Êõ½ø ²½Ìá¸ßÁË×ʱ¾½ðºÍÊìÁ·À͹¤µÄ»Ø±¨¡£Ä¿Ç° µÄÌôÕ½ÊǸÄÉÆÀͶ¯Á¦ÕÆÎյļ¼ÄÜÖÖÀ࣬ ʹÆäÓÐÄÜÁ¦²ÎÓë¹ú¼Ê·¶Î§ÄڵľºÕù¡£¹ýÈ¥ 30ÄêÀÎÞ¼¼ÄÜÀ͹¤ÔâÊܵ½µÄÉ˺¦¶àÓÚ ÆäËûÈκξ­¼Ã²¿ÃÅ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 17. Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϵIJ»Æ½µÈ¶ÔÓÚÊг¡ ¾­¼ÃÓÐЧÔËÐÐÀ´ËµÒ²ÐíÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬ÒòΪ Ëü¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÊг¡Ðźźͼ¤Àø»úÖÆ£¬¹ÄÀø Ͷ×Ê¡¢Ôö³¤ºÍ´´Òµ¡£Ó¦Çø·Ö¿ÉÈÌÊܵIJ» ƽµÈÓë¿ÉÄÜÉ˼°³¤ÆÚÔö³¤µÄÓк¦ºÍ¹ý¶È ²»Æ½µÈ¡£¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý²ÉÈ¡·ÖÅ䡢˰ÊÕºÍת ÒÆÖ§¸¶Õþ²ß¿ØÖÆÊг¡»¯½á¹û¡£ÔÚһЩ¹ú ¼Ò£¬¹ý¶È¡¢³¤ÆÚµÄ½á¹¹ÐÔ²»Æ½µÈÓëÊг¡ µÄÁ¦Á¿½»»¥×÷Óã¬ÑÏÖØÏ÷ÈõÁËÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾ µÄ»ù´¡¡£¼¼Êõ½ø²½Ìá¸ßÁË×ʱ¾ºÍ¼¼Êõ¹¤ È˵Ļر¨¡£Ä¿Ç°µÄÌôÕ½ÊǼÓÇ¿ÀͶ¯Á¦µÄ ¼¼ÄÜ£¬Ê¹ÆäÓÐÄÜÁ¦²ÎÓë¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕù¡£¹ýÈ¥ 30ÄêÀ·Ç¼¼Êõ¹¤ÈËÔâÊܵ½µÄÉ˺¦¶àÓÚ ÆäËûÈκÎȺÌå¡£ 1 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿investment, growth and entrepreneurial activity ÐÞÊεÄÊÇmarket signals and incentives£¬¶ø²»ÊǽöÐÞÊÎincentives¡£ÒòΪÈç¹û½öÐÞÊÎincentives£¬¶ÁÕß»áÎÊ£ºmarket signals for what? Õâ¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬Èç¹û¸É¶à¸ÉÉÙÒ»¸öÑù£¬³Ô´ó¹ø·¹£¬¾Í²»»áÓÐÄÇô¶àÈË È¥´´Òµ¡¢È¥Í¶×Ê¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¶à¸É¶àµÃ£¬À­´óÊÕÈë²î¾à£¬Ò²»á¼¤ÀøÈËÃÇÈ¥´´ÒµºÍͶ×Ê¡£ ½âÎö 18 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 2 ¡¾Àí½âÿ¸öµ¥´Ê¡¿Õâ¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬Ó¦µ±Çø·ÖÓм¤Àø×÷ÓõIJ»Æ½µÈºÍ¹ý¶È²»Æ½µÈ¡£level ÊÇ Ö¸level of inequality¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿transfer policy ÊÇÖ¸transfer payment policy¡£×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶£¨¿ÉÒÔÒëΪa transfer payment »ògovernment transfer£©¾ÍÊÇÕþ¸®Í¨¹ý˰ÊÕ°ÑÓÐÇ®È˵ÄÇ®°×°×Ë͸øÃ»ÓÐÇ®µÄÈË£¬ ÊÇÒ»ÖֲƸ»ÔÙ·ÖÅäµÄÊֶΣ¬Ë׳ơ°½Ù¸»¼Ãƶ¡±£¬²Î¼ûÒÔÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º One-way payment of money for which no money, good, or service is received in exchange. Governments use such payments as means of income redistribution by giving out money under social welfare programs such as social security, old age or disability pensions, student grants, unemployment compensation, etc. Subsidies paid to exporters, farmers, manufacturers, however, are not considered transfer payments. Transfer payments are excluded in computing gross national product. (businessdictionary.com) 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Structural inequality is defi ned as a condition where one category of people are attributed an unequal status in relation to other categories of people. (Wikipedia: structural inequality) ±ÈÈ磬ij¸ö¸ÚλֻÕÐÊÕ±¾µØ¾ÓÃñ£¬ÍâµØÈËÔÙÓÅÐãÒ²½ø²»À´¡£Interact means to act one upon another£¬ÒâΪ¡°»¥¶¯¡±¡°Ï໥×÷Óᱡ£Õâ¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬ÖƶÈÐԵIJ»Æ½µÈ¼Ó ÉÏÊг¡Á¦Á¿£¨Èç½ÌÓý²úÒµ»¯£©£¬Ó°ÏìÁËÀͶ¯Á¦µÄËØÖÊ¡£¡°ÈËÁ¦×ʱ¾µÄ»ù´¡¡±£¨human capital base£©¾ÍÊÇÖ¸ÀͶ¯Á¦ËØÖÊ£¬²Î¼ûÒÔÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º Human capital, most ostensibly in the form of education, would be an inescapable input for ensuring competitive levels of productivity in various sectors, and for accelerating the overall pace of economic growth. The paper underscores that a poor human capital base is the Achilles¡¯ heel of our economy. The quality of workforce poses a frightening scenario in agriculture, mining-quarrying, and construction. (G.K. Chadha, Human Capital Base of the Indian Labour Market: Identifying Worry Spots) 5 ¡¾±æÎö´ÊÒå¡¿Sector means a distinct part, especially of society or of a nation¡¯s economy. (thefreedictionary.com) sector ×î³£¼ûµÄÒâ ˼ÊÇa distinct part of a nation¡¯s economy£¬ ¼´¡°²úÒµ¡±¡°²¿ÃÅ¡±¡°ÐÐÒµ¡±£¬µ«ÓÃÓÚ´Ë´¦ ÏÔÈ»²»Êʺϣ¬ÒòΪÎÞ·¨Ëµ¡°·Ç¼¼Êõ¹¤ÈË¡± ÊÇÒ»¸ö¡°²úÒµ¡±£¬´Ë´¦µÄÒâ˼ÊÇa distinct part of society£¬ ¿ÉÒëΪ¡°£¨Éç»á£©ÈºÌ塱¡£ ¼ûvocabulary.com µÄ¸ü¶à½âÊÍ£º 19 µÚ1µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 18. Economic policy decisions1 had become increasingly politicized and influenced by interest groups2. Certain groups had grown in importance and influence3 owing to redistribution of income to higher income brackets. Inequalities had a significant impact on intergenerational mobility4. Higher levels of inequality lowered intergenerational mobility, with subsequent generations finding it increasingly difficult to move up the economic ladder5. 18. ¾­¼ÃÕþ²ßµÄ¾ö²ß»î¶¯Óú¼ÓÕþÖÎ »¯£¬¶øÇÒÊÜÀûÒæ¼¯ÍŵÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÓÉÓÚÊÕÈëÔÙ ·ÖÅäʹÆäÄܹ»ÉýÈë¸ü¸ßµÄÊÕÈëµÈ¼¶£¬Ä³Ð© ȺÌåÔÚÖØÒªÐÔºÍÓ°ÏìÁ¦É϶¼ÓÐËù׳´ó¡£²» ƽµÈÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓ°Ïì×Å´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯Á¦¡£ ½ÏÑÏÖØµÄ²»Æ½µÈ½µµÍ´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯Á¦£¬´Ó¶ø ʹÏÂÒ»´úÈ˸е½ÔÚ¾­¼ÃµÄ½×ÌÝÉÏÏòÉÏÅÀÔ½ À´Ô½ÄÑ¡£ 18. ¾­¼Ã¾ö²ßÔ½À´Ô½ÕþÖλ¯£¬ÇÒÊÜ ÀûÒæ¼¯ÍŵÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÓÉÓÚÊÕÈëÔÙ·ÖÅäʹij ЩȺÌå½øÈë¸ü¸ßµÄÊÕÈëµÈ¼¶£¬ËûÃǵÄÖØ ÒªÐÔºÍÓ°ÏìÁ¦¶¼ÔÚÌá¸ß¡£²»Æ½µÈÔںܴó ³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓ°Ïì×Å´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯¡£²»Æ½µÈ³Ì¶ÈÔ½ ¸ß£¬´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯ÐÔÔ½µÍ£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹ÏÂÒ»´úÔÚ ¾­¼Ã½×ÌÝÉÏÏòÉÏÅÊÅÀÔ½À´Ô½ÄÑ¡£ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿policy decisions ÒëΪ¡°Õþ²ßµÄ¾ö²ß¡±²»Èç¡°¾ö²ß¡±¸É¾»ÀûÂä¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ë³±ãÁ˽âһϡ°ÀûÒæ¼¯ÍÅ¡±£º Interest group, also called special interest group or pressure group, any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized, on the basis of one or more shared concerns, that, attempts to infl uence public policy in its favour. All interest groups share a desire to affect government policy to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefi ts group members or one segment of society (e.g., government subsidies for farmers) or a policy that advances a broader public purpose (e.g., improving air quality). They attempt to achieve their goals by lobbying¡ªthat is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on policy makers to gain policy outcomes in their favour. (britannica.com) ΪÁË˽ÀûÓ°Ïì¹ú¼Ò¾ö²ß£¬ÕâÖÖÐÐΪÔÚÖйúѧÕß¿´À´¼òÖ±¾ÍÊÇÖÆ¶ÈÐÔ¸¯°Ü£¬ÔÚÃÀ¹úÈ´ÊÇºÏ ·¨µÄ¡£ ½âÎö 20 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 3 ¡¾×¢Òâ´îÅä¡¿Ô­Òë¡°ÖØÒªÐÔºÍÓ°ÏìÁ¦¡±Ó롰׳´ó¡±´îÅä²»µ±£¬¸ÄΪ¡°Ìá¸ß¡±¾ù¿É´îÅä¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚintergenerational mobility µÄ½âÊÍ£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Intergenerational mobility means movement within or between social classes and occupations, the change occurring from one generation to the next. (collinsdictionary.com) ¡°´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯¡±Ö¸Í¬Ò»¼ÒÍ¥ÖÐÉÏÏÂÁ½´úÈËÖ®¼äÉç»áµØÎ»µÄ±ä¶¯¡£Ë³±ãÁ˽âÒ»ÏÂsocial mobility£º Social mobility is defined as the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratifi cation. (Wikipedia: social mobility) ¡°Éç»áÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ¡±ÓÐÏòÉÏ£¨upward£©ÓëÏòÏ£¨downward£©Á½ÖÖ·½ÏòÖ®·Ö£¬ÒàÓÐͬ´úÁ÷¶¯ÐÔÓë ´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯ÐÔÖ®·Ö¡£¡°Í¬´úÁ÷¶¯¡±£¨intragenerational mobility£©Ö¸Ò»¸öÈËÉç»áµØÎ»µÄÉÏϱ䶯£¬ ±ÈÈç´ÓÆòؤµ½¸»ÎÌ£¬»òÕßÏà·´£»´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯£¨intergenerational mobility£©ÊÇÖ¸ÏÂÒ»´ú±ÈÉÏÒ» ´ú¹ýµÃºÃ£¨»ò²î£©¡£ 5 ¡¾×¢Òâ´ÊÒå°ý±á¡¿ to move up the economic ladder ÊÇÖ¸ÔÚ¾­¼ÃÉÏÒ»²½²½ÏòÉÏÅÊÅÀ¡£Ô­Òë¡°Ïò ÉÏÅÀ¡±±¾ÒâÎÞ´í£¬µ«¸Ã´Ê×éÔÚÖÐÎÄÖÐÓÐʱ±í±áÒ壬²»Íס£ 21 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. ×¢Òâ·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý 2. ¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ 3. ·ÖÎö×÷ÕßÒâͼ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå 2. ץס¶ÎÂäÂß¼­ µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ÔÚÎļþÄÚ²éÕÒ 2. ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. agglomeration economies 2. beggar-thy-neighbour 3. business cycles 4. capital infl ow 5. devaluation 6. depreciation 7. economies of scale 8. interest rate liberalization 9. job outsourcing 10. jobs gap 11. labour market segmentation 12. leverage 13. negative feedback 14. network effect 15. public sector 16. quantitative easing 17. risk premium 18. Ö»Óж®×¨Òµ²ÅÄÜ×öµ½ÄÚÐÄÈ·ÐÅ 19. ÀûÂʲ»ÊÇ»ãÂÊ 20. ÒëÕßµÄÒź¶ ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. ±æÎö´ÊÒå 2. ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ 3. »áÒé¼Ç¼µÄ¹ýȥʱÊÓΪÏÖÔÚʱ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë 2. ²»ËæÒâÔöÒë 3. ÔÙ̸accessµÄÒë·¨ 4. ×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì 5. Òë³öͬÒå´Ê 6. ¾ÉÐÅÏ¢ÔÚǰ£¬ÐÂÐÅÏ¢ÔÚºó 7. Êý×Ö·­ÒëÐë½÷É÷ ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ×¢Òâ´îÅä 2. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à 3. ²¹³äÂß¼­Ö÷Óï 4. ×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à 5. ̸ÖйúµÄÊÂÇ飬»¹Ô­ÎªÖйú˵·¨ 6. ʹÓó£¼û˵·¨ 7. ×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ ±äͨ 1. ¸ÅÄÁ¿Ö±Òë 2. ²»Ôö¼ÓÔ­ÎÄûÓеÄÒâ˼ 3. ÐÞ¸ÄÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ µÚ 2 µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé ¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© 22 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 19. As income accrued1 more unequally, access2 to knowledge, education and skills development became more limited. At the same time, cluster3 of highly skilled workers formed in industrial and developing countries. Silicon Valley was an example. Knowledge, success and access to the benefits of one¡¯s work were thus clustered4 as well. Gr owth theorists5 saw ag glomeration6 as a way to increase technical innovation and information flows, but there was also a certain negative impact on economic growth. Labour market segmentation7 and higher rewards for skills accompanied inequality. If such market outcomes were not corrected, a large part of the market was prevented from participating in market success. Ou tsourcing of jobs8 affected low-skilled workers more than anyone else9. 19. 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This concept relates to the idea of economics of scale and network effects. (John B. Parr, Agglomeration Economies: Ambiguities and Confusions, 2002) ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Economies of scale refers to the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation (typically measured by the amount of output produced), with cost per unit of output decreasing with increasing scale. (Wikipedia: economies of scale) ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Network effect (also called network externality or demand-side economies of scale) is the positive effect described in economies and business that an additional user of a good or service has on the value of that product to others. (Wikipedia: network effect) ÕâÈý¸ö¸ÅÄîËäÓÐÏàËÆÖ®´¦£¬È´¸÷ÓвàÖØ¡£ ²éÔÄWikipedia µÄÖÐÎÄ´ÊÌõ¡°¹æÄ£¾­¼ÃЧӦ¡±£¬ÕÒµ½ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º ¹æÄ£¾­¼ÃЧӦ£¬¼ò³Æ¾Û¼¯¾­¼Ã£¬ÓÖ³ÆÎª¾Û¼¯¾­¼ÃЧӦ¡¢¼¯¾ÛЧӦ¡¢Èº¾ÛЧӦµÈ£¬ÊÇÒ»¸ö ½¨Á¢ÔÚ¹æÄ£¾­¼ÃºÍÍøÂçÍⲿÐÔÖ®¼äµÄѧ˵¡£Õâ¸ö´ÊÊÇÓÃÀ´ÐÎÈÝÔÚÒ»¸öµØÇøÖ®ÉÏ£¬Ðí¶àÏà ͬÒÖ»ò²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵IJúÒµ¾Û¼¯ºó£¬»áÒòΪ¿Õ¼äÉϵļ¯Öжø»ñµÃºÃ´¦¡£ ÀýÈ磬¹¤ÒµÇøÉèÁ¢ºó£¬¸÷ÖÖ²úÒµ¹²Óù«¹²ÉèÊ©£¬½ÚÊ¡³É±¾£»Æû³µÉú²ú¹¤³§ÉèÓÚijµØºó£¬ Ïà¹ØÁ㲿¼þ³§ÉÌÉèÓڸù¤³§ÅÔ£¬ÒÔ½µµÍÔËÊä³É±¾£¬½ÚԼʱ¼ä¡£ÀàËÆµÄÀý×Ó»¹Óйè¹ÈµÄµç ÄÔ²úÒµ£¬µ×ÌØÂɵįû³µ²úÒµ£¬Ïã¸ÛµÄ²¨Ð¬½Ö¡¢Íú½Ç»¨Ð棬µÈµÈ¡£ 25 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© ¡¾¸ÅÄÁ¿Ö±Òë¡¿´ÓÇ°ÃæµÄÓ¢ÎĽâÊÍÀ´¿´£¬Èý¸ö¸ÅÄîÖ®¼äÓÐÇø±ð¡£¾¡¹ÜWikipedia µÄÖÐ ÎÄ´ÊÌõ³Æ£¬Èý¸ö¸ÅÄî¿ÉÒÔ»¥»»£¬ÎÒÃǽ¨Ò黹ÊÇÓá°¾Û¼¯¡±»ò¡°¾Û¼¯Ð§Ó¦¡±£¬¼´¾¡Á¿°´×Ö Ãæ·­Òë¡£±¾¶ÎÖеÄcluster ºÍagglomerate ±íʾͬÑùµÄÒâ˼£¬·­Òëʱ²»Ò»¶¨ÒªÒ»¸öÂܲ· Ò»¸ö¿Ó¡£ 7 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚ¡°ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡·Ö¸îÀíÂÛ¡±£¨labour market segmentation theory£©£¬²Î¼ûÒÔ ÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º ÓëÆäËûÒªËØÊг¡Ïà±È£¬ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡¾ßÓнÏÃ÷ÏԵķǾºÕùÐÔ¡£Î÷·½ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡·Ö¸îÀíÂÛÕý ÊÇÒÔÇø±ðÓÚ´«Í³ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡ÀíÂÛµÄз¶Ê½À´½âÊÍÕâÖַǾºÕùÐԵġ£¸ÃÀíÂÛÈÏΪ´«Í³ÀͶ¯ Á¦Êг¡ÀíÂÛÎÞ·¨ºÜºÃµØ½âÊÍÀͶ¯ÕßÊÕÈë²î¾àµÄ²»¶ÏÀ©´óºÍÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡ÖдæÔڵĸ÷ÖÖÆçÊÓ ÏÖÏ󣬶øÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡·Ö¸îÀíÂÛÇ¿µ÷ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡µÄ·Ö¸îÊôÐÔ¡¢Ç¿µ÷ÖÆ¶ÈºÍÉç»áÐÔÒòËØ¶ÔÀÍ ¶¯±¨³êºÍ¾ÍÒµµÄÖØÒªÓ°Ï죬Òò¶ø¾ßÓнÏÇ¿µÄÏÖʵ½âÊÍÄÜÁ¦¡££¨MBA ÖÇ¿â°Ù¿Æ£ºÀͶ¯Á¦ÊÐ ³¡·Ö¸îÀíÂÛ£© ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿Labour market segmentation is the division of the labour market according to a principle such as occupation, geography and industry (Wikipedia: labour market)£¬Òâ˼ÊÇÐÐÒµ Ö®¼ä¡¢Ö°ÒµÖ®¼ä¡¢µØÇøÖ®¼äµÄ¹¤ÈËÎÞ·¨×ÔÓÉÁ÷¶¯£¬Òò´Ë²»¾ßÓоºÕùÐÔ¡£ ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡·Ö¸îÀíÂÛÊÇÏà¶ÔÓÚйŵ侭¼ÃÀíÂÛ¶øÑԵģ¬ºóÕßÈÏΪÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡ÊÇͳһºÍ³ä ·Ö¾ºÕùµÄ¡£ ¡¾ÐÞ¸ÄÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿market segmentation ͨ³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Êг¡Ï¸·Ö¡±£¬Òâ˼ÊÇÆóÒµ°´ÕÕijÖÖ±ê×¼ ½«Êг¡ÉϵĹ˿ͻ®·Ö³ÉÈô¸É¸ö¹Ë¿ÍȺ¡£Ã¿Ò»¸ö¹Ë¿ÍȺ¹¹³ÉÒ»¸ö×ÓÊг¡£¬²»Í¬×ÓÊг¡Ö®¼ä µÄÐèÇó´æÔÚ×ÅÃ÷ÏÔ²î±ð¡£µ«¡°ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡Ï¸·Ö¡±ÎÞ·¨±í´ïÐÐÒµºÍµØÓòÖ®¼äÀͶ¯Á¦µÄ¸ô¾ø£¬ Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ̸ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡µÄʱºò£¬¸ÄÓ᰷ָ¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°Ï¸·Ö¡±¡£ 8 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚ¡°¹¤×÷Íâ°ü¡±£¨outsourcing of jobs£©£¬Çë¿´ÏÂÃæµÄ×ÊÁÏ£º Job outsourcing is when U.S. companies hire foreign workers instead of Americans. In 2013, U.S. overseas affiliates employed 14 million workers. The four industries most affected are technology, call centers, human resources, and manufacturing. How does it affect the economy? Job outsourcing helps U.S. companies be more competitive in the global marketplace. It allows them to sell to foreign markets with overseas branches. They keep labour costs low by hiring in emerging markets with lower standards of living. That lowers prices on the goods they ship back to the United States. 26 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ The main negative effect of outsourcing is that it increases U.S. unemployment. The 14 million outsourced jobs are almost double the 7.5 million unemployed Americans. If all those jobs returned, it would be enough to also hire the 5.7 million who are working part-time but would prefer full-time positions. That assumes the jobs could, in fact, return to the United States. Many foreign employees are hired to help with local marketing, contacts, and language. It also assumes the unemployed here have the skills needed for those positions. Would American workers be willing to accept the low wages paid to foreign employees? If not, American consumers would be forced to pay higher prices. Donald Trump said he would bring jobs back during the 2016 presidential campaign. To do this, he renegotiated NAFTA. He imposed tariffs on imports from Mexico and China. That started a trade war and raised the prices of imports from those countries. That benefi ts companies that make all their products in America. Without tariffs, it can be diffi cult for American-made goods to compete with cheaper foreign goods. Imposing laws to artificially restrict job outsourcing could make U.S. companies less competitive. If they are forced to hire expensive U.S. workers, they would raise prices and increase costs for consumers. The pressure to outsource might lead some companies to even move their whole operation, including headquarters, overseas. Others might not be able to compete with higher costs and would be forced out of business. (thebalance.com) 9 ¡¾±æÎö´ÊÒå¡¿more than anyone else ÒâΪ¡°±ÈÆäËûÈκÎÈ˶¼¸ü¼Ó¡­¡­¡±£¬ÐÎʽËäΪ±È½Ï¼¶£¬µ« ÓïÒåÉÏÈ´Ï൱ÓÚ×î¸ß¼¶¡£Ô­Òë´¦Àí³ÉÁ˱Ƚϼ¶¡°½ÏÒ×Êܵ½¡­¡­µÄÓ°Ï족£¬²»·ûºÏÔ­ÎÄ£¬Óï ÆøÒ²²»¹»Ç¿ÁÒ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 22. There was strong evidence1 that less inequality was associated with more dur able, sustainable2 growth. Determining factors included economic openness, political and institutional3a stability, well-developed institutions3b, and, most important, relatively fair income distribution. Inequality increased the frequency and amplitude of bus iness cycles4. While there might be a short-term trade-off between equity and efficiency5, that disappeared in the long run. 27 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© Ô­Òë 22. È·ÔäÖ¤¾Ý±íÃ÷£¬²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏóÔ½ ÇᣬÔö³¤Ô½ÊǿɳÖÐøµÄ¡£¾ö¶¨ÒòËØ°üÀ¨ ¿ª·ÅµÄ¾­¼Ã»·¾³¡¢Îȶ¨µÄÕþÖκÍÖÆ¶È¡¢ ÍêÉÆµÄ»ú¹¹£¬ÒÔ¼°×îÖØÒªµÄÒ»µã£¬Ïà¶Ô ¹«Æ½µÄÊÕÈë·ÖÅäģʽ¡£²»Æ½µÈ»áÔö¼ÓÉÌ ÒµÑ­»·µÄƵÂʺÍÕñ·ù¡£¾¡¹Ü¶ÌÆÚÄÚÓй« ƽºÍЧÂÊÖк͵ÄЧӦ´æÔÚ£¬µ«³¤Ô¶À´¿´ ÕâÖÖЧӦÖÕ»áÏûʧ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 22. ÓÐÁ¦µÄÖ¤¾Ý±íÃ÷£¬²»Æ½µÈÏÖÏó Ô½ÇᣬԽÓпÉÄÜÈ¡µÃ³Ö¾ÃºÍ³ÖÐøÔö³¤¡£ ¾­¼ÃµÄ³Ö¾Ã³ÖÐøÔö³¤ÒªÇ󾭼ÿª·Å¡¢Õþ ÖκÍÖÆ¶ÈÎȶ¨¡¢»ú¹¹½¡È«£¬ÒÔ¼°×îÖØÒª µÄÒ»µã£¬ÊÕÈë·ÖÅäģʽÏà¶Ô¹«Æ½¡£²»Æ½ µÈ»áÔö¼ÓÉÌÒµÖÜÆÚµÄ·¢ÉúƵÂʺͲ¨¶¯·ù ¶È¡£¾¡¹Ü¹« ƽÓÅÏÈ¶ÌÆÚÄڻᵼÖÂЧÂʽµ µÍ£¬µ«³¤Ô¶À´¿´ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó»áÏûʧ¡£ 1 ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿strong evidence Òâ˼ÊÇ¡° ÓÐÁ¦µÄÖ¤¾Ý¡±»ò¡°Ç¿ÓÐÁ¦µÄÖ¤¾Ý¡±¡£Èç¹û ÊÇirrefutable¡¢solid »òunequivocal£¬»òÐí¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°È·ÔäµÄÖ¤¾Ý¡±¡£Á½¸ö¸ÅÄͬ£¬²»ÄÜ ÒòΪij¸ö´îÅä¸ü³£¼û¾ÍÑ¡ÓÃÄĸö¡£ 2 ¡¾Òë³öͬÒå´Ê¡¿ durable ºÍsustainable ΪͬÒå´Ê¡£¼ÈÈ»ººÓïÖдæÔÚÕâÑùÁ½¸öͬÒå´Ê £¨ ¡°³Ö¾Ã¡± ºÍ¡°³ÖÐø¡±£©£¬ÄǾͲ»·Á¶¼·­Òë³öÀ´¡£¸ÄÒëµÄ±íÊö·½Ê½ÂÔÓе÷Õû£¬ÕâÑùÓïÑÔÏԵýÏΪÕýʽ¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿The term ¡°institution¡± commonly applies to both informal institutions such as customs, or behavior patterns important to a society, and to particular formal institutions created by entities such as the government and public services. (Wikipedia: institution) ËùÒÔ£¬institution ¼È¿ÉÒÔ±íʾ¡°Öƶȡ±£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ±íʾ¡°»ú¹¹¡±£¬ÓÐʱºòÁ½Õß¶¼°üÀ¨¡£Õâ¾Í¸ø·­Òë´øÀ´ÁËÌôÕ½¡£ ±¾¶ÎÓÐÁ½´¦Óõ½ÁËinstitution£¬ËüÃǶ¼¿ÉÄܱíʾÁ½¸öÒâ˼£¬µ«ÒëÕßÖ»ÄÜÑ¡ÓÃÒ»¸ö¡£Îª±ÜÃâ ÖØ¸´£¬µÚÒ»¸öÓÃÁË¡°Öƶȡ±£¬µÚ¶þ¸öÓÃÁË¡°»ú¹¹¡±¡£Õâô·­Òë²»Ò»¶¨ÍêÈ«·ûºÏ×÷Õß±¾Ò⣬ µ«Ò²²»ÄÜÒòΪÕâÒ»µãСÊÂÈ¥Âé·³×÷Õߣ¬ËùÒÔÖ»ÄÜÈç´Ë¡£ 4 ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿Ô­Ò뽫business cycles ÒëΪ¡°ÉÌҵѭ»·¡±£¬Ò²Î´³¢²»¿É£¬µ«¸ü³£ÓõÄ˵·¨ ÊÇ¡°¾­¼ÃÖÜÆÚ¡±¡£¾­¼ÃÖÜÆÚÒ²³ÆÉÌÒµÖÜÆÚ¡¢ÉÌҵѭ»·¡¢¾°ÆøÑ­»·£¬ËüÊÇÖ¸¾­¼ÃÔËÐÐÖÐÖÜÆÚ ÐÔ³öÏֵľ­¼ÃÀ©ÕÅÓë¾­¼Ã½ôËõ½»Ìæ¸üµü¡¢Ñ­»·Íù¸´µÄÒ»ÖÖÏÖÏó£¬ÊǹúÃñ×ܲú³ö¡¢×ÜÊÕÈë ºÍ×ܾÍÒµµÄ²¨¶¯¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇbusiness cycle£¿ The business cycle describes the rise and fall in production output of goods and services in an economy. Business cycles are generally measured using rise and fall in real or infl ation-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP), which includes output from the household and nonprofi t sector and the government sector, as well as business output. ¡°Output cycle¡± is therefore a better description of what is measured. The business or output cycle should not be confused with market cycles, measured using broad stock market indices; or the debt cycle, referring to the rise 28 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 24. Profits1 had been generated through regulatory failures2 over the last 30 years that were very hard to correct. Combined3 with generous tax policies, income inequality4 became wealth inequality5. In some industrial countries6, the ratio of private wealth to national income had more than doubled over the past three or four decades. 24. ¹ýÈ¥30ÄêÀÓÐÏ൱һ²¿·ÖÀû Èó¶¼ÊÇÔÚ¼à¹Ü²»Á¦µÄÇé¿öϲúÉúµÄ£¬¾Ö ÃæÊ±ÖÁ½ñÈÕÒÑÄÑÒÔ¾ÀÕý¡£ÔÚ¿¶¿®µÄ˰ÊÕ Õþ²ßÍÆ¶¯Ï£¬ÊÕÈë²»µÈµÄÎÊÌâÒÑÑÝ±ä ³ÉÁ˲Ƹ»²»µÈµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚһЩ¹¤Òµ¹ú ¼Ò£¬Ë½ÓвƸ»¶Ô¹úÃñÊÕÈëµÄ±ÈÀýÔÚ¹ýÈ¥ ÈýËÄÊ®ÄêÀïÔö¼ÓÁËÒ»±¶¶à¡£ 24. ¹ýÈ¥30Ä꣬ÓÐЩÀûÈóÊÇÔÚ¼à¹Ü ʧ°ÜµÄÇé¿öϲúÉúµÄ£¬¶øÕâÖÖʧ°ÜºÜÄÑ ²¹¾È¡£¼ÓÉÏ¿¶¿®µÄ˰ÊÕÕþ²ß£¬ÊÕÈ벻ƽ µÈÎÊÌâÒÑÑݱä³É²Æ¸»²»Æ½µÈÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚÒ» Щ¹¤Òµ»¯¹ú¼Ò£¬Ë½ÓвƸ»Óë¹úÃñÊÕÈëµÄ ±ÈÀýÔÚ¹ýÈ¥ÈýËÄÊ®Äê¼äÔö¼ÓÁËÒ»±¶¶à¡£ and fall in household and government debt. (investopedia.com) 5 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿A trade-off (or tradeoff) is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects. In simple terms, a trade-off is where one thing increases and another must decrease. (Wikipedia: tradeoff) trade-off µÄ¸ÅÄîÔÚÖî¶àÁìÓò¾ùÓÐÓ¦Óã¬×ÜÌå¶øÑÔ£¬trade-off ÃèÊöµÄÊÇÒ»ÖÖ´ËÏû±Ë ³¤µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬¼´Ìá¸ßÒ»ÖÖÌØÕ÷µÄÓÅÊÆµÄʱºò£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖÌØÕ÷µÄÓÅÊÆ½«½µµÍ¡£ ±¾ÎÄtrade-off between equity and effi ciency Ö¸µÄÊÇÔÚ¹«Æ½ºÍЧÂÊÖ®¼ä¹Ë´Ëʧ±Ë£¬¼´ÕÕ¹Ë·Ö Å乫ƽ£¨³Ô´ó¹ø·¹£©£¬¾Í»á½µµÍЧÂÊ¡£ÒòΪ¸É¶à¸ÉÉÙÒ»¸öÑù£¬´ó¼Ò×ÔÈ»¾ÍʧȥÁ˹¤×÷µÄ»ý ¼«ÐÔ¡£¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å³õÆÚ£¬ÎÒÃÇÌá³ö¡°Ð§ÂÊÓÅÏÈ£¬¼æ¹Ë¹«Æ½¡±£¬¼«´óµØÌá¸ßÁ˾­¼ÃЧÂÊ£¬µ«Ò² µ¼ÖÂÊÕÈë²î¾àÀ­´ó¡£±¾¶ÎÈÏΪ£¬¹«Æ½ÓÅÏȵÄÕþ²ß¶ÌÆÚÄڻήµÍЧÂÊ£¬µ«³¤Ô¶À´¿´²¢²»Ó° ÏìЧÂÊ¡£ 1 ¡¾²»ËæÒâÔöÒë¡¿profi ts ´¦ÀíΪ¡°Ï൱һ²¿·ÖÀûÈó¡±£¬ÔöÌíÁËÔ­ÎÄûÓеÄÒâ˼£¬ËùÒÔ¸ÄΪ¡°ÓРЩÀûÈ󡱡£ 2 ¡¾ÔÚÎļþÄÚ²éÕÒ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇregulatory failures£¿Èç¹ûÒëÕß²»È·¶¨£¬¿ÉÒÔÏÈËÑÒ»ÏÂÔ­ÎÄ¿´ÓÐÎÞ ½âÊÍ¡£ËÑË÷regulatory£¬·¢ÏÖµÚ28 ¶ÎÓÐÕâÑùµÄ»°£º In addition, regulatory policies in some countries, particularly deregulation of fi nancial markets, 29 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© had allowed the creation and collection of profi ts in ways that had shifted economic activity to redistribution and accumulation of wealth, as opposed to production. ͬһ·¢ÑÔÕßÔÚµÚ85 ¶ÎÒ²±í´ïÁËͬÑùµÄÒâ˼£º Professor Pauly (University of Toronto) said that incentives and regulatory environments in many industrial countries favoured wealth redistribution over wealth creation, directing resources to activities that did not generate output. Policy decisions designed to free up economic activity had led to serious misallocations of resources. Underlying legitimate short-term concerns about lack of demand, jobs and real investment was a long-term structural problem. The regulatory and policy environment must favour real wealth creation over fi nancial wealth creation. ½ðÈÚÆóÒµ²»´´Ôì²Æ¸»£¬Ö»ÊÇÖØÐ·ÖÅ䲯¸»£¬Ó¦¸Ã¹ÄÀø·¢Õ¹ÊµÌå¾­¼Ã£¬ÕâÑù²ÅÄܽâ¾ö½á¹¹ ÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£¿´À´¼à¹Üʧ°Ü£¬¾ÍÊÇ·ÅËɶԽðÈÚÆóÒµµÄ¼à¹Ü£¬µ¼Ö¹ý¶à×ÊÔ´½øÈë½ðÈÚÐÐÒµ£¬¶ø ·ÇʵÌå¾­¼Ã¡£ ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿¡°¼à¹Ü²»Á¦¡±³Ì¶ÈÉϵÍÓÚ¡°¼à¹Üʧ°Ü¡±£¬¹ÊÐ޸ġ£ 3 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿ combined Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°¼ÓÉÏ¡±£¬ËùÒÔtax policies Æð¸¨Öú×÷Óá£Ô­Òë¡°ÍÆ ¶¯¡±ËƺõÊÇÆðÖ÷µ¼×÷Ó㬲»¹»×¼È·¡£ 4 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿Income includes the revenue streams from wages, salaries, interest on a savings account, dividends from shares of stock, rent, and profi ts from selling something for more than you paid for it. Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner among a population. (inequality.org) ËùÒÔ£¬income inequality ¾ÍÊÇÊÕÈ벻ƽµÈ¡£Ô­Òë ¡°ÊÕÈë²»µÈ¡±º¬ÒåÄ£ºý¡£ 5 ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿Wealth equals to ¡°net worth¡±, the sum total of the assets minus liabilities. In the United States, wealth inequality runs even more pronounced than income inequality. (inequality.org) ÊÕÈ벻ƽµÈÓë²Æ¸»²»Æ½µÈÓÐÄÚÔÚÁªÏµ£¬µ«Ò²ÓÐËùÇø±ð£¬Á½Õß²»¿É»ìÏý¡£Áí Í⣬¡°²»Æ½µÈ¡±²»Äܼò»¯Îª¡°²»µÈ¡±¡£ 6 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿industrial countries ¼´Ê¹ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖÐÒ²²»³£¼û£¬³£¼ûµÄÊÇdeveloped countries »ò industrialized countries¡£Çë¿´Wikipedia µÄ½âÊÍ£º Developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classifi ed as being developed are subjects of debate. 30 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 25. Societies with greater intergenerational mobility were more equal. The United States had once been a country of unlimited opportunities, but there were other countries where it was currently far easier for people with low incomes to rise into higher income brackets in the next generation1. The new persistence2 in inequality was very worrisome. In the short run, policy could correct it through taxes and transfers. In the long run, there was no easy resolution. Solutions must increase education, skills and innovative capacities and pay close attention to the regulatory framework in order to capture certain profi ts3. 25. ´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯Á¦¸ßµÄÉç»á¸ü¹«Æ½¡£ÃÀ ¹úÔøÊÇÒ»¸öÓµÓÐÎÞÏÞ»úÓöµÄ¹ú¶È£¬µ«ÏÖÔÚ ÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄ»·¾³ÔÚÈõÍÊÕÈëÈËȺµÄÏÂÒ»´ú Ô¾ÉýÖÁ¸ü¸ßÊÕÈëµÈ¼¶·½Ã棬ÈÝÒ׳̶ÈÔ¶³¬ ÃÀ¹ú¡£²»Æ½µÈÎÊÌâ»Ø³±¶øÇÒ»ÓÖ®²»È¥ÁîÈË ÓÇÐÄ¡£¶ÌÆÚÄÚ£¬¿Éͨ¹ý˰ÊÕºÍ×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶Õþ ²ß¼ÓÒÔ½ÃÕý¡£³¤ÆÚÄÚÈçÒª¸ù³ý²¢²»ÈÝÒס£ ΨÓÐÌá¸ß½ÌÓý¡¢¼¼Äܺʹ´ÐÂÄÜÁ¦²¢ÖØÊÓÓÐ ¹Ø×·½ÉijЩÀûÈóµÄ¼à¹ÜÖÆ¶È¡£ 25. ´ú¼ÊÁ÷¶¯ÐԸߵÄÉç»á¸ü¼Ó¹«Æ½¡£ ÃÀ¹úÔøÊÇÒ»¸öÓµÓÐÎÞÏÞ»úÓöµÄ¹ú¶È£¬µ« ÏÖÔÚÔÚÓÐЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬µÍÊÕÈëÈËȺµÄ×ÓŮԾ ÉýÖÁ¸ü¸ßÊÕÈëµÈ¼¶Ô¶±ÈÃÀ¹úÈÝÒס£Ð³ö ÏֵIJ»Æ½µÈÎÊÌⳤÆÚ»¯£¬ÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ¡£¶Ì ÆÚÄÚ£¬¿Éͨ¹ý˰ÊÕºÍ×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶Õþ²ß¼ÓÒÔ ½ÃÕý¡£³¤ÆÚÀ´¿´ÈçÒª¸ù³ý²¢²»ÈÝÒס£Î¨ ÓÐÌá¸ß½ÌÓý¡¢¼¼Äܺʹ´ÐÂÄÜÁ¦£¬²¢ÖØÊÓ ¼à¹ÜÖÆ¶È£¬²ÅÄܽػñijЩÀûÈó¡£ 1 ¡¾×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à¡¿ Ô­ÒëÒâ˼ÕýÈ·£¬ µ«¾ä×ÓÓÐЩŷ»¯¡£¸ÄÒëµ÷ÕûÁ˾ä×ӽṹ£¬ ¸üÈÝÒ×ÔĶÁ¡£ 2 ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿ If an unpleasant feeling or situation persists, it continues to exist (dictionary.cambridge.org)£¬¼´³ÖÐø´æÔÚ¡£Ô­Òë¡°»ÓÖ®²»È¥¡±¿ÉÒÔ±í´ïÕâ¸ö´ÊµÄº¬Ò壬µ«¸Ä Ϊ¡°³¤ÆÚ»¯¡±¼òµ¥Ã÷ÁË¡£Ô­Òë¡°»Ø³±¡±Ò»´Ê°µÊ¾persistence ÕâÒ»Çé¿ö֮ǰ¾ÍÒѳöÏÖ¹ý£¬²» ׼ȷ¡£ 3 ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄ£¬capture certain profi ts ÊÇָͨ¹ýÓÐЧ¼à¹Ü£¬±ÜÃâÀûÈó Á÷µ½¸öÈËÑü°ü£¬¶øÊÇÉϽɹú¿â£¬ÓÃÓÚÔÙ·ÖÅä£¨×ªÒÆÖ§¸¶£©¡£Ô­Òë¡°×·½É¡±Òþº¬ÀûÈóÒѾ­µ½ Á˸öÈËÊÖÖУ¬ÔÙÊÕ»ØÈ¥£¬ËùÒÔ²»×¼È·¡£ ½âÎö 31 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 55. Premature unwinding1 of quantitative easing could also lead to a sell-off2 in global equity markets, a sharp reversal of capital inflows3 to emerging economies and a spike in risk premiums4 for external financing in emerging countries. Such shocks5 to financial markets could move quickly to the real economy in developed and emerging economies and derail6 world economic growth. If, on the other hand, the central banks kept quantitative easing measures in effect for too long, they would heighten the risk of asset bubbles and inflation, making the future exit even more difficult to manage. 55. ¹ýÔç³·ÏúÁ¿»¯¿íËÉÒ²»áµ¼ÖÂÈ«Çò ֤ȯÊг¡¿Ö»ÅÐÔÅ×ÊÛ£¬×ʱ¾ÖèÈ»ÄæÁ÷ÖÁ ÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌå²¢ÇÒÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌåÍⲿÈÚ×ÊÐè ÇóµÄ·çÏÕÒç¼Û¼±Éý¡£½ðÈÚÊг¡Êܵ½µÄ´Ì ¼¤¿ÉÄÜ»áºÜ¿ì´«µ¼ÖÁ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍÐÂÐ˾­ ¼ÃÌåµÄʵÌå¾­¼Ã£¬½ø¶øÊ¹È«Çò¾­¼ÃÔö³¤ ÏÝÈëÍ£ÖÍ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬Èç¹ûÑëÐв»³·Ïú Á¿»¯¿íËÉ£¬¾Ã¶ø¾ÃÖ®¾Í»áʹ×ʲúÅÝÄ­ºÍ ͨÕÍ·çÏÕÉÏÉý£¬ÈÕºóÁ¿¿íÒ»µ©Í˳ö¾ÖÃæ ½«»á¸üÄѰÑÎÕ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 55. ¹ýÔçÍ˳öÁ¿»¯¿íËÉÒ²»áµ¼ÖÂÈ«Çò ¹ÉƱÊг¡µÍ¼ÛÅ×ÊÛ¡¢ÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌå×ʱ¾Á÷ ÈëÖèÈ»Äæ×ª¡¢ÍⲿÈÚ×Ê·çÏÕÒç¼Û¼±Éý¡£ ½ðÈÚÊг¡Êܵ½µÄ´ËµÈ³å»÷£¬¿ÉÄÜ»áºÜ¿ì ´«µ¼ÖÁ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌåµÄʵÌå¾­ ¼Ã£¬½ø¶øÊ¹È«Çò¾­¼ÃÔö³¤Ï£ÍûÂä¿Õ¡£Áí Ò»·½Ã棬Èç¹ûÑëÐв»Í˳öÁ¿»¯¿íËÉ£¬¾Ã ¶ø¾ÃÖ®¾Í»áʹ×ʲúÅÝÄ­ºÍͨÕÍ·çÏÕÉÏ Éý£¬ÈÕºóÁ¿»¯¿íËÉÒ»µ©Í˳ö£¬¾ÖÃæ½«»á ¸üÄѰѿء£ 1 ¡¾Ê¹Óó£¼û˵·¨¡¿unwind ÔÚmerriam-webster.com ÖеĽâÊÍΪ£º ËùÒÔ£¬unwind ·­ÒëΪ¡°³·Ïú¡±Ò²Î´³¢²»¿É£¬µ«¡°Í˳ö¡±ËƺõÊǸü³£¼ûµÄ˵·¨¡£±¾¶Î×îºó Ò»¾äÖеÄkept Óëunwind ¹¹³ÉÒ»¶Ô·´Òå´Ê¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿¹ØÓÚsell-off£¬²Î¼ûÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º A sell-off is the rapid and sustained selling of securities at high volumes that causes a sharp drop in the value of the traded securities. ½âÎö 32 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ A sell-off may occur for many reasons, such as the sell-off of a company¡¯s stock after a disappointing earnings report, the departure of an important executive or the failure of an important product. Markets and stock indexes can also sell-off when interest rates rise or oil prices surge, causing increased fear about the energy costs that companies will face. Sell-offs can also be caused by political events, or terrorist acts. (investopedia.com) ´ÓÒÔÉϵ͍Òå¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬sell-off ÕâÒ»ÐÐΪ±¾Éí²»°üÀ¨¿Ö»ÅÐÔ£¬Ö»Êǿ͹۳ÂÊöÅ×ÊÛµÄÐÐΪ¡£ ¡°¿Ö»ÅÐÔÅ×ÊÛ¡±ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖжÔÓ¦µÄÊÇpanic selling¡£ ´ËÍ⣬µ±sell Óëoff Á¬Ð´Ê±£¬selloff »òsell-off ÊÇÒ»¸öÃû´Ê£¬Ö¸Å×ÊÛµÄÐÐΪ£»µ±Á½Õß·Ö¿ªÐ´ ʱ£¬sell off ÊÇÒ»¸ö¶¯´Ê¶ÌÓָÅ×Ê۵͝×÷¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿Capital infl ow means a net fl ow of capital, real and/or fi nancial, into a country, in the form of increased purchases of domestic assets by foreigners and/or reduced holdings of foreign assets by domestic residents. Recorded as positive, or a credit, in the balance on capital account. (investorguide.com) ¡¾ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿½áºÏÔ­ÎĵÚ47 ¶ÎµÄÄÚÈÝ¡°quantitative easing...triggering a reversal in capital inflows to emerging economies. It was estimated that capital inflows would register a decline of 12 percent from the previous year...¡±¿É¿´³ö£¬Á¿»¯¿íËɵ¼ÖÂÁ÷ÈëÐÂÐËÊг¡µÄ×ʽð ¼õÉÙ£¬Òò´Ë£¬sharp reversal ÐÞÊεÄÊÇÕû¸öcapital infl ows to emerging economies£¬¼´Äæ×ªÁË ×ʽðÁ÷ÈëÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌåµÄÏÖÏó£»Ô­ÒëÎóÒÔΪsharp reversal ÐÞÊεĽö½öÊÇcapital infl ows£¬µ¼ ÖÂÒâ˼Ïà·´¡£Èç¹û²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨Ò»¸ö´ÊµÄÒâ˼£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÃÕâ¸ö´ÊËÑË÷È«ÎÄ£¬Ò²ÐíÄÜÕÒµ½ÏßË÷¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿risk premiums ·­ÒëΪ¡°·çÏÕÒç¼Û¡±Ã»ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬µ«Õ⾿¾¹ÊÇʲôÒâË¼ÄØ£¿²éÕÒ ×ÊÁÏ·¢ÏÖ£º¡°A risk premium is the return in excess of the risk-free rate of return an investment is expected to yield; an asset¡¯s risk premium is a form of compensation for investors who tolerate the extra risk, compared to that of a risk-free asset, in a given investment.¡± (investopedia.com) £¬ Ò²¾ÍÊǸ߷çÏÕ£¬¸ßÊÕÒæ¡£ Õâ¾ä»°µ½µ×ÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¿ÏÂÃæÕâ¶Î»°¿ÉÄÜÓаïÖú£º ÃÀÁª´¢À©ÕÅ×ʲú¸ºÕ®±í£¬²»¶ÏÊÍ·ÅÃÀԪʱ£¬ÕâЩÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ¾ÍÈçºéË®ÃÍÊÞ°ã³åÏòÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌ壬 µ¼Ö¹ú¼Ê×ʱ¾Á÷È룬±¾±ÒÉýÖµ£¬¹úÄÚÐÅ´ûÀ©ÕÅ£¬ÒÔ¼°Í¨»õÅòÕ͵ļӾ磻¶øµ±ÃÀÁª´¢½øÈë ¼ÓÏ¢ÖÜÆÚʱ£¬ÐÂÐ˾­¼ÃÌåÓÖÃæÁÙ×Å×ʱ¾ÍâÁ÷£¬±¾±Ò»ãÂʼ±µø£¬¹úÄÚÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ½ôÕÅ£¬×ʲú¼Û ¸ñ´ó·ùËõË®£¬Òý·¢½ðÈÚÊг¡µÄ¾çÁÒ²¨¶¯£¬Ö±ÖÁ±¬·¢Î£»ú¡£20 ÊÀ¼Í80 Äê´úµÄÀ­ÃÀΣ»ú£¬ 1994 ÄêµÄÄ«Î÷¸çΣ»ú£¬1997 ÄêµÄÑÇÖÞ½ðÈڷ籩¼°2000 ÄêµÄ°¢¸ù͢Σ»úµÈÓÐ×ÅÏàͬµÄÂß¼­¡£ £¨soc.gov.cn£© 33 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© 5 ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿shock µÄÁ¦¶ÈÔ¶±È¡°´Ì¼¤¡±´ó£¬ËùÒÔ¸ÄΪ¡°³å»÷¡±¡£ 6 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿Derail means to cause to fail or become deflected from a purpose; to reduce or delay the chances for success or development. (dictionary.com) Òò´Ë£¬to derail world economic growth equals to reduce the chances for world economic growth£¬¼´¼õÉÙÊÀ½ç¾­¼ÃÔö³¤µÄ¿ÉÄÜ ÐÔ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇʹ¾­¼ÃÔö³¤Í£ÖÍ¡£ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 58. Economic challenges facing developing countries and economies in transition had caused some to institute institutional reforms. In response to a slowdown in GDP growth, China had undertaken measures to cut paperwork1, reduce administrative intervention in business operations and liberalize interest rates2. 58. °ÚÔÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒºÍתÐ;­¼ÃÌåÃæ ǰµÄ¾­¼ÃÄÑÌâÒѾ­ÆÈʹÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒÕ¹¿ªÁË ÖÆ¶È¸Ä¸ï¡£ÎªÓ¦¶ÔGDPÔö³¤·Å»º£¬Öйú ÒѲÉÈ¡´ëÊ©¼õÉÙÐÐÕþÉóÅú³ÌÐò£¬½µµÍÐÐ Õþ¶ÔÆóÒµ¾­ÓªµÄ¸ÉÔ¤£¬²¢·ÅËÉÁ˶ԻãÂÊ µÄ¿ØÖÆ¡£ 58. °ÚÔÚ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒºÍתÐ;­¼ÃÌåÃæ ǰµÄ¾­¼ÃÄÑÌâÒѾ­ÆÈʹÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒÕ¹¿ªÁË ÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ï¡£ÎªÓ¦¶ÔGDPÔö³¤·Å»º£¬Öйú ÒѲÉÈ¡´ëÊ©£¬¼ò»¯°ìʳÌÐò£¬¼õÉÙÕþ¸® ¶ÔÆóÒµ¾­Óª»î¶¯µÄ¸ÉÔ¤£¬ÊµÏÖÀûÂÊ×ÔÓÉ »¯¡£ 1 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿paperwork ÊÇÖ¸ÎÄÊ鹤×÷£¬¼ûcollinsdictionary.com£º ¡¾Ì¸ÖйúµÄÊÂÇ飬»¹Ô­ÎªÖйú˵·¨¡¿µ«¡°¼õÉÙÎÄÊ鹤×÷¡±ÔÚººÓïÖв»³£Óá£ÎÒÃdz£ÓÃµÄ ÊÇ¡°¼õÉÙ·±ÎÄçȽڡ±¡°¼ò»¯°ìʳÌÐò¡±¡°¼õÉÙÉóÅú»·½Ú¡±¡£´Ë´¦¼ÈÈ»ÔÚ̸ÖйúµÄÊÂÇ飬ÐÅÏ¢ À´Ô´ºÜ¿ÉÄܾÍÊÇÓõÄÕâЩ˵·¨¡£Ïà¹ØÓ¢Îı¨µÀÒ²ÊÇÓõÄcut paperwork£º ½âÎö 34 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ? China will cut paperwork by sharing the basic information of citizens, enterprises and social organizations... (China Daily) ? An administrative reform aimed at cutting paperwork for startup businesses will be launched across China soon... (China Daily) ÏÂÃæÕâ¶ÎÖÐÎı¨µÀÒ²¿ÉÒԺܺòûÊÍʲô½Ðpaperwork£º Ê×ÏÈ£¬Òª·¢»Ó¡°»¥ÁªÍø+¡±µÄÓÅÊÆ£¬ÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí£¬¼ò»¯°ìʳÌÐò¡£È¡Ïû¿ÉÓпÉÎÞµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬¼õ ÉÙ°ìʹý³ÌÖеķ±ÎÄçȽڣ¬ÕâÊǸĸïÒª×ñÑ­µÄ»ù±¾Ô­Ôò¡£Òò´Ë£¬¿Í¹Û´æÔڵģ¬ËùÔÚµ¥Î» »ò»ù²ãÉçÇøÄÜ֤ʵµÄ£¬¾Í²»Ò»¶¨ÒªÇó·ÇµÃ¡°Ö´·¨»ú¹Ø¡±¸ÇÕÂÇö¨£»¼øÓÚ¼¯Ìå°ìÊ»ú¹ØµÄ ȨÏÞ±ÈÆÕͨȺÖÚÒª¸ß£¬Èç¹ûÄÜÖ÷¶¯¹ØÁªÏà¹Ø¹ÜÀíÐÅÏ¢Ô´²éµÃµ½µÄ£¬¾Í²»ÒªÈõ±ÊÂÈË×Ô¼º È¥ÅÜÈ¥ÕÒ£»µ±È»£¬Ðγɸü¶àµç×Ó»¯×ÊÁϿ⣬·½±ã°ìÊÂÈË¡¢¾­°ìÈ˲éѯ£¬Ò²ÊÇÏà¹Ø²¿ÃÅÓÐ ´ýŬÁ¦µÄ·½Ïò¡££¨ dy.163.com£© ÃÀ¹úÓÐÒ»²¿·¨ÂÉ£¬¾Í½ÐPaperwork Reduction Act£¨¡¶¼õÉÙÊéÃæ¹¤×÷·¨¡·£©¡£The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 is designed to reduce the total amount of paperwork burden the federal government imposes on private businesses and citizens. (Wikipedia: Paperwork Reduction Act) ·¢ÑÔÕßÌáµ½Öйú£¬¿ÉÄÜÓëÆä»ªÈËÉí·ÝÓйأ¨Mr. Hong, Department of Economic and Social Affairs£©¡£ 2 ¡¾ÀûÂʲ»ÊÇ»ãÂÊ¡¿ liberalize interest rate ÒâΪ¡°ÀûÂÊ×ÔÓÉ»¯¡±£¬ ÊÇÖ¸¹ú¼Ò·ÅËɶÔÀûÂʵĹÜÖÆ£¬ ÓɽðÈÚÊг¡ÉϵÄ×ʽð¹©ÇóË«·½¸ù¾ÝÊг¡×ʽð¹©Çó×´¿öºÍ×ÔÉí×ʽðÐèÇóµÈÒòËØ×ÔÐоö¶¨Àû ÂʵÄÐÐΪ¡£ÕâÖÖ²»ÊÜÕþ¸®¿ØÖÆ£¬ÓÉÊг¡¾ö¶¨ÀûÂʵÄÐÐΪ¾ÍÊÇÀûÂÊ×ÔÓÉ»¯¡£ÓÖ»òÕß˵ÊÇÕþ ¸®·ÅËÉÁËÀûÂʹÜÖÆ£¬ÓÉÉÌÒµÒøÐиù¾ÝÊг¡ÉϵÄ×ʽðÐèÇóºÍ´û¿îÏîÄ¿µÄ·çÏճ̶È×ÔÐоö¶¨ ÀûÂÊ£¬Í¨¹ýÀûÂʲî±ðÀ´Çø·Ö²»Í¬·çÏյĴû¿îÈË£¬ ÓÖ³ÆÀûÂÊÊг¡»¯ ¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÀûÂÊÊг¡»¯£© Ô­Òë°Ñ¡°ÀûÂÊ¡±ÒëΪ¡°»ãÂÊ¡±£¨exchange rate£©£¬ÊǸöÖØ´óʧÎó¡£In fi nance, an exchange rate is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. (Wikipedia: exchange rate) Ô­ÎÄ 59. International policy coordination should be enhanced, with major central banks improving communication regarding timing and targets of policy actions to mitigate shocks and spillover effects1 from the quantitative easing exit.2 Such dialogue had often been held in the context of the Group of 20 (G20)3. It should also occur in more broadly representative forums, such as the Economic and Social Council4 and the Second Committee. 35 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© Ô­Òë 59. Ó¦¸Ã¼ÓÇ¿¹ú¼ÊÕþ²ßЭµ÷£¬Ö÷Òª ÑëÐÐÖ®¼ä¸ÄÉÆÓйØÍƳöÕþ²ß´ëÊ©µÄʱ¼ä µãºÍÄ¿±êµÄ¹µÍ¨£¬¼õСÒò³·ÏúÁ¿»¯¿íËÉ Õþ²ßÒýÆðµÄ²¨¶¯ºÍ¸±×÷Óá£ÕâÑùµÄ¶Ô»° ͨ³£¶¼ÊÇÔÚ20¹ú¼¯ÍÅ£¨G20£©»áÒéÆÚ¼ä ¾ÙÐУ¬µ«»¹Ó¦¸ÃÔÚ´ú±íÐÔ¸ü¹ãµÄ»ú¹¹½ø ÐУ¬ÀýÈç¾­¼Ã¼°Éç»áÀíÊ»áºÍµÚ¶þίԱ »á¡£ ¸ÄÒë 59. Ó¦¸Ã¼ÓÇ¿¹ú¼ÊÕþ²ßЭµ÷£¬Ö÷ÒªÑë ÐÐÖ®¼äÓ¦¸ÄÉÆ¹µÍ¨£¬Ð­µ÷Õþ²ß´ëÊ©ÍÆ³ö µÄʱ¼äµãºÍÄ¿±ê£¬¼õСÒòÍ˳öÁ¿»¯¿íËÉ Õþ²ßÒýÆðµÄ³å»÷ºÍÒç³öЧӦ¡£ÕâÑùµÄ¹µ ͨͨ³£¶¼ÊÇÔÚ20¹ú¼¯ÍÅ£¨G20£©¿ò¼ÜÏ ½øÐУ¬µ«»¹Ó¦¸ÃÔÚ´ú±íÐÔ¸ü¹ãµÄ»ú¹¹½ø ÐУ¬ÀýÈç¾­¼Ã¼°Éç»áÀíÊ»áºÍµÚ¶þίԱ »á¡£ 1 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿spillover effects ÔÚµÚ1 µ¥ÔªµÄÁ·Ï°ÖÐÒѾ­½²½â¹ý£¬ÕâÀï²»ÔÙÖØ¸´¡£ ÐèÒªÃ÷È·µÄÊÇ£¬Òç³öЧӦ¼ÈÈ»Óлý¼«µÄÒ»Ãæ£¬Ò²¾ÍÓÐÏû¼«µÄÒ»Ãæ£¬Ïû¼«µÄÒ»Ãæ¾ÍÊÇ¡°¸± ×÷Óᱡ£´Ë´¦´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄ¿´£¬¾ÍÊÇÖ¸¡°¸±×÷Óá±£¬ÕâÑù˵ҲûÎÊÌâ¡£²»¹ý£¬¼ÈÈ»¾­¼Ãѧ¼Òϲ »¶ÓÃÒ»¸öеÄ˵·¨£¬ÒëÕß²»·ÁÒ²²ÉÓᣠ2 ¡¾×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à¡¿Õâ¾ä»°Ô­ÒëÒâ˼¿ÉÒÔ¿´¶®£¬µ«¾ä×ӽϳ¤£¬¶Ï¿ª¸ü±ãÓÚÔĶÁ¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿Context Òâ˼ÊÇthe set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event, situation, etc. (thefreedictionary.com)¡£in the context of the Group of 20 Ö¸µÄÊÇÔÚ20 ¹ú¼¯ÍÅµÄ ±³¾°Ï£¬Ô­ÒëÒëΪ¡°ÔÚ20 ¹ú¼¯ÍÅ»áÒéÆÚ¼ä¡±£¬¹ýÓÚ¾ßÌ壬˵²»¶¨ºÜ¶à¹¤×÷¶¼ÊÇÔÚ¿ª»áÖ® ǰÍê³ÉµÄ¡£ 4 ¡¾×¢Òâ·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý¡¿·¢ÑÔÕßÊÇMr. Hong£¬ËùÒÔËû»áÌáµ½¾­ÉçÀíÊ»ᡣ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 65. The negative feedback loops1 were unfavourable to the labour market2: if the private sector was not spending, the only way to renewed growth was through competitiveness and export growth3. The fixed exchange rate in the eurozone and the fact that there could be no international devaluation4 led to wage reductions or freezes in many advanced economies. 36 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 65. Ïû¼«µÄ·´À¡»·Â·¶ÔÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡²» Àû£ºÈç¹û˽Ӫ²¿ÃŲ»´òËãͶ×ʵϰ£¬ÖØ »ØÔö³¤¹ìµÀµÄΨһ°ì·¨¾ÍÊÇÌá¸ß¾ºÕùÁ¦ ºÍÔö¼Ó³ö¿Ú¡£Å·ÔªÇøÊµÐй̶¨ÀûÂÊ£¬¸÷ ¹ú»õ±Ò²»¿ÉÄܶ¼±áÖµ£¬ÕâЩÇé¿öµ¼ÖÂÐí ¶àÏȽø¾­¼ÃÌåµÄ¹¤×ʼõÉÙ»ò¶³½á¡£ 65. ÕâЩ¸º·´À¡Ñ­»·¶ÔÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡ ²»Àû£ºÈç¹û˽Ӫ²¿ÃŲ»Ô¸Ö§³ö£¬»Ö¸´Ôö ³¤µÄΨһ°ì·¨¾ÍÊÇÌá¸ß¾ºÕùÁ¦¡¢Ôö¼Ó³ö ¿Ú¡£Å·ÔªÇøµÄ¹Ì¶¨ÀûÂÊÖÆ£¬ÒÔ¼°²»¿ÉÄÜ ³öÏÖ¹ú¼Ê±áÖµ£¬µ¼ÖÂÐí¶àÏȽø¾­¼ÃÌåµÄ ¹¤×ʼõÉÙ»ò¶³½á¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇnegative feedback£¨¸º·´À¡»òÏû¼«·´À¡£©£¿ Negative feedback involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it functions to reduce the change). (Wikipedia: negative feedback) ±ÈÈ磺ÌåÎÂÉý¸ß£¬ÉíÌå³öº¹£¬³öº¹¹ýºó£¬ÌåνµµÍ£¬Õâ¾ÍÊǸº·´À¡¡£ Positive feedback involves a response that reinforces the change detected (it functions to amplify the change). (Wikipedia: positive feedback) ÎÒÃÇÆ½Ê±Ëù˵µÄÁ¼ÐÔÑ­»·»ò¶ñÐÔÑ­»·¶¼ÊôÓÚÕý·´ À¡¡£±ÈÈ磺º¢×Ó²»Ï²»¶Ä³Ò»ÃſΣ¬²»Å¬Á¦Ñ§Ï°£¬³É¼¨Ô½À´Ô½²î£¬½á¹û¸ü¼Ó²»Ï²»¶ÕâÃſΣ¬ ÕâÊÇ¡°¶ñÐÔÑ­»·¡±£»º¢×Óϲ»¶Ä³Ò»ÃſΣ¬Å¬Á¦Ñ§Ï°£¬½á¹ûԽѧԽϲ»¶£¬ÕâÊÇ¡°Á¼ÐÔÑ­»·¡±¡£ ´ÓÕâЩÀý×ÓÀ´¿´£¬negative (positive) feedback loop ·­ÒëΪ¡°¸º£¨Õý£©·´À¡Ñ­»·¡±¿ÉÄܱȡ°Ïû ¼«£¨»ý¼«£©·´À¡»ØÂ·¡±¸ü±ãÓÚÀí½â¡£ ¡¾¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ¡¿»Øµ½±¾¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£¬¸Ã¾äËùÊöthe negative feedback loop ¾ÍÊÇ·¢ÑÔÈËÔÚ µÚ63 ¶Î×îºóÒ»¾äÌá³ö¡¢µÚ64 ¶Î¾ÙÀý˵Ã÷µÄ¾­¼ÃÏÖÏó£º 63. ...However, there were many negative feedback loops in the global economy. 64. Households were recovering from asset and wage income loss and were therefore not spending. Despite unconventional monetary policies, such as the reduction of interest rates to nearly zero and quantitative easing on both sides of the Atlantic, firms were not investing suffi ciently. Banks were not lending enough because their portfolios were still infected... ¡¾·ÖÎö×÷ÕßÒâͼ¡¿µ«´ÓÑϸñÒâÒåÉÏÀ´½²£¬Õâ¶Î£¨µÚ64 ¶Î£©ËùÊöÁ½ÖÖÏÖÏ󣺵ÚÒ»£¬¼ÒÍ¥ ²Æ¸»ËõË®£¬ÊÕÈë¼õÉÙ£¬ÎÞ·¨Ïû·Ñ£¬Ôö³¤·¦Á¦£»µÚ¶þ£¬¾¡¹ÜÀûÂʺܵͣ¬ÓÖÓдóÁ¿×ʽð×¢Èë £¨¡°Á¿»¯¿íËÉ¡±£©£¬µ«ÆóҵͶ×Ê»¹ÊÇÆ£Èí£¬Ôö³¤·¦Á¦¡ª¡ªÊÇÇ°ÃæËù˵µÄ¸º·´À¡Ñ­»·Â𣿻¹ÊÇ ½ö½ö±íʾ¡°¶ñÐÔÑ­»·¡±£¨Ò»ÖÖÕý·´À¡Ñ­»·£©£¿ÒòΪ¡°¸º·´À¡Ñ­»·¡±È·ÊµÓб»Îó½âµÄÓÃÀý£º Õâ¾ÍÐγÉÁ˶«±±ÓªÉÌ»·¾³µÄÒ»ÖÖ¸º·´À¡Ñ­»·£¬ÒòΪ¾­¼Ã²»¾°Æø£¬²ÆÕþÊÕÈëÏ»¬£¬Ö»ºÃÈ¥ ÏòÆóÒµ¡°¿«ÓÍ¡±£¬Í¶×Ê»·¾³½øÒ»²½¶ñ»¯£¬²ÆÕþÊÕÈë½øÒ»²½Ï»¬£¬µØ·½Õþ¸®¼ÌÐø²ÉÈ¡¡°É± ½âÎö 37 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© ¼¦È¡ÂÑ¡±µÄ¶ÌÊÓÐÐΪ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ×ÅÁ¦ÅàÓýÆóÒµ£¬×³´ó˰»ù£¬ÔÚ³¤ÆÚʵÏÖ²ÆÕþÊÕÈëºÍÆóÒµ·¢ Õ¹µÄ¹²Ó®¡££¨¼´¡°¶ÏÁ¸¡±µ¼ÖÂÈ¥¡°É±¼¦¡±£¬¡°É±¼¦¡±µ¼Ö¸ü´ó¹æÄ£µÄ¡°¶ÏÁ¸¡±¡££©£¨baijiahao. baidu.com£© ÉÏÃæÕâ¶ÎÖÐÎı¨µÀ£¬Ã÷ÏÔ·ûºÏǰÎÄËù˵¡°Õý·´À¡Ñ­»·¡±µÄ¶¨Ò壬ÊôÓÚÆäÖеġ° ¶ñÐÔÑ­»·¡±¡£ ×÷ÕßΪÁË×·Çóʱ÷Ö£¬ÓÃÁËÒ»¸öдʣ¬µ«È´Ã»ÓÐÓöԡ£±¾ÆªÕªÒª¼Ç¼£¬»á²»»áÒ²ÊÇÕâÖÖÇé ¿öÄØ£¿ÒëÕß²¢²»ÊǾ­¼Ãѧר¼Ò£¬ÎÞ·¨×÷³ö׼ȷÅжϣ¬ÔÝÇÒ°´ÕÕ×÷ÕßµÄ˵·¨·­Òë¡£ ¡¾Ö»Óж®×¨Òµ²ÅÄÜ×öµ½ÄÚÐÄÈ·ÐÅ¡¿Ëµµ½ÕâÀҲҪ˳±ã·¢Ò»µã¸Ð¿®£ºÒëÕß¾­³£´¦ÓÚÒ»Öª°ë ½âµÄ״̬¡£ËäÈ»Äܹ»°´×ÖÃæ·­Òë³öÀ´£¬µ«µ½µ×ÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¬ÒëÕßÐÄÀï²¢²»Ã÷°×¡£±ÈÈ磬 »¹ÊǵÚ64 ¶Î£º¡°The transfer of debt to the public sector meant that the cost of borrowing had increased.¡±£¨Õ®ÎñÏò¹«¹²²¿ÃŵÄ×ªÒÆÒâζ׎è´ûµÄ³É±¾Ôö¼Ó¡££©£¬Õâ¾ä»°¹À¼Æ´ó¼Ò¶¼ÄÜ·­Òë ³öÀ´£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£µ«ÎªÊ²Ã´ÊÇÕâÑù£¬¿ÖŲ»¶®¾­¼ÃѧµÄÒëÕß˵²»Çå³þ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Òª Ïë×öºÃ·­Ò룬ÒëÕß±ØÐë¾ß±¸Ïà¹Ø×¨ÒµµÄ֪ʶ£¬ÓïÑÔ֪ʶ½ö½öÊǸ¨Öú¡£ 2 ¡¾×¢Òâ·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý¡¿·¢ÑÔÕßÊǹú¼ÊÀ͹¤×éÖ¯µÄ´ú±í£¬ËùÒÔËû»áÌáµ½ÀͶ¯Á¦Êг¡¡£Act local, think global. 3 ¡¾¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ¡¿ÉÏÒ»¶Î½²¼ÒÍ¥²»»¨Ç®¡¢Ë½È˲¿ÃŲ»Í¶×Ê£¨Ò²ÊÇ»¨Ç®£©£¬ËùÒÔ£¬¾­¼Ã Ôö³¤µÄÈý¼ÝÂí³µÖоÍÊ£ÏÂÁËÒ»¼Ý£¬¾ÍÊDZ¾¶ÎËù˵µÄ³ö¿Ú¡£competitiveness Ò»¶¨ÊÇÖ¸¹ú¼Ê ¾ºÕùÁ¦¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉÏÓоºÕùÁ¦£¬²ÅÄܳö¿Ú¡£µ«ÒëÕßÐÄÀïÇå³þ¼´¿É£¬²»±ØÔÚÒëÎÄÖÐÔö¼Ó ¡°¹ú¼Ê¡±¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇinternational devaluation£¿ ÔÚÍøÉϲ鲻µ½¡£µ«×Ðϸ¿´¿´Ê²Ã´ÊÇ devaluation£¨»õ±Ò±áÖµ£©£º What is devaluation? Devaluation is a deliberate downward adjustment of the value of a country¡¯s currency relative to another currency, group of currencies or standard. Countries that have a fi xed exchange rate or semi-fi xed exchange rate use this monetary policy tool. It is often confused with depreciation and is the opposite of revaluation. (investopedia.com) How to break down devaluation? The government issuing the currency makes the decision to devalue a currency and, unlike depreciation, it is not the result of non-governmental activities. One reason a country may devalue its currency is to combat a trade imbalance. Devaluation reduces the cost of a country¡¯s exports, rendering them more competitive in the global market. This, in turn, increases the cost of imports so that domestic consumers are less likely to purchase them, further strengthening domestic businesses. (investopedia.com) 38 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¿É¼û»õ±Ò±áÖµÊǹ̶¨»ò°ë¹Ì¶¨»ãÂÊÖÆ¹ú¼ÒÖ÷¶¯µ÷µÍ±¾¹ú»õ±ÒÓëËû¹ú»õ±ÒµÄ±ÈÖµ¡£±ÈÈ磬±¾À´ 1 ÃÀÔª¶Ò»»6 ÔªÈËÃñ±Ò£¬µ«ÎÒÃǵ÷ÕûΪ7 Ôª¡£µ«±áÖµÊÇÏà¶ÔµÄ£¬²»¿ÉÄÜËùÓйú¼ÒÒ»Æð±á£¨ ¡°¹ú ¼Ê±áÖµ¡±£©£¬Ò»Æð±áµÈÓÚûÓбᡣÕâ¾ÍÊÇthere could be no international devaluation µÄÒâ˼¡£ ¡¾×¥×¡¶ÎÂäÂß¼­¡¿ÎÞ·¨Í¨¹ý»õ±Ò±áÖµÌá¸ß¹ú¼Ê¾ºÕùÁ¦£¬Ö»ÓнµµÍ»ò¶³½á¹¤È˹¤×Ê£¨´Ó¶ø½µ µÍ³É±¾£©¡£Õâ¾ÍÊDZ¾¶Î»°µÄÂß¼­¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ë³±ãÔÙÑо¿Ò»ÏÂdepreciation¡£depreciation ºÍdevaluation ¶¼ÊÇ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ½µµÍ£¬ ǰÕßÊÇʵÐи¡¶¯»ãÂʵĹú¼Ò£¬»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµËæÐоÍÊÐÏòϲ¨¶¯£»ºóÕßÊÇʵÐй̶¨»ãÂÊÖÆµÄ¹ú ¼Ò£¬¹Ù·½£¨ÖÐÑëÒøÐУ©Í»È»µ÷µÍ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ¡£¹²Í¬Ö®´¦¶¼ÊÇ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ½µµÍ£¬ËùÒÔÖÐÎͼ·­ ÒëΪ¡°±áÖµ¡±¡£ººÒëӢʱ£¬ ¾ÍҪעÒâÇø·ÖÊôÓÚÄÄÖÖ±áÖµ£¬ È»ºóÑ¡ÓÃÊʵ±µÄ´ÊÓï¡£Ó¢Ò뺺ʱ£¬ ÈçÓбØÒªÇø·Ö£¬¿É°Ñdevaluation ÒëΪ¡°µ÷µÍ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ¡±£¬depreciation ÒëΪ¡°±áÖµ¡±¡£ÔÙ¿´ ¿´Óëdevaluation Ïà¶ÔµÄrevaluation£º Revaluation is a calculated upward adjustment to a country¡¯s offi cial exchange rate relative to a chosen baseline. The baseline can include wage rates, the price of gold or a foreign currency. In a fi xed exchange rate regime, only a decision by a country¡¯s government, such as its central bank, can alter the offi cial value of the currency. Revaluation is contrasted by devaluation, which is a downward adjustment. (investopedia.com) ¿É¼û£¬revaluation ÊÇ¡°µ÷¸ß¡±»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ»õ±Ò¼ÛÖµ¡°µ÷Õû¡±£¬ºóÕßÒþº¬Ë«Ïòµ÷Õû¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 66. Fiscal balancing1 was taking place through a reduction in the public sector wage bill2. That was what was causing the 32.2 million jobs gap3. The drop in aggregate demand that had resulted from private sector deleveraging4a and rebalancing in the public sector4b and improved growth through exports or competitiveness4c was based not on improving the common good but on beggar-thy-neighbour5 policies. More balanced drivers of growth and recovery were needed. Until export demand was balanced by domestic demand6, growth would remain weak and the jobs gap would increase. Ô­Òë 66. Ŀǰ£¬²ÆÕþƽºâÊÇͨ¹ýÏ÷¼õ¹«Óª ²¿ÃŵŤ×Ê´ïµ½µÄ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇΪʲôËðʧ ÁË3220Íò¸ö¹¤×÷¸Úλ¡£ÓÉÓÚ˽Ӫ²¿ÃÅÈ¥ ¸Ü¸Ë»¯ºÍ¹«Óª²¿ÃŵÄÔÙÆ½ºâµ¼ÖµÄ×ÜÐè ÇóÏ»¬£¬ÒÔ¼°Í¨¹ý³ö¿Ú»òÌá¸ß¾ºÕùÁ¦Ê¹ ¸ÄÒë 66. ²ÆÕþƽºâÊÇͨ¹ýÏ÷¼õ¹«¹²²¿ÃÅµÄ ¹¤×Ê×ܶîʵÏֵģ¬Õâ¾Íµ¼Ö¹«¹²²¿ÃÅÉÙ ¹ÍÓ¶3220ÍòÈË¡£Ë½Óª²¿ÃÅÈ¥¸Ü¸Ë»¯¡¢¹« ¹²²¿ÃÅÔÙÆ½ºâ¡¢Í¨¹ýÌá¸ß³ö¿Ú»ò¾ºÕùÁ¦ ´Ù½øÔö³¤µÄ·½Ê½£¬µ¼ÖÂ×ÜÐèÇóϽµ£¬ÎÞ 39 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© Ô­Òë Ôö³¤µÃµ½¸ÄÉÆµÄ×ö·¨£¬²¢²»ÊÇÏë¸ÄÉÆ¹² ͬ¸£ìí£¬¶øÊÇÔÚÒÔÁÚΪÛÖ¡£ÐèÒª¸üÄÜÆ½ ºâ¸÷·½ÀûÒæµÄÔö³¤ºÍ¸´ËÕÍÆ¶¯Á¦¡£³ý·Ç ÍâÐèºÍÄÚÐèʵÏÖÆ½ºâ£¬·ñÔòÔö³¤»áÒÀÈ» Æ£Èí£¬¸ÚλËðʧҲ»áÀ©´ó¡£ ¸ÄÒë ·¨Ôö½ø¸÷¹ú¹²Í¬ÀûÒæ£¬ÊôÓÚÒÔÁÚΪÛÖ£¬ ËùÒÔÐèÒª¸üƽºâµÄÔö³¤ºÍ¸´ËÕ¶¯Á¦¡£³ý ·ÇÍâÐèºÍÄÚÐèʵÏÖÆ½ºâ£¬·ñÔòÔö³¤»á¼Ì ÐøÆ£Èí£¬¸ÚλËðʧҲ»áÔö¼Ó¡£ 1 ¡¾¾ÉÐÅÏ¢ÔÚǰ£¬ÐÂÐÅÏ¢ÔÚºó¡¿fi scal balancing ¾ÍÊǵÚ64 ¶ÎÌá¼°µÄfi scal rebalancing£¬¼´ÖØÐ ʵÏÖÕþ¸®ÊÕ֧ƽºâ¡£ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄîǰÎÄÒѾ­Ìá¹ý£¬×÷ΪÒÑÖªÐÅÏ¢£¬ÖÃÓÚ¾äÊ×ÊǺÏÊʵġ£Èç¹û ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÕýÔÚͨ¹ýÏ÷¼õ¹«¹²²¿ÃŵŤ×ÊʵÏÖ²ÆÕþƽºâ¡±£¬¼´½«ÐÂÐÅϢǰÖã¬»áÆÆ»µÓëÏÂÒ» ¾äµÄÁ¬¹áÐÔ¡£ 2 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿¾­¼ÃΣ»ú±¬·¢ºóÕþ¸®Ë°ÊÕ¼õÉÙ£¬ÈçºÎʵÏÖÊÕ֧ƽºâ£¿Ö»ÄÜͨ ¹ý¼õÉÙ¹¤×ÊÖ§³ö×ܶwage bill£©À´ÊµÏÖ¡£wage bill µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£ºthe total amount that an organization pays its employees during a particular period (idoceonline.com)¡£ÓÃfi scal rebalancing¡¢job gaps¡¢reduction in the public sector wage bill µÈ¹Ø¼ü´Ê²éÕÒ£¬·¢ÏÖ¼õÉÙ¹«¹² ²¿Ãʤ×ÊÖ§³ö×ܶîÓÐÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½£ºÒ»ÊǽµµÍ»ò¶³½á¹¤×Ê£»¶þÊÇÏ÷¼õ¹«¹²²¿ÃŹÍÔ±ÈËÊý¡£×¢ Ò⣺32.2 million Êǹ«¹²²¿ÃŵÄÔ±¹¤ÈËÊý£¬²»ÊÇËùÓо­¼Ã²¿ÃÅ¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Wikipedia ¶Ô¡°¹«¹²²¿ÃÅ¡±ºÍ¡°Ë½Óª²¿ÃÅ¡±µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£º The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military, police, infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc.), public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefi t all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service. Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis. Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either a part of the private sector or voluntary sector. The private sector is composed of the economic sectors that are intended to earn ½âÎö 40 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ a profi t for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profi t organizations emphasizing civil society. 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇjobs gap£¿²Î¿¼ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º We also continue to explore the nation¡¯s ¡°jobs gap¡±, or the number of jobs that the U.S. economy needs to create in order to return to pre-recession employment levels. (brookings.edu) Áí¼ûͼƬ˵Ã÷£º 24 23.5 23 22.5 22 21.5 21 20.5 1.8 million job shortfall since December 2007 1.3 million jobs not gained 466,000 jobs lost Public-sector employment Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10 Jan-12 Jan-14 Number of Jobs (millions) The Public-Sector Jobs Gap Note: The spikes in public-sector employment in 2000 and 2010 are temporary workers hired to conduct the decennial Census. Population data are from FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data). Total population: All ages including armed forces overseas. ÈçÓбØÒª·­Òë³öÀ´µÄ»°£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°¹¤×÷ȱ¿Ú¡±»ò¡°¸Úλȱ¿Ú¡±¡£ ¡¾Êý×Ö·­ÒëÐë½÷É÷¡¿ÁíÍâÇë×¢Ò⣬Êý×ֵķ­ÒëÒªÉ÷Ö®ÓÖÉ÷£¬Ò»²»Ð¡Ðľͻá³ö´í£¬Í¨³£ÐèÒª רÃżì²éÒ»±éÊý×Ö¡£²»¹ý£¬»úÆ÷¸¨Öú·­ÒëµÄ³öÏÖ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÊý×Ö´íÎó¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇleverage£¨¸Ü¸Ë£©£¿ Leverage results from using borrowed capital as a funding source when investing to expand the fi rm¡¯s asset base and generate returns on risk capital. Leverage is an investment strategy of using borrowed money¡ªspecifi cally, the use of various fi nancial instruments or borrowed capital¡ª to increase the potential return of an investment. Leverage can also refer to the amount of debt a fi rm uses to fi nance assets. When one refers to a company, property or investment as ¡°highly leveraged¡±, it means that item has more debt than equity. (investopedia.com) 41 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© ʲôÊÇdeleverage£¨È¥¸Ü¸Ë£©£¿ Deleveraging is when a company or individual attempts to decrease its total fi nancial leverage. The most direct way for an entity to deleverage is to immediately pay off any existing debt on its balance sheet. If unable to do this, the company or individual may be in a position of an increased risk of default. (investopedia.com) ¡¾ÒëÕßµÄÒź¶¡¿ËùÒÔ£¬È¥¸Ü¸Ë»¯¾ÍÊdz¥»¹Õ®Îñ¡£µ«Á˽âÁËÕâ¸ö´Ê£¬Ò²²»Ò»¶¨Çå³þThe drop in aggregate demand that had resulted from private sector deleveraging ÊÇʲôÒâ˼£ºÎªÊ²Ã´Ë½ Óª²¿ÃżõÉÙ¸ºÕ®£¬»áÒýÆð×ÜÐèÇó¼õÉÙ£¿½ö¾Í·­Òë¶øÑÔ£¬ÒëΪ¡°Ë½Óª²¿ÃÅÈ¥¸Ü¸Ëµ¼ÖµÄ×Ü ÐèÇó¼õÉÙ¡±Ó¦¸ÃûÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÆäÖеľ­¼ÃѧԭÀí£¬ÒëÕß¿ÖÅ»¹ÐèÒªÉîÈëÑо¿¡£²»¹ýÒëÕß×Ü ÊÇÊܵ½Ê±¼äºÍ×ÊÔ´µÄÖÆÔ¼£¬ÓÐʱÄÑÒÔΪÁËºÃÆæÐĶøÅÙ¸ùÎʵס£ ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿ÁíÍ⣬4a¡¢4b¡¢4c ÊÇresulted from µÄ²¢ÁбöÓï¡£¾ä×ӽṹÊÇthe drop was based...¡£Èç¹ûÖ÷ÓïÊǶà¸ö³É·Ö²¢ÁУ¬was Ó¦µ±¸ÄΪwere¡£ ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿¹ØÓÚÌá¸ß³ö¿Ú¾ºÕùÁ¦ÈçºÎµ¼ÖÂ×ÜÐèÇó¼õÉÙ£¬¹ú¼ÊÀ͹¤×é֯ͬһʱÆÚ µÄ±¨¸æÖ¸³ö£º A decrease in the labour share not only affects perceptions of what is fair¡ªparticularly given the growing concerns about excessive pay among CEOs and in the fi nancial sector¡ªit also hurts household consumption and can thus create shortfalls in the aggregate demand. These shortfalls in some countries have been compensated by increasing their net exports, but not all countries can run a current account surplus at the same time. Hence, a strategy of cutting unit labour costs, a frequent policy recommendation for crisis countries with current account defi cits, may run the risk of depressing domestic consumption more than it increases exports. If competitive wage cuts are pursued simultaneously in a large number of countries, this may lead to a ¡°race to the bottom¡± in labour shares, shrinking aggregate demand. 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚbeggar-thy-neighbour£¬Ïê¼ûÏÂÊö½âÊÍ£º Beggar-thy-neighbour is a type of strategy that is designed to enhance the fi nancial stability and prosperity of one nation at the expense of other nations that currently do business with that country. Essentially, this trading strategy will make use of the devaluation of currency as well as changes in import and export policies and other economic measures to move the internal economy of the nation in a desired direction. Depending on the severity of the changes, a beggar-thy-neighbour situation may temporarily alleviate some of the economic issues faced by the nation, but can in the long run create new diffi culties as the measures negatively impact the nation¡¯s trading partners. (wisegeek.com) 42 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¼´Ò»¹ú²ÉÈ¡µÄÕþ²ßÐж¯ËäÈ»¶Ô±¾¹ú¾­¼ÃÓÐÀû£¬µ«È´Ëðº¦Á˱ð¹ú¾­¼Ã¡£ÈκÎÒ»¸ö¾­¼ÃÌåΪ ʵÏÖÄÚÍâ¾ùºâ¶øÊµÊ©µÄºê¹Û¾­¼ÃÕþ²ß£¬¶¼²»¿É±ÜÃâµØ¾ßÓÐÍⲿÐÔ£¬ÆäÖУ¬¸ºµÄÍⲿÐÔ¾Í ÊÇÒÔÁÚΪÛÖЧӦ¡£ 6 ¡¾¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ¡¿Ç°ÎÄ˵¹úÄÚÐèÇóÆ£Èí£¬Ö»ÄÜ¿¿³ö¿Ú£¬¶ø³ö¿ÚÊÇÒÔÁÚΪÛÖ£¬³¤ÆÚÀ´¿´ ¶Ô±¾¹ú¾­¼ÃҲûÓкô¦¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÒªÏëÕæÕý¸´ËÕ£¬»¹ÊÇҪƽºâ¹úÄÚ¹úÍâÁ½¸öÐèÇó¡£ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ10 77. Increasing unemployment and inequality were outcomes of a particular consumption model more closely tied to the whims of the rich than to the needs of the poor1. The production of items that were not a priority2 was linked to environ mental deterioration. Unsustainable consumption led to growth that did not benefit humanity as a whole. 77. ²»¶Ï¼Ó¾çµÄʧҵºÍ²»Æ½µÈÊÇÒ»¸ö Ó븻È˳嶯¶ø·ÇÓëÇîÈËÐèÇó¹Ò¹³µÄÏû·Ñ ģʽ¹ØÏµ¸üÃÜÇеIJúÎï¡£»·¾³¶ñ»¯ÓëÉú ²ú´ÎÒªÉÌÆ·Óйء£²»¿É³ÖÐøµÄÏû·Ñģʽ µ¼ÖÂÔö³¤ÎÞ·¨»Ý¼°È«ÈËÀà¡£ ¸ÄÒë 77. ʧҵºÍ²»Æ½µÈ²»¶Ï¼Ó¾ç£¬ÊÇÌØ¶¨ Ïû·ÑģʽµÄ½á¹û£»ÕâÖÖÏû·Ñģʽ¸ü¶àµØ²ú ÉúÓÚ¸»È˵ÄÐËÖ£¬¶ø·ÇÇîÈ˵ÄÐèÇó¡£·Ç±Ø ÐèÆ·µÄÉú²úÓë»·¾³¶ñ»¯Óйء£²»¿É³ÖÐøµÄ Ïû·Ñģʽµ¼ÖÂÔö³¤ÎÞ·¨»Ý¼°È«ÈËÀà¡£ 1 ¡¾×¢Òâ·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý¡¿ÒªÀí½âÕâ¶Î»°£¬»¹ÊÇÒª¿´·¢ÑÔÕßÊÇË­¡£·¢ÑÔÕßÀ´×ÔίÄÚÈðÀ­£¬¸Ã¹ú³¤ ÆÚÊܵ½ÃÀ¹úÖÆ²Ã£¬Õþ¾Ö²»ÎÈ£¬ÈËÃñÉú»î¼èÄÑ£¬Òò´Ë·¢ÑÔÕß¹ØÐÄÆ¶À§È˿ڡ£Õâ¶Î»°±³ºóµÄ º¬ÒåÊ®·Ö·á¸»¡£Èç¹ûÏëÁ˽âʧҵÔö¼Ó¡¢²»Æ½µÈ¼Ó¾çÓëÏû·Ñģʽ¡¢»·¾³¶ñ»¯Ö®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬ ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÕâЩ¹Ø¼ü´Ê²éÕÒ¡£ ½âÎö 43 µÚ2µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áºÍ¾­ÉçÀíÊ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨¶þ£© ¸ÃͼµÄ×Ý×ø±êÊǸ÷¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄ³ÇÊÐÀ¬»øÉú²úÁ¿£¬ºá×ø±êÊÇÕâЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄ²»Æ½µÈ³Ì¶È£¬Ô²È¦´ó С±íʾÈ˿ڶàÉÙ¡£¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½£¬ÃÀ¹úÕâ¸ö×ƽµÈµÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬³ÇÊÐÀ¬»øÉú²úÁ¿×î´ó¡£ ¡¾×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à¡¿Õâ¾ä»°Ô­ÒëǰÖö¨Óï¹ý³¤£¬ÐèÒª¶Ï¿ª²Å±ãÓÚÔĶÁ¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿½áºÏÉÏÒ»¾ä¶Ô¸»È˵ÄÖ¸Ôð£¬items that were not a priority ºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ Ö¸ÉÝ³ÞÆ·£º Luxury purchases were once status symbols above all else. For decades the luxury world seemed to be one of superyachts, diamond-encrusted watches, ¡°it¡± bags and big brand logos. As news of hellish sweatshop conditions, devastating pollution, animal cruelty and blood diamonds became more and more prevalent, luxury purchases became intrinsically linked with guilt. (creamuk. com) ¡¾×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì¡¿ÕâЩÉÌÆ·²»ÊÇÉú»î±ØÐèÆ·£¬²»ÐèÒªÓÅÏÈÉú²ú¡£·­ÒëΪ¡°´ÎÒªÉÌÆ·¡± ËäÈ»²»Î¥±³priority µÄ±¾Ò壬µ«Òâ˼²»¹»Ã÷È·£¬ËùÒÔ¸ÄΪ¡°·Ç±ØÐèÆ·¡±£¬Ò²¿ÉÒԸijɡ°·Ç ÓÅÏÈÐèÇóÆ·¡±»òÆäËûÄܹ»Çå³þ±í´ïÔ­ÎÄÒâ˼µÄ˵·¨¡£ Denmark 0 250 350 450 550 650 850 750 5 10 15 20 25 Municipal Waste Collected (kgs per capita) Japan ltaly UK U.S. Slovenia Belgium Sweden Netherlands Germany Australia Switzerland NZ South Korea Canada Spain IsraeI ÕâÊDZÊÕßÔÚnewint.org ÕÒµ½µÄÒ»·ùͼ£º 44 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. ¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ 2. ¹Ø×¢·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ 1. abuseºÍmaltreatment£ºÍ¨ÅÌ¿¼ÂÇÏà½üÊõÓï µÄ·­Òë 2. and²»Ò»¶¨·­Òë³öÀ´ 3. children and youth£º×¢ÒâÂß¼­ÑÏÃÜ 4. Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά 1. Àí½â½á¹¹è¦´Ã 2. µ­»¯Ô­ÎÄ覴à µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ²éÔı³¾°²ÄÁÏ 2. ²éÕÒԭʼÎļþ Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. perpetrator 2. reservation 3. hearºÍlisten±æÎö 4. ¡°À´ÎÄ¡±ºÍ¡°µ÷²é³ÌÐò¡± 5. ÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé 6. ¾öÒéµÄ×é³É²¿·Ö 7. µÞÔ¼ÐÐΪÊõÓï ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. partyºÍsignatory 2. reservation 3. inform£º´ÊÒåµÄ·¢Õ¹ 4. informed participation£ºÍ¸³¹Àí½â 5. ÐÞÊιØÏµ£ºwith¶ÌÓï 6. ²¢Áл¹ÊÇÆ«Õý µÚ 3 µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé ¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. member£º¡°³ÉÔ±¹ú¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°»áÔ±¹ú¡± 2. child labour Ó롰ͯ¹¤¡±£ºÒ§ÎĽÀ×Ö 3. children¡¢youth¡¢adolescent¡¢teenagers¡¢young adults£ºÍ¨ÅÌ¿¼ÂÇϵÁиÅÄîµÄ·­Òë 4. Õå×ÃÓôʣº¡°Æ½µÈ²ÎÓ롱»¹ÊÇ¡°Æ½µÈ´ú±í¡± 5. violence in schools£º¡°Ñ§Ð£±©Á¦¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°Ð£Ô°±©Á¦¡± 6. human traffi cking£º¡°È˿ڷ·ÔË¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°È˿ڷ·Âô¡± 7. human smuggling£º×ß˽ÈË¿Ú 8. well-being£º¡°¸£ìí¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°ÐÒ¸£¡± 9. right to be heard£º±í´ïÒâ¼ûȨ 10. ÏνӺÍÁ¬¹á£ºÃ÷È·Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ 11. ±ÜÃâÎÞÒâÖÐÔì³ÉÆçÒå 12. ×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì£ºÖØÐĺóÖà ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ×¢Òâ´îÅä 2. governments£ºÓÐʱÐèÒª·­Ò븴Êý 3. ¾¯Ìè±ã×°ÊõÓï 4. Âß¼­Ö÷ÓïÒ»Ö 5. voiceless£º±ÜÃâÔì´Ê 6. ±»¶¯¾äµÄ´¦Àí 7. ¶ÙºÅÓ÷¨Ì½ÌÖ 8. ¸ÄÓÃÁ÷Ë®¾ä 9. ×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à 10. È·±£ÓïÆøÁ¬¹á ±äͨ 1. ²¹³ä¾ä×Ó³É·Ö 2. Öйú´ú±í·¢ÑÔ¾¡Á¿»ØÒë 3. ÒëΪÉÏÒå´Ê 4. ±äͨ·­Òë 5. ²»Ìí¼ÓÏÔÖø±êµã 6. ±ÜÃâÁíÆð¯Ôî 45 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ±³¾°ËµÃ÷ ±¾ÆªÁ·Ï°Ñ¡×ÔÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»áÓÚ2012 Äê10 ÔÂ18 ÈÕÔÚŦԼ×ܲ¿¾ÙÐеĵÚ14 ´Î »áÒéµÄ¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¬È«ÎÄ¿ÉÔÚÍøÉϲéÕÒ£¬ÎĺÅΪA/C.3/67/SR.14¡£ ´Ë´Î»áÒéµÄÒéÌâΪ¡°´Ù½øºÍ±£»¤¶ùͯȨÀû¡±£¬»áÒéÌÖÂÛÁ˶ùͯȨÀûÔâÊÜÇÖº¦µÄ×´¿ö¡¢¸÷ ¹ú±£»¤¶ùÍ¯È¨ÒæµÄÓйØÁ¢·¨½ø³Ì¼°´ëÊ©µÈ¡£¿ª»á֮ǰ£¬»áÒé´ú±í¶¼»áÄõ½Ïà¹ØÎļþ£¨Èç¼Ç ¼¿ªÍ·Ìáµ½µÄA/67/291£©£¬·­Òë¹ý³ÌÖÐÈç¹ûÓв»Çå³þµÄµØ·½£¬¿ÉÒÔÏȲ鿴ÕâЩÎļþ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 3. To overcome those obstacles, child participation should be considered1 a core component of a rights-based child protection system. Such participation2 included information, hearing/listening, consultation3, taking children¡¯s opinions into consideration, and support for children¡¯s initiatives. Participation should be institutionalized, with appropriate legislative changes and resources to provide children with access to information without discrimination and involve them in producing materials4. Participation should be voluntary and informed, and encouraged through awareness-raising5. The protection of child victims and witnesses should be guaranteed and equal representation6 of girls and vulnerable children ensured. Child-led initiatives7 should be supported. Monitoring and evaluation was needed, with systematic child participation8, and children should be informed of the use to be made of their contribution9. Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â ¸ÄÒë 3. ΪÁËɨ³ýÕâЩÕϰ­£¬Ó¦µ±°Ñ¶ùͯ ²ÎÓëÊÓΪ»ùÓÚȨÀûµÄ¶ùͯ±£»¤ÌåϵµÄºËÐÄ ²¿·Ö£¬°üÀ¨Ïò¶ùͯÌṩÐÅÏ¢£¬ÌýÈ¡¡¢Õ÷ Ç󡢿¼ÂǶùͯÒâ¼û£¬Ö§³Ö¶ùͯÌá³öµÄ³« Òé¡£Ó¦µ±°Ñ¶ùͯ²ÎÓëÖÆ¶È»¯£¬Êʵ±µ÷ÕûÁ¢ ·¨²¢Ìṩ×ÊÔ´£¬È·±£¶ùͯ²»ÊÜÆçÊӵػñµÃ ÐÅÏ¢£¬²¢²ÎÓë±àдÏà¹Ø²ÄÁÏ¡£Ó¦µ±È·±£¶ù ͯ×ÔÔ¸¡¢ÖªÇé²ÎÓ룬»¹Ó¦À©´óÐû´«Á¦¶È£¬ ¹ÄÀø¶ùͯ²ÎÓë¡£Ó¦±£Ö¤¶ùͯÊܺ¦ÕߺÍÖ¤ÈË µÄ°²È«£¬²¢±£Ö¤Å®Í¯ºÍÒ×ÊÜÉ˺¦¶ùͯµÃµ½ ƽµÈ´ú±í¡£Ó¦Ö§³Ö¶ùͯǣͷ¿ªÕ¹µÄÐж¯¡£ ÐèÒª¼ÓÇ¿¼à¶½ºÍÆÀ¹À£¬²¢Èöùͯϵͳ²ÎÓë ÆäÖС£Ó¦µ±¸æÖª¶ùͯËûÃǵűÏ×½«·¢»Óʲ ô×÷ÓᣠԭÒë 3. ΪÁËɨ³ýÕâЩÕϰ­£¬¶ùͯµÄ²ÎÓëÓ¦ µ±±»ÊÓΪһ¸öÒÔ¶ùͯȨÀûΪ»ù´¡µÄ¶ùͯ ±£»¤ÌåϵµÄºËÐIJ¿·Ö¡£ÕâÑùµÄ²ÎÓë°üÀ¨ÐŠϢ¡¢Ìýµ½/ÇãÌý¡¢Õ÷ѯÒâ¼û¡¢¿¼ÂǶùͯµÄÏë·¨ ÒÔ¼°Ö§³Ö¶ùͯµÄÐж¯¡£ÕâÖÖ²ÎÓëÓ¦µ±ÖÆ¶È »¯£¬¶øÇÒÓ¦Êʵ±µ÷ÕûÏà¹Ø·¨Âɲ¢ÌṩÏà¹Ø ×ÊÔ´£¬ÒÔÎÞÆçÊÓµØÎª¶ùͯÌṩÐÅÏ¢£¬²¢Èà ËûÃDzÎÓë²ÄÁϱàÖÆ¡£ÕâÖÖ²ÎÓëÓ¦µ±ÊÇ×ÔÔ¸ µÄ£¬²¢Èõ±ÊÂÈËÁ˽âÇé¿ö£¬»¹Ó¦Í¨¹ýÌá¸ßÒâ ʶ¹ÄÀø²ÎÓë¡£Ó¦±£Ö¤¶ùͯÊܺ¦ÕߺÍÖ¤È赀 °²È«£¬²¢±£Ö¤Å®Í¯ºÍÒ×Êܺ¦¶ùͯµÄƽµÈ²Î Óë¡£Ó¦Ö§³Ö¶ùͯÁìµ¼µÄÐж¯¡£ÐèÒª¼à¶½ºÍ ÆÀ¹À£¬¶ùͯµÄ²ÎÓëÒ²Ó¦ÊÇϵͳ»¯µÄ£¬¶øÇÒ ÐèÒª¸æÖª¶ùͯËûÃǵűÏ×½«±»ÈçºÎʹÓᣠ46 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾±»¶¯¾äµÄ´¦Àí¡¿±¾¶Î»°¼¸ºõÈ«²¿¶¼ÊDZ»¶¯¾ä»ò³éÏóÃû´Ê×÷Ö÷Óï¡£ÒÔ³éÏóÃû´Ê×÷Ö÷ÓïµÄ¾ä ×Ó£¨ÒÔ¼°±»¶¯¾ä£©Ö±½Ó·­ÒëΪººÓï±»¶¯¾äÍùÍù±È½ÏÞÖ¿Ú¡£±¾¶Î¶¼¸ÄΪÒþº¬Ö÷ÓïΪÈË£¨¡°ÎÒ ÃÇ¡±£©µÄÎÞÖ÷¾ä£¬¶ÁÆðÀ´Í¨Ë³Ðí¶à¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ÄÓÃÁ÷Ë®¾ä¡¿¸ù¾ÝÂß¼­£¬µÚ¶þ¾äµÄsuch participation »ØÖ¸ÉÏÒ»¾äÖеÄchild participation¡£ ¼ÈÈ»ººÓï¿ÉÒÔÓÃÁ÷Ë®¾ä£¬²»ÈçÊ¡ÂÔsuch participation£¬Á½¾äÒ»ÆøºÇ³É¡£ 3 ¡¾hear ºÍlisten ±æÎö¡¿hearing ºÍlistening ¾ùÓС°Ìý¡±µÄº¬Ò壬µ«Òâ˼ÓÐÖî¶à²»Í¬£º Basis for Comparison Hearing Listening Meaning Hearing refers to one¡¯s ability to perceive sounds, by receiving vibrations through ears. Listening is something done consciously, which involves the analysis and understanding of the sounds you hear. What is it? An ability. A skill. Nature Primary and continuous. Secondary and temporary. Act Physiological. Psychological. Involves Receipt of message through ears. Interpretation of the message received by ears. Process Passive bodily process. Active mental process. Occurs at Subconscious level. Conscious level. Use of senses Only one. More than one. Reason We are neither aware nor have any control over the sounds we hear. We listen to acquire knowledge and receive information. Concentration Not required. Required. (keydifferences.com) ¼ò¶øÑÔÖ®£¬hearing ÊÇָͨ¹ýÌý¾õϵͳ²¶×½ÉùÒôµÄÒ»ÖÖÓëÉú¾ãÀ´µÄÄÜÁ¦£»listening Ôò¸üΪ ¸´ÔÓ£¬¸Ã¹ý³Ì²»½öÉæ¼°Ìý£¬»¹°üÀ¨Ìýµ½ºó¶ÔÉùÒôÐźŵÄ˼¿¼ºÍ½â¶Á£¬³ýÌý¾õϵͳÍ⣬»¹ Éæ¼°ÈËÀàµÄ´óÄԻ¡£ÕýÒòÈç´Ë£¬ÎÒÃǵÄÌý¾õÄÜÁ¦³ÆÎªhearing ability£¬¶ø¿ÎÌÃÉϵÄÌýÁ¦ ѵÁ·½Ð×÷listening practice¡£²éÔÄÎļþA/67/291£¬ÀïÃæ¶à´¦Óõ½hearing/listening µÄ±í´ï·½ ʽ£¬Ä¿µÄÊÇÇ¿µ÷²»½öÒªÌýµ½¶ùͯµÄÉùÒô£¬¶øÇÒÒªÌý½øÈ¥¡£¼øÓÚÁ½¸ö´Ê·Ö±ð·­Ò벻̫¿ÉÐУ¬ ¹ÊÑ¡Óá°ÌýÈ¡¡±Ò»ÑÔÒÔ±ÎÖ®¡£ ½âÎö 47 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ¡¾²¹³ä¾ä×ӳɷ֡¿ÁíÍ⣬´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄ¿´£¬information ÊÇÖ¸Èöùͯ»ñµÃÐÅÏ¢»òÏò¶ùͯÌṩÐÅÏ¢£¬ hear/listen ÊÇÖ¸ÌýÈ¡¶ùͯºôÉù£¬ consult ÊÇÖ¸Õ÷Çó¶ùͯÒâ¼û¡£Èç¹ûÖ»·­Ò붯´Ê£¬²»Ìí¼Ó±öÓï ¡°¶ùͯ¡±£¬ÔÚººÓïÖÐÒâ˼²»ÍêÕû£¬Òò´Ë¸ÄÒë×÷ÁËÊʵ±²¹³ä¡£ 4 ¡¾²éÔı³¾°²ÄÁÏ¡¿Èç¹û²»¸Ò¿Ï¶¨materials ÊÇָʲô£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÎļþA/67/291 ÖÐËÑË÷¡£²é¿´ ºó·¢ÏÖ£¬materials ÊÇÖ¸¶ÁÎï¡¢Ðû´«²ÄÁϵȡ£ 5 ¡¾informed participation£ºÍ¸³¹Àí½â¡¿informed participation ¼´ÖªÇé²ÎÓë¡£Ëùν֪Çé²ÎÓ룬 ¾Í²»ÊDZ»´óÈËÀ­¹ýÈ¥×ö×öÑù×Ó£¬¶øÊÇÊÂÏÈÁ˽âÇé¿ö£¬Äܹ»·¢±í×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼ûºÍ¿´·¨¡£ awareness-raising ͨ³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìá¸ßÒâʶ¡±£¬µ«´Ë´¦·­ÒëΪ¡°Ðû´«¡±¸ü¼Óͨ˳´ïÒâ¡£ 6 ¡¾Õå×ÃÓôʣº¡°Æ½µÈ²ÎÓ롱»¹ÊÇ¡°Æ½µÈ´ú±í¡±¡¿representation ÊÇÖ¸´ú±í¡£¼ìË÷ÎļþA/67/291£¬ ¿´µ½avoid the participation and representation of children from only privileged backgrounds Õâ ÑùµÄ˵·¨£¬ËùÒÔ£¬´Ë´¦¡°²ÎÓ롱ºÍ¡°´ú±í¡±»¹ÊÇÓÐÇø±ðµÄ¡£ÒòΪÓÐЩ»î¶¯¿ÉÒÔÈ«Ìå²ÎÓ룬 ÓÐЩ»î¶¯Ö»ÄÜÅÉ´ú±í²ÎÓë¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¸ÄÒë°Ñ¡°Æ½µÈ²ÎÓ롱¸ÄΪ¡°µÃµ½Æ½µÈ´ú±í¡±¡£ 7 ¡¾±ÜÃâÎÞÒâÖÐÔì³ÉÆçÒå¡¿ Child-led initiatives ÒëΪ¡°¶ùͯÁìµ¼µÄÐж¯¡±£¬ ¿ÉÄÜ»á°Ñ¡°¶ùͯÁì µ¼¡±Îó¶ÁΪÃû´Ê¶ÌÓ¼´Áìµ¼¶ùͯµÄÈË£¬Òò´Ë¸ÄΪ¡°¶ùͯǣͷ¿ªÕ¹µÄÐж¯¡±¡£ 8 ¡¾×¢ÒâÓïÑÔ½Ú×à¡¿¡°ÐèÒª¼à¶½ºÍÆÀ¹À¡±¸ÄΪ¡°ÐèÒª¼ÓÇ¿¼à¶½ºÍÆÀ¹À¡±£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇΪÁËÕչ˾ä×Ó ½Ú×à¡£Ôö¼Ó¡°¼ÓÇ¿¡±Õâ¸ö´Ê£¬Ã»ÓиıäÔ­ÎĵÄÒâ˼¡£ ¡¾ÐÞÊιØÏµ£ºwith ¶ÌÓï¡¿with ¶ÌÓïÓÃÀ´ËµÃ÷¶ùͯϵͳ²ÎÓë¼à²âÆÀ¹À£¬Óëǰ¾ä²»ÊDz¢ÁйØÏµ¡£ 9 ¡¾×¢Òâ´îÅä¡¿ make use of ÓС°Ê¹Óᱡ°ÀûÓá±Ö®Ò⣬ µ«´Ë´¦½«make use of contribution Ö±Òë Ϊ¡°Ê¹Óá­¡­¹±Ïס±´îÅä²»µ±¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÐèÒªÁé»î´¦Àí£¬Èç¸ÄÒëΪ¡°Ó¦µ±¸æÖª¶ùͯËûÃÇµÄ ¹±Ï×½«·¢»Óʲô×÷Óá±£¬Ò²¿ÉÒëΪ¡°ÐèÒª¸æÖª¶ùͯÆä¹±Ï×µÄÓÃ;¡±¡£contribution ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄ ÀïÓõúܶ࣬¿ÉÒÔÊǾè¿î¾èÎҲ¿ÉÒÔÊǹ±Ï×Öǻۡ£ÕâÆª±¨¸æÊÇÖ¸ºóÕߣ¬²Î¼ûÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Children and young people have shown that, as informed and voluntary participants, they can contribute as active advocates for change and bring innovative ideas to legislation, analysis, research, the drafting of laws, programmes and petitions, among other things. (A/67/291) Ô­ÎÄ 8. Mr. El Mkhantar (Morocco) asked what measures were taken by Governments1 to involve civil society in the mapping2 of child participation, and how receptive they were to such mapping. 48 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 8. °£¡¤Ä·¿²ËþÏÈÉú£¨Ä¦Âå¸ç£©ÎÊ£¬ Õþ¸®²ÉÈ¡ÁËÄÄЩ´ëÊ©ÈÃÃñ¼äÉç»á²ÎÓëµ½ ÍÆ¹ã¶ùͯ²ÎÓëµÄÐж¯ÖУ¬Ãñ¼äÉç»áÊÇ·ñ Ô¸Òâ½ÓÊÜÕâÑùµÄÍÆ¹ã¡£ ¸ÄÒë 8. El MkhantarÏÈÉú£¨Ä¦Âå¸ç£©ÎÊ£¬ ¸÷¹úÕþ¸®²ÉÈ¡ÁËÄÄЩ´ëÊ©£¬ÈÃÃñ¼äÉç»á ²ÎÓëÆÀ¹À¶ùͯ²ÎÓëÇé¿ö£¬ÒÔ¼°¸÷¹úÕþ¸® ¶ÔÕâÖÖÆÀ¹ÀµÄ½ÓÊ̶ܳȡ£ 1 ¡¾governments£ºÓÐʱÐèÒª·­Ò븴Êý¡¿Ó¢ÓïµÄµ¥¸´ÊýÓÐʱÔÚÖÐÎÄÀï²»ÐèÒªÌåÏÖ³öÀ´£¬ÓÐʱºò ÓÐʵ¼ÊÒâÒ壬ҪÊÓÇé¿ö¶ø¶¨¡£´Ë´¦²»ÊÇÖ¸Äĸö¹ú¼ÒµÄÕþ¸®£¬¶øÊÇÖ¸ÁªºÏ¹ú»áÔ±¹úµÄÕþ¸®¡£ ÕâÒ»µã´ÓµÚ12 ¶ÎµÄ»Ø´ðÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÇå³þµÃÖª£¨¼û»­ÏßµÄMany States£¬±¾¶ÎÒ²ÓÐÖúÓÚÀí½â mapping£©£º 2 ¡¾ÒëΪÉÏÒå´Ê¡¿Map means to represent or delineate on or as if on a map; to sketch or plan (dictionary..com)£¬¶ÔÓ¦µÄÖÐÎÄΪ¡°²â»æ¡±¡° ¼Æ»®¡±¡°»æÍ¼¡±µÈ¡£mapping child participation ¾Í ÊÇͨ¹ýµ÷²éͳ¼Æ£¬ÒÔͼ±íÐÎʽչʾ¸÷Àà¶ùͯÔÚ¸÷¸öÁìÓòµÄ²ÎÓëÇé¿ö¡£µ«Òª°Ñmapping Ö± Òë³öÀ´£¬ ÔÚÕâ¸ö¾ä×ÓÖкÜÄÑ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿¼ÂÇʹÓÃÉÏÒå´Ê£¨¼´Ò»¸öÉÏλ¸ÅÄÀ´±í´ïÕâ¸öÒâ˼£¬ ±ÈÈç¡°µ÷²é¡±¡°ÆÀ¹À¡±¡£´ÓÎļþA/67/291 ÖпÉÒÔ²é³öÀ´£¬mapping ¾ÍÊÇΪÁËÆÀ¹À£º A mapping and assessment of child participation must be carried out, in accordance with the relevant principles and standards, with a view to identifying the remaining achievements and gaps. ( бÌ岿·ÖËÆÓ¦¸ÄΪachievements and remaining gaps) ¡¾¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ¡¿µÚ12 ¶ÎµÄ»Ø´ð»¹¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬receptive µÄÂß¼­Ö÷ÓïÊÇ¡°¸÷¹úÕþ¸®¡±£¬ ²»ÊÇ¡°Ãñ¼äÉç»á¡±£»receptive µÄ¶ÔÏóÊÇthe concept of mapping£¬²»ÊÇmapping µÄ½á¹û¡£ ½âÎö 49 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­ÎÄ 19. At their thirty-third regular meeting in July 2012, the CARICOM Heads of Government had called for a holistic approach to child abuse1, including parenting education, awareness-raising and legislative reform to protect children and deal with perpetrators2 and those who supported abuse through silence3. The most critical issue discussed at the twenty-third meeting of the Council for Human and Social Development in July 2012 had been violence against children and youth4. The Council had called for studies to inform5 policy and interventions against violence in schools6, had reaffirmed members¡¯ commitment to the recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children7, and had agreed to bring the investigation of child sexual abuse cases into line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child8. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 19. ÔÚÓÚ2012Äê7ÔÂÕÙ¿ªµÄµÚ33´Î³£ »áÉÏ£¬¼Ó¹²Ìå³ÉÔ±¹úµÄÕþ¸®Ê×ÄÔºôÓõ²ÉÈ¡ È«·½Î»Êֶνâ¾öŰ´ý¶ùͯµÄÎÊÌ⣬°üÀ¨½Ì Óý¼Ò³¤¡¢Ìá¸ßÒâʶ¼°¸Ä¸ïÁ¢·¨£¬ÒÔ±£»¤¶ù ͯ²¢´¦Ö÷¸×ï·Ö×Ó¼°Ä¬ÐíÖ§³ÖŰ´ýµÄÈË¡£ ÔÚ2012Äê7ÔÂÕÙ¿ªµÄ¼Ó¹²ÌåÈËÀàºÍÉç»á·¢ Õ¹ÀíÊ»áµÚ23´Î»áÒéÉÏ£¬ÌÖÂÛµÄ×îÖØÒªµÄ ÎÊÌâ¾ÍÊǶԶùͯºÍÇàÉÙÄêµÄ±©Á¦ÐÐΪ¡£Àí Ê»áºôÓõÏà¹ØµÄÑо¿Äܹ»Òýµ¼Õþ²ßºÍ¶Ô ѧУ±©Á¦µÄ¸ÉÔ¤ÖУ¬ÖØÐÂÈ·¶¨Á˳ÉÔ±¹ú¶Ô ÁªºÏ¹ú¹ØÓÚ¶Ô¶ùͯµÄ±©Á¦ÐÐΪµÄÑо¿½¨ ÒéµÄÖ§³Ö£¬²¢Í¬Òâ°´ÕÕ¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡· µ÷²é¶ùͯÐÔŰ´ý°¸¼þ¡£ 19. ÔÚ2012Äê7ÔÂÕÙ¿ªµÄµÚ33´Î³£»á ÉÏ£¬¼Ó¹²ÌåÕþ¸®Ê×ÄÔºôÓõ²Éȡȫ·½Î»ÊÖ¶Î ½â¾öŰ´ý¶ùͯÎÊÌ⣬°üÀ¨Óý¶ù½ÌÓý¡¢Ìá¸ß ÈÏʶ¼°¸Ä¸ïÁ¢·¨£¬´Ó¶ø±£»¤¶ùͯ¡¢´¦ÀíŰ ´ýÕߺÍ×ÝÈÝŰ´ýµÄÈË¡£ÔÚ2012Äê7ÔÂÕÙ¿ª µÄ¼Ó¹²ÌåÈËÀàÓëÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÀíÊ»áµÚ23´Î »áÒéÉÏ£¬ÌÖÂÛµÄ×îÖØÒªÎÊÌâ¾ÍÊÇÕë¶Ô¶ùͯ ºÍÇàÉÙÄêµÄ±©Á¦ÐÐΪ¡£ÀíÊ»áºôÓõ¿ªÕ¹ÑÐ ¾¿£¬ÎªÖƶ¨Ó¦¶ÔºÍ¸ÉԤУ԰±©Á¦µÄÕþ²ßÌá ¹©²Î¿¼£»ÀíÊ»áÖØÉê³ÉÔ±¹úÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÖ´ÐÐÁª ºÏ¹ú±©Á¦ÇÖº¦¶ùͯÎÊÌâÑо¿±¨¸æÌá³öµÄ ½¨Ò飬ͬÒâÌáÉý¶ùͯÐÔŰ´ý°¸¼þµÄµ÷²é±ê ×¼£¬Ê¹Ö®·ûºÏ¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÒªÇó¡£ 1 ¡¾Í¨ÅÌ¿¼ÂÇÏà½üÊõÓïµÄ·­Òë¡¿¹ØÓÚchild abuse£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÏÂÁÐ×ÊÁÏ£º The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child maltreatment as ¡°all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child¡¯s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power¡±. (Wikipedia: child abuse) ½âÎö 50 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ child abuse ¾ßÌå¿É·ÖΪÒÔϼ¸ÖÖÀàÐÍ£¨¼ûmayoclinicorg£©£º Physical abuse ( ÉíÌåŰ´ý): Physical child abuse occurs when a child is purposely physically injured or put at risk of harm by another person. Sexual abuse ( ÐÔŰ´ý): Sexual child abuse is any sexual activity with a child, such as fondling, oral-genital contact, intercourse, exploitation or exposure to child pornography. Emotional abuse ( ¾«ÉñŰ´ý): Emotional child abuse means injuring a child¡¯s self-esteem or emotional well-being. It includes verbal and emotional assault¡ªsuch as continually belittling or berating a child¡ª as well as isolating, ignoring or rejecting a child. Medical abuse ( Ò½ÁÆÅ°´ý): Medical child abuse occurs when someone gives false information about illness in a child that requires medical attention, putting the child at risk of injury and unnecessary medical care. Neglect ( ÊèÓÚÕÕ¹Ü): Child neglect is failure to provide adequate food, shelter, affection, supervision, education, or dental or medical care. abuse Õë¶ÔÈ˵Äʱºò£¬ ͨ³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Å°´ý¡±£¬ ±ÈÈ硰Ű´ý¶ùͯ¡±¡°Å°´ýÀÏÈË¡±¡°Å°´ý¸¾Å®¡±£¬ µÈµÈ¡£Èç¹ûÊÇabuse of power£¬ÔòÒëΪ¡°ÀÄÓÃְȨ¡±¡£ÍøÉÏ×ÊÁϺÍÁªºÏ¹ú´Ê»ã±í»ù±¾¶¼ÊÇ ÕâÑù´¦ÀíµÄ¡£µ«Ó¢ÓïÖл¹ÓÐÒ»¸ö´Ê¡ª¡ªmaltreatment£¬ÔÚÓ¢ºº´ÊµäÖÐÒ²ÊÇ·­ÒëΪ¡°Å°´ý¡±¡£ ÕâÁ½¸ö´ÊÊÇÒ»¶Ô½üÒå´Ê£¬¿ÉÄÜÕýÊÇÒòΪ²»Ò×Çø·Ö£¬ÊÀ½çÎÀÉú×éÖ¯²Å°Ñchild abuse and child maltreatment ·ÅÔÚÒ»Æð¶¨Òå¡£µ«ÓÐЩ¹ú¼Ò»¹ÊÇ×÷ÁËÇø·Ö£¬±ÈÈçÃÀ¹úŦԼÖÝOffi ce of Children and Family Services (ocfs.ny.gov) ÌṩÈç϶¨Ò壺 51 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ´ÓÒÔÉ϶¨ÒåÖпɼû£¬ abuse °üÀ¨×îÑÏÖØµÄÉ˺¦£»maltreatment ÊÇÖ¸ÕչܵÄÖÊÁ¿²»¸ß£¬Ã»ÓÐÉÆ ´ý¡£ÕâÑù¿´À´£¬»¹ÊÇÓбØÒªÔÚººÓïÖмÓÒÔÇø·Ö¡£Èç¹ûÓá°Å°´ý¡±À´¶ÔÒëmaltreatment£¨mal- Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°²»ºÃ¡±¡°»µ¡±£¬treatment ÊÇ¡°´ýÓö¡±£©£¬¾ÍÐèÒªÐÞ¸Äabuse µÄÒë·¨¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ò»Ð© ´ÊµäÒѾ­¸ø³öÁ˳ý¡°Å°´ý¡±ÒÔÍâµÄÁíÒ»¸öÒë·¨£¬¼´¡°É˺¦¡±£¨±ÈÈ磬½¹ÈËïÖ÷±àµÄ¡¶Ó¢ºº ´ó´Êµä¡·£©¡£ÊÀ½çÎÀÉú×éÖ¯ÁгöµÄ¸÷ÖÖÐÎʽµÄabuse£¬¶¼¿É¹é½áΪ¡°É˺¦¡±£¬°üÀ¨ÉíÌåÉ˺¦ ºÍ¾«ÉñÉ˺¦£¬ÒÔ¼°×÷Ϊ£¨Èç´òÂºÍ²»×÷Ϊ£¨ÈçÊèÓÚÕչܣ©Ôì³ÉµÄÉ˺¦¡£ÎªÁ˸ü׼ȷ¡°²¶ ×½¡±¾«Éñ²ãÃæµÄabuse£¬»¹¿ÉÒÔÑ¡Óá°ÇÖº¦¡±£¨ÇÖ·¸+ É˺¦£©Ò»´Ê¡£Ê¹Óá°ÇÖº¦¡±»¹¿ÉÒÔ ½â¾ösexual abuse ÒëΪ¡°ÐÔŰ´ý¡±Ôì³ÉµÄÃû²»·ûʵÎÊÌâ¡£ÊÀ½çÎÀÉú×éÖ¯¸øsexual abuse Ï µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£º ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬sexual abuse ²»½ö°üÀ¨¡°±©Á¦¡±ÇÖº¦¶ùͯµÄÐÐΪ£¬»¹°üÀ¨ÀûÓöùͯÄêÓ×ÎÞ Öª¶ø¶Ô¶ùͯ²úÉúµÄÐÔÇÖº¦ÒÔ¼°¶Ô¶ùͯµÄÐÔ°þÏ÷£¬ºóÕß¿ÉÄÜûÓÐʹÓñ©Á¦£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇ¡°ÒýÓÕ¡± £¨inducement£©¡£ È»¶ø£¬child abuse ·­ÒëΪ¡°Å°´ý¶ùͯ¡±ÓÉÀ´ÒѾ㬼¸ºõÔ¼¶¨Ë׳ɣ¬ÒªÏë±ä¸üÊ®·Ö²»Òס£½¨ Òé´ó¼ÒÖÁÉÙÔÚ·­ÒëÁªºÏ¹úÎļþʱ¼ÌÐøÊ¹Óá°Å°´ý¶ùͯ¡±µÄ˵·¨£¬±Ï¾¹child abuse ºÍchild maltreatment Òâ˼Ïà½ü£¬ÇÒͬʱ³öÏÖµÄÇé¿öÒ²²»¶à¡£ÔÚÆäËûÇ龳ϣ¬Èç¹ûÒëÕßÓÐ×ÔÖ÷Ȩ£¬ ¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°ÇÖº¦¶ùͯ¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Perpetrator refers to one who perpetrates, especially one who commits an offence or crime. 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It1a had launched a campaign for the ratification of the Optional Protocols2 to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and of International Labour Organization Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour3. It1b reiterated its call to States parties to withdraw any reservations4 to the Convention5 and Protocols, and underlined the importance of the Optional Protocol on a communications procedure6. The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights required it1c to take children¡¯s views into consideration, and7 it would collect data on its members¡¯8 legislation, policy and practice in order to uphold the right of children to be heard9. 56 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 31. Å·ÃËÒѾ­¿ªÕ¹ÁËÒ»ÏîÔ˶¯£¬Ö¼ÔÚ Åú×¼¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼µÄÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·ºÍ ¹ØÓÚ×î¶ñÁÓÐÎʽµÄͯ¹¤ÀͶ¯ÎÊÌâµÄ¡¶¹ú ¼ÊÀ͹¤×éÖ¯µÚ182ºÅ¹«Ô¼¡·¡£Å·ÃËÖØÉ꣬ ºôÓõµÞÔ¼¹úÊջضԹ«Ô¼ºÍÒ鶨ÊéµÄÒ»ÇÐ ±£ÁôÒâ¼û£¬²¢Ç¿µ÷¡¶ÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·ÔÚÀ´ ÎijÌÐò·½ÃæµÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£¡¶Å·ÖÞÁªÃË»ù±¾ ȨÀûÏÜÕ¡·ÒªÇóÅ·ÃË¿¼ÂǶùͯµÄ¹Ûµã£¬ ¶øÇÒÅ·Ã˽«ÊÕ¼¯³ÉÔ±¹úÔÚÁ¢·¨¡¢Õþ²ßºÍ ʵ¼ù·½ÃæµÄÊý¾Ý£¬ÒÔά»¤¶ùͯµÄÉùÒô±» Ìýµ½µÄȨÀû¡£ ¸ÄÒë 31. Å·ÃËÒѾ­¿ªÕ¹ÁËÒ»ÏîÔ˶¯£¬Íƶ¯ Åú×¼¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼µÄÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·ºÍ ¹ØÓÚ×î¶ñÁÓÐÎʽµÄͯ¹¤ÀͶ¯ÎÊÌâµÄ¡¶¹ú ¼ÊÀ͹¤×éÖ¯µÚ182ºÅ¹«Ô¼¡·¡£Å·ÃËÖØÉ꣬ ºôÓõµÞÔ¼¹úÊջضԡ¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·¼° ÆäÒ鶨ÊéµÄÒ»Çб£ÁôÒâ¼û£¬²¢Ç¿µ÷¡¶¹Ø ÓÚÀ´ÎijÌÐòµÄÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·µÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£ ¡¶Å·ÖÞÁªÃË»ù±¾È¨ÀûÏÜÕ¡·ÒªÇóÅ·ÃË¿¼ ÂǶùͯµÄ¹Ûµã¡£Å·Ã˽«ÊÕ¼¯³ÉÔ±¹úÔÚÁ¢ ·¨¡¢Õþ²ßºÍʵ¼ù·½ÃæµÄÊý¾Ý£¬ÒÔά»¤¶ù ͯ±í´ïÒâ¼ûµÄȨÀû¡£ 1 ¡¾ÏνӺÍÁ¬¹á£ºÃ÷È·Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ¡¿·­Òëʱ£¬±ØÐëŪÇå³þËùÓдú´ÊµÄÖ¸´ú¶ÔÏ󣬲¢¸ù¾ÝººÓïϰ ¹ß¾ö¶¨ÊÇ·ñ·­Òë¡¢ÊÇ·ñ»¹Ô­¡£±¾¶ÎµÄi£¨t 1a/1b/1c£©ÊÇָŷÃË£¬²é¿´ÉÏÒ»¶Î×îºóÒ»¾ä»°¿ÉÖª£º ¡°The European Union had adopted a four-year Action Plan on Unaccompanied Minors in 2010, and had contributed €70 million to UNICEF in 2011.¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚ¡°ÈÎÔñÒ鶨Ê顱£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Very often, human rights treaties are followed by ¡°Optional Protocols¡± which may either provide for procedures with regard to the treaty or address a substantive area related to the treaty. Optional Protocols to human rights treaties are treaties in their own right, and are open to signature, accession or ratifi cation by countries who are party to the main treaty. (un.org) optional µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔÑ¡Ôñ¼ÓÈ룬Ҳ¿ÉÒÔÑ¡Ôñ²»¼ÓÈë¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿·²ÊÇÉæ¼°À´ÎijÌÐò£¨communications procedure£© ºÍµ÷²é³ÌÐò£¨inquiry procedure£©µÄ¹«Ô¼Ìõ¿îºÍÒ鶨Ê飬Öйú¶¼Ã»ÓнÓÊÜ¡£Ç°ÕßÔÊÐí¹«Ãñ¸öÈ˵½Ïà¹Ø¹«Ô¼µÄ¼à ²â»ú¹¹£¨monitoring body£©È¥Í¶ËßÕþ¸®£¬ºóÕßÔÊÐí¼à²â»ú¹¹µ½¹úÄÚ½øÐе÷²é¡£ 3 ¡¾child labour Ó롰ͯ¹¤¡±£ºÒ§ÎĽÀ×Ö¡¿child labour ÔÚ¹úÄÚ¶¼·­ÒëΪ¡°Í¯¹¤¡±£¬µ«child labour ÊÇÒ»¸ö³éÏó¸ÅÄ¼´¹ÍÓ¶¶ùͯµÄÏÖÏ󣬿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°¶ùͯÀͶ¯¡±£» ¶ø¡°Í¯¹¤¡±ÔòÊÇÖ¸¾ßÌå µÄÈË£¬¼´±»¹ÍÓ¶µÄ¶ùͯ¡£Çë¿´Wikipedia ¸øchild labour µÄ¶¨Ò壺 Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, ½âÎö 57 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others. (Wikipedia: child labour). ÔÙ¿´MBA ÖÇ¿â°Ù¿Æ¶Ô¡°Í¯¹¤¡±µÄ¶¨Ò壺 ͯ¹¤ÊÇָδÂú16 ÖÜË꣬Ó뵥λ»òÕ߸öÈË·¢ÉúÀͶ¯¹ØÏµ´ÓÊÂÓо­¼ÃÊÕÈëµÄÀͶ¯»òÕß´Óʸö ÌåÀͶ¯µÄÉÙÄê¡¢¶ùͯ¡£ ¿É¼û£¬Á½¸ö¸ÅÄͬ¡£¡°Í¯¹¤¡±ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖÐÊÇchild labourer¡£ÈçÏÂÁÐÁ½¸öÀý¾ä£º ? ILO says global number of child labourers had been down by a third since 2000. ? A new ILO report shows that the fi ght against child labour is on the right track, but the goal of eliminating its worst forms by 2016 will not be met at the current pace. ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬¹ú¼ÊÀ͹¤×éÖ¯·´¶ÔµÄÊÇ¡°×î¶ñÁÓÐÎʽµÄ¶ùͯÀͶ¯¡±£¬²¢·ÇÒ»ÇжùͯÀͶ¯£»Óøü³£ ¼ûµÄÖÐÎıí´ï£¬ÊÇ¡°ÏûÃð×î¶ñÁÓÐÎʽµÄͯ¹¤ÏÖÏ󡱡£µ«¼ÈÈ»µÚ182 ºÅ¹«Ô¼µÄÖÐÒë±¾ÒѾ­Ê¹ Óá°Í¯¹¤ÀͶ¯¡±µÄÒë·¨£¬ÒýÓÃʱ»¹ÊÇÑϸñÕհᣬÐðÊöÖпÉÒÔÁé»î·­Òë¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚ¡°±£Áô¡±£¨reservations£©£¬Òâ˼ÈçÏ£ºÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÔÚ¼ÓÈ빫Լʱ£¬Èç¹û²»Ï² »¶Ä³¸öÌõ¿î£¬¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÕâ¸öÌõ¿îÌá³ö±£ÁôÒâ¼û£¬²»ÊÜÕâÒ»ÌõÔ¼Êø¡£µ«±»±£ÁôµÄÌõ¿î²»ÄÜÊÇ ¹«Ô¼µÄºËÐÄÌõ¿î¡£ 5 ¡¾Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ¡¿´Ë´¦µÄ´óдConvention£¬ÊÇÖ¸¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·¡£ÒòΪµÚÒ»¾ä»°ËµºôÓõ¸÷¹ú ¼ÓÈë¡¶¹ú¼ÊÀ͹¤×éÖ¯182 ºÅ¹«Ô¼¡·£¬ËµÃ÷¸÷¹ú»¹Î´¼ÓÈ룻ûÓмÓÈ룬¾ÍÎÞËùν±£Áô¡£Òò´Ë£¬ Ö»ÄÜÊǶԡ¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÄ±£Áô¡£ 6 ¡¾Àí½â±³¾°¡¿The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure was adopted and opened for signature, ratifi cation and accession by General Assembly Resolution A/RES/66/138 of 19 December 2011. ±¾´ÎÁ·Ï°Éæ¼°µÄ»áÒéÊÇ2012 Äê10 ÔÂ18 ÈÕ ÕÙ¿ªµÄ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ¡¶ÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·¸Õ¿ª·ÅÇ©Ê𲻾ã¬Òò´ËËûÇ¿µ÷¸ÃÒ鶨ÊéµÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£ 7 ¡¾and ²»Ò»¶¨·­Òë³öÀ´¡¿and ÊÇ·ñ·­Ò룬Ҫ¿´ËüºÍÉÏÎĵĹØÏµ¡£take children¡¯s views into consideration ºÍthe right of children to be heard ´æÔÚºôÓ¦¹ØÏµ¡£¿É¼û£¬and ֮ǰÊÇÒò£¬and Ö®ºóÊǹû¡£and ¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°Òò´Ë¡±£¬»òÕßÊ¡ÂÔ²»Ò룬°Ñ¶ººÅ¸ÄΪ¾äºÅ»ò·ÖºÅ£¬Ðγɡ°Ò⠺ϡ±¡£and µÄ´ËÖÖÓ÷¨£¬²Î¼ûen.oxforddictionaries.com£º 58 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 8 ¡¾member£º¡° ³ÉÔ±¹ú¡± »¹ÊÇ¡° »áÔ±¹ú¡±¡¿´Ë´¦members Ö¸µÄÊÇmembers of the European Union£¬¼´Å·Ã˵ijÉÔ±¹ú¡£ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬members ²¢·ÇÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öϽԿÉÒëΪ¡°³ÉÔ± ¹ú¡±¡£ÔÚлªÉç·¢²¼µÄ¡¶Ð»ªÉçÐÂÎÅÐÅÏ¢±¨µÀÖеĽûÓôʺÍÉ÷Óôʣ¨2016 Äê7 ÔÂÐÞ¶©£©¡· ÖÐÌáµ½£º ÔÚÉæ¼°¹ú¼Ê¹ØÏµÊ±£¬ÈôһЩ‡ë¼Ê×éÖ¯µÄ³ÉÔ±¼È°üÀ¨¹ú¼ÒÒ²°üÀ¨µØÇø£¬ÔòÔÚ̸¼°´ËÀà¹ú¼Ê ×é֯ʱ£¬²»µÃʹÓá°³ÉÔ±‡ë¡±£¬¶øÓ¦Ê¹Óá°³ÉÔ±¡±»ò¡°³ÉÔ±·½¡±£¬ÀýÈ磬²»¿É³Æ¡°ÊÀ½çó Ò××éÖ¯³ÉÔ±¹ú¡±ºÍ¡°ÑÇÌ«¾­ºÏ×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±¹ú¡±£¬¶øÓ¦³Æ¡°ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯³ÉÔ±¡±»ò¡°ÊÀ½çóÒ× ×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±·½¡±Óë¡°ÑÇÌ«¾­ºÏ×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±£¨members£©¡±»ò¡°ÑÇÌ«¾­ºÏ×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±¾­¼ÃÌ壨member economies£©¡±¡£ÁªºÏ¹úµÄ³ÉÔ±£¬³ÆÎª¡°»áÔ±¹ú¡±¡£ 9 ¡¾right to be heard£º±í´ïÒâ¼ûȨ¡¿the right to be heard Óв»Í¬µÄÒë·¨£¬±ÈÈç¡°ÇãËßȨ¡±¡°³ÂÇé Ȩ¡±£¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨Çé¾³ÏÂÒ²Ðí¿ÉÒÔʹÓ㬵«ÔÚ¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·ÖУ¬ÓÐרÃŵ͍Ò壺 The right to be heard (also children¡¯s participation) is a child rights principle as defi ned by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. According to Article 12 of the Convention, children have the right to express their views in all matters affecting them and their views have to be given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. This right applies equally to children¡¯s participation in social and political matters as well as in judicial and administrative proceedings. As a general principle, the child¡¯s right to be heard refl ects the concept of children¡¯s ¡°agency¡±, viewing children not only as vulnerable persons in need of special protection, but also as informed decision makers, rights holders and active members of society. ÓÉ´Ë¿´À´£¬·­ÒëΪ¡°±í´ïÒâ¼ûȨ¡±¿ÉÄܱȽÏÖÐÐÔ£¬Ò²¸ü׼ȷ¡£¡°ÇãËß¡±£¨Ò»¹ÉÄÔ°ÑÐÄÀï»° ȫ˵³öÀ´£©ºÍ¡°³ÂÇ顱£¨Êö˵×Ô¼ºµÄÇé¿ö»òÖÔÇé£©ËÆºõ¶¼ÓÐЩ¸ÐÇéÉ«²Ê£¬Ö±ÒëΪ¡°±»Ìýµ½ µÄȨÀû¡±ÓÖ²»Ì«·ûºÏÖÐÎÄϰ¹ß¡£ 59 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­ÎÄ 46. As part of efforts to reform the Nicaraguan social model and eradicate poverty progressively with a special focus on early childhood1, an early childhood policy had been developed that illustrated the shift in both focus and actions¡ªfamilies were being2 shown that it was possible to raise children with love and respect. The Government had restructured the entire social welfare system, with3 each institution carrying out its proper role. Through the early childhood intervention programme, the Government would reach4 some 900,000 families nationwide in 2013. Ô­Òë 46. ×÷Ϊ¸Ä¸ïÄá¼ÓÀ­¹ÏÉç»áģʽÒÔ ¼°Öð²½Ïû³ýƶÀ§¹¤×÷£¨Ìرð¹Ø×¢ÔçÆÚͯ Ä꣩µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Õþ¸®³ǫ̈ÁËÒ»¸öÔçÆÚͯ ÄêÕþ²ß£¬²ûÃ÷Á˹Ø×¢ÖصãºÍÐж¯·½ÃæµÄ ±ä»¯¡ª¡ªÏò¼Òͥչʾ£¬Äܹ»Óð®ºÍ×ðÖØ ¸§Ñøº¢×ӳɳ¤¡£Õþ¸®ÒѾ­ÖØ×éÁËÕû¸öÉç »á¸£ÀûÌåϵ£¬Ã¿¸ö»ú¹¹¸÷˾ÆäÖ°¡£Í¨¹ý ÔçÆÚͯÄê¸ÉÔ¤¼Æ»®£¬ÔÚ2013Ä꣬Õþ¸®µÄ Ó°Ï콫±é¼°È«¹ú90Íò¸ö¼ÒÍ¥¡£ ¸ÄÒë 46. ×÷ΪÄá¼ÓÀ­¹ÏÉç»áģʽ¸Ä¸ï¼°Öð ²½Ïû³ýƶÀ§¹¤×÷µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Õþ¸®ÌØ±ð¹Ø ×¢Ó×ͯ£¬Öƶ¨ÁËÓ×ͯÕþ²ß£¬µ÷ÕûÁ˹¤×÷ ÖØµãºÍÐж¯·½°¸£¬ÒÔ´ËÏò¼ÒÍ¥±íÃ÷£¬¿É ÒÔÓùذ®ºÍ×ðÖØ¶ùͯµÄ·½Ê½¸§Óý¶ùͯ³É ³¤¡£Õþ¸®¸Ä×éÁËÕû¸öÉç»á¸£ÀûÌåϵ£¬È· ±£Ã¿¸ö»ú¹¹¸÷˾ÆäÖ°¡£Í¨¹ýÓ×ͯ¸ÉÔ¤·½ °¸£¬2013ÄêÈ«¹úÔ¼90Íò¸ö¼ÒÍ¥½«µÃµ½Õþ ¸®°ïÖú¡£ 1 ¡¾²»Ìí¼ÓÏÔÖø±êµã¡¿ Ô­Òë¼ÓÁ˸öÀ¨ºÅ£¨¶øÇҼӵĵط½²»¶Ô£©£¬ ÕâÊÇÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­Òë²»¹ÄÀø µÄ¡£³ý·Ç´î½¨¾ä×Ó½á¹¹ÌØ±ðÀ§ÄÑ£¬·ñÔò²»Ìí¼ÓÏÔÖøµÄ±êµã·ûºÅ£¨ÈçÀ¨ºÅ¡¢ÆÆÕۺš¢ÒýºÅ£©¡£ 2 ¡¾È·±£ÓïÆøÁ¬¹á¡¿Ô­ÒëÆÆÕÛºÅ֮ǰÒѾ­ºÜ³¤£¬¡°Ïò¼ÒÍ¥±íÃ÷¡±µÄÖ÷Óï²»Ã÷È·£»¸ÄÒë´òÂÒÖØ ×飬ʡÂÔÆÆÕۺţ¬Ò»ÆøºÇ³É¡£ 3 ¡¾Âß¼­Ö÷ÓïÒ»Ö¡¿¸ÄÒëÔÚ¡°Ã¿¸ö»ú¹¹¸÷˾ÆäÖ°¡±Ö®Ç°Ôö¼ÓÁËÒ»¸öÎÞʵÖÊÒâÒåµÄ¡°È·±£¡±£¬ ʹÁ½¸ö¾ä×ÓÖ÷ÓïÒ»Ö£¬¶ÁÆðÀ´¸ü¼ÓÁ¬¹á¡£ 4 ¡¾±äͨ·­Òë¡¿ reach ÎÞÂÛÊÇ×÷Ϊ¶¯´Ê»òÊÇÃû´Ê£¬¾ùÓÐÖÚ¶à´ÊÒ壬ÐèÒª¸ù¾ÝÇé¿ö±äͨ·­Òë¡£´Ë ´¦±ÊÕßµ÷ÕûÁ˾ä×ӽṹ£¬±Ü¿ªÁËreach Ò»´Ê¡£ ½âÎö 60 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 51. Thailand was the first country in the world to become a party to1 the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure, reflecting its willingness to listen and to give voice to the voiceless2, particularly3 children themselves. 51. Ì©¹úÊÇ¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¹ØÓÚÀ´ÎÄ ³ÌÐòµÄÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·µÄµÚÒ»¸öǩԼ¹ú£¬ Õâ±íÃ÷Ì©¹úÔ¸ÒâÇãÌý²¢ÎªÎÞÉùÕßÓÈÆäÊÇ ¶ùͯ±¾Éí¸³Éù¡£ ¸ÄÒë 51. Ì©¹úÊÇ¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¹ØÓÚÉ趨À´ ÎijÌÐòµÄÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·µÄµÚÒ»¸öµÞÔ¼¹ú£¬Õâ ±íÃ÷Ì©¹úÔ¸ÒâÇãÌý²¢ÈÃÄÇЩÎÞ·¨±í´ïÒâ¼û µÄÈË¡¢ÓÈÆäÊǶùͯ±í´ï×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û¡£ 1 ¡¾party ºÍsignatory¡¿party ͨ³£·­ÒëΪ¡°µÞÔ¼¹ú¡±¡°µÞÔ¼·½¡±£¨È¡¾öÓÚÏà¹ØÊµÌåÊÇ·ñΪÖ÷Ȩ ¹ú¼Ò£©¡£Ò»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÇ©ÊðÌõÔ¼ºó£¬ »¹ÐèÒª¾­¹ýÅú×¼²ÅÄܳÉΪµÞÔ¼·½¡£¡°Ç©×Ö¹ú¡±ºÍ¡°µÞÔ¼·½¡± µÄÇø±ðÈçÏ£º A country may become a party to a treaty through more than one path. One path is to sign the treaty during the period in which the treaty is open for signature and then to ratify the treaty. However, a country may also become a party by acceding to or by accepting the treaty. When a country becomes a signatory to a treaty, it declares its intention to make the terms of the treaty legally binding on itself, but the act itself does not make that act binding. When a country ratifi es a treaty, it makes the terms of the treaty legally binding, once the treaty¡¯s requirements for entry into force are met. For example, the U.S. has signed the Kyoto Protocol, but not ratifi ed it. The Kyoto Protocol is not binding on the U.S. Members of the European Union have both signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol; when the Kyoto Protocol meets the minimum requirements for entry into force, the protocol will be binding on them. Kyoto has not yet met those requirements, however, so Kyoto is not legally binding on any country. (sedac.uservoice.com) ¡¾µÞÔ¼ÐÐΪÊõÓï¡¿Éæ¼°µÞÔ¼ÐÐΪµÄһЩÊõÓÇëËÑË÷ÁªºÏ¹úµÄ´Ê»ã±í¡°Glossary of Terms ½âÎö 61 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Relating to Treaty Actions¡±£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨ÒÔÏ´ÊÌõ£¨ÒëÎÄÀ´×ÔÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ£©£º ? Acceptance or Approval£¨ ½ÓÊÜ»òºË×¼£© ? 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The increasingly frequent removal of Russian-Finnish children1 from their families by Finnish authorities was grounds for concern. Such actions had negative consequences for the development and well-being of the children involved, and ran counter to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, whose preamble2 stated, in part3, that ¡°the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being4 of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community¡±5. 83. ·ÒÀ¼µ±¾ÖÈÕ񾮵·±µØ°Ñ¶íÒá·ÒÀ¼ ¶ùͯ´Ó¼ÒÖдø×ßµÄÐÐΪÁîÈ˵£ÓÇ¡£ÕâÖÖ ÐÐΪ¶ÔÏà¹Ø¶ùͯµÄ·¢Õ¹ºÍ¸£ìíÓиºÃæÓ° Ï죬Óë¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·±³µÀ¶ø³Û¡£¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·Ç°ÑÔÖÐдµÀ£º£¨²¿·ÖÒýÓã©¡°¼ÒÍ¥ÊÇËù ÓмÒÍ¥³ÉÔ±ÓÈÆäÊǶùͯ³É³¤ºÍ¸£ìíµÄ»ù ±¾Éç»áȺÌåºÍ×ÔÈ»»·¾³£¬Ó¦¸Ã±»Ìṩ±Ø ÒªµÄ±£»¤ºÍÔ®Öú£¬²ÅÄܳä·Ö³Ðµ£ÆäÉçÇø ÔðÈΡ£¡± ¸ÄÒë 83. ·ÒÀ¼µ±¾ÖÈÕ񾮵·±µØ°Ñ¶íÒá·Ò À¼¶ùͯ´øÀë¼ÒÍ¥µÄÐÐΪÁîÈ˹ØÇС£ÕâÖÖ ÐÐΪ¶ÔÕâЩ¶ùͯµÄ·¢Õ¹ºÍÐÒ¸£ÓиºÃæÓ° Ï죬Óë¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·±³µÀ¶ø³Û¡£¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·ÐòÑÔÖ¸³ö£º¡°¼ÒÍ¥×÷ΪÉç»áµÄ»ù±¾µ¥ Ôª£¬×÷Ϊ¼ÒÍ¥ËùÓгÉÔ±¡¢ÌرðÊǶùͯµÄ ³É³¤ºÍÐÒ¸£µÄ×ÔÈ»»·¾³£¬Ó¦»ñµÃ±ØÒªµÄ ±£»¤ºÍЭÖú£¬ÒÔ³ä·Ö¸ºÆðËüÔÚÉç»áÉ쵀 ÔðÈΡ£¡± 1 ¡¾¹Ø×¢·¢ÑÔÕßÉí·Ý¡¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÒªÌá¡°¶íÒá·ÒÀ¼¶ùͯ¡±£¿ÒòΪ·¢ÑÔÕßÀ´×Ô¶íÂÞ˹Áª°î£¬Ç×ÇéʹȻ¡£ 2 ¡¾¾öÒéµÄ×é³É²¿·Ö¡¿preamble ͳһÒëΪ¡°ÐòÑÔ¡±£¬²»Óá°Ç°ÑÔ¡±¡£ËùÓеĹ«Ô¼ºÍ¾öÒé¶¼ÓÐÐò ÑÔ²¿·Ö£¨ preambular part£©ºÍÖ´Ðв¿·Ö£¨operative part£©¡£¹ØÓÚÕâÁ½²¿·ÖµÄÓïÑÔÌØµã£¬¶ÁÕß ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÓ¢ÎĹؼü´Ê¼ìË÷¡£ 3 ¡¾µ­»¯Ô­ÎÄ覴á¿in part ÔÚÔ­ÎÄÖÐÊDzåÈëÓÔÚÔ­ÒëÖб»·ÅÈëÀ¨ºÅÀ»¹ÖÃÓÚ¾ä×Ó¿ªÍ·£¬ ºÜͻأ¡£´Ë´¦¡°²¿·ÖÒýÓá±ÆäʵºÜ¶àÓà¡£ÒýÓÃĬÈÏÊDz¿·ÖÒýÓã¬È«ÎÄÒýÓõĺÜÉÙ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ ÒëÎÄÒªµ­»¯Õâ¸öÒâ˼¡£¸ÄÒë¸É´àÊ¡ÂÔÕâ¸ö´Ê¡£ 4 ¡¾well-being£º¡°¸£ìí¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°ÐÒ¸£¡±¡¿Well-being refers to a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state characterized by health, happiness, and prosperity. (dictionary.com) ÁªºÏ¹úµÄ ºÜ¶àÎļþ¶¼·­ÒëΪ¡°¸£ìí¡±£¬ºÜÊéÃæ»¯¡£¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·Öн«ÆäÒëΪ¡°ÐÒ¸£¡±£¬±È½Ï½ÓµØÆø£¬ ´Ë´¦ÑØÓᣠ½âÎö 65 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­ÎÄ 88. Under an agreement signed by the Government of Nigeria1a, the International Labour Organization and the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour1b, shelters were being established to rehabilitate and reintegrate rescued trafficked children with their families2. Human trafficking3 must be addressed not only through law enforcement actions, but also through policies aimed at prevention and, most important, protection of the victim. Ô­Òë 88. ¸ù¾ÝÄáÈÕÀûÑÇÕþ¸®Í¬¹ú¼ÊÀ͹¤×é ֯ǩ¶©µÄ¡¶Ïû³ýͯ¹¤¹ú¼ÊÏîĿЭÒé¡·µÄ ÒªÇ󣬸ùúÕý½¨Á¢ÊÕÈÝËù£¬Í¬ÒѾȳöµÄ ±»··Âô¶ùͯµÄ¼ÒÈËÒ»µÀ£¬°ïÖúÕâЩ¶ùͯ »Ö¸´Õý³£Éú»î²¢ÖØÐÂÈÚÈëÉç»á¡£È˿ڷ· ÂôÎÊÌâ²»½ö½ö±ØÐë¿¿Ö´·¨Ðж¯½â¾ö£¬»¹ Òª¿¿ÒÔÔ¤·À¡¢¸üÖØÒªµÄÊDZ£»¤Êܺ¦ÕßΪ Ä¿±êµÄÕþ²ß½â¾ö¡£ ¸ÄÒë 88. ¸ù¾ÝÄáÈÕÀûÑÇÕþ¸®Í¬¹ú¼ÊÀ͹¤ ×éÖ¯ºÍ·Ï³ýͯ¹¤¹ú¼Ê¼Æ»®Ç©ÊðµÄÒ»ÏîЭ Ò飬ÄáÈÕÀûÑÇÕýÔÚ½¨Á¢Ò»Ð©ÊÕÈÝËù£¬°ï Öú»ñ¾ÈµÄ±»··Ô˶ùͯ»Ö¸´Õý³£Éú»î¡¢ÖØ ÐÂÈÚÈë¼ÒÍ¥¡£È˿ڷ·ÔËÎÊÌâ²»½ö±ØÐëͨ ¹ýÖ´·¨Ðж¯½â¾ö£¬»¹±ØÐëͨ¹ýÖ¼ÔÚÔ¤·À¡¢ ÌØ±ðÊDZ£»¤Êܺ¦ÕßµÄÕþ²ß¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö¡£ 5 ¡¾±ÜÃâÁíÆð¯Ôî¡¿Õâ¶Î»°Òý×Ô¡¶¶ùͯȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·£¬ÒëÕßÐèÒªÕÒµ½¹«Ô¼µÄÖÐÒë±¾£¬Ö±½Ó³­Â¼ Ïà¹ØÖÐÎÄ¡£³ý·ÇÓÐÖØ´ó´íÎ󣬷ñÔòÒëÕß²»Òª¸Ä¶¯¹«Ô¼µÄÔ­Ò룬Ҳ²»ÒªÁíÆð¯Ôî¡£ 1 ¡¾²¢Áл¹ÊÇÆ«Õý¡¿an agreement signed by the Government of Nigeria£¨1a£©Óëthe International Labour Organization and the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour£¨1b£© ÊDz¢Áгɷ֣¬¼´Ð­ÒéÊÇÓÉÄáÈÕÀûÑÇÕþ¸®ÓëÁ½Õß¹²Í¬Ç©¶©£¬Ô­ÒëÀí½âÓÐÎó¡£the International Labour Organization and the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour ¼ò³Æ Ϊthe ILO-IPEC¡£±ÊÕßÔÚÍøÉÏÕÒµ½ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º It commits to help in reducing the cases of child labour. This ILO programme assumes responsibility of giving direct services of 9,350 children involved in child labour in the Philippines. (ilo.org) 2 ¡¾Àí½â½á¹¹è¦´Ã¡¿ rehabilitate ¿ÉÒÔÊÓÇé¿ö·­ÒëΪ¡° »Ö¸´¡±¡° ¸ÄÔ족¡° ƽ·´¡± µÈ£¬ ²Î¼û en.oxforddictionaries.com£º ½âÎö 66 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¶Ôrehabilitate and reintegrate rescued traffi cked children with their families µÄÀí½âÓÐÎó¡£ ¸Ã¶ÌÓïµÄ½á¹¹ÓÐ覴ã¬ÐèÒª·Ö½âΪrehabilitate rescued traffi cked children and reintegrate rescued traffi cked children with their families¡£ 3 ¡¾human traffi cking£º¡°È˿ڷ·ÔË¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°È˿ڷ·Âô¡±¡¿ Human traffi cking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the traffi cker or others. Human traffi cking is the trade in people, especially women and children, and does not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one place to another. (Wikipedia: human traffi cking) human traffi cking ·­ÒëΪ¡°È˿ڷ·ÔË¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°È˿ڷ·Âô¡±£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÖÐÎÄ´¦Ò²ÊÇÕùÂÛ²»ÐÝ£¬ ×îºó¶¨Îª¡°È˿ڷ·ÔË¡±£¬²»ÔÙ¸ÄÁË¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¼´Ê¹ÖÐÎĶÁÕß²»Ì«Ï°¹ß£¬Ò²Ðè񻄯Ó᣹úÄÚ ¸ü¶àʹÓá°··ÂôÈ˿ڡ±µÄ˵·¨¡£ÒòΪtraffi c µÄ±¾Òâ¾ÍÊÇtrade£¬Ö»²»¹ýÊÇ·Ç·¨½»Ò×£¬²Î¼û en.oxforddictionaries.com£º 67 µÚ3µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ´Ó´ÊÔ´Ò²¿É¿´µ½£¬Õâ¸ö´ÊȷʵÒþº¬×Å»õÎï»ò³Ë¿ÍµÄÔËÊä¡£ÎÒÏëÕâÒ²ÊÇ×îÖÕÈ·¶¨Îª¡°··ÔË¡± µÄÔ­Òò¡£¡°··Âô¡±µ±Öеġ°··¡±£¬ÒѾ­Òþº¬ÁËÂòÂô£¬¡°··ÔË¡±¾ÍÊÇΪÁË··Âô¶ø½øÐеÄÔËÊ䣬 ·ûºÏÕâ¸ö´ÊµÄ±¾Òå¡£µ±È»£¬Èç¹ûÈ·¶¨Îª¡°··Âô¡±£¬Ò²ÓеÀÀí£¬ÉõÖÁ¸üÓеÀÀí£¬ÒòΪÈçǰËù Êö£¬human traffi cking...does not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one place to another£¬¼´traffi cking ²»Ò»¶¨Éæ¼°¡°ÔËÊ䡱¡£ ¡¾human smuggling£º×ß˽È˿ڡ¿Ò»¸öÏà¹ØµÄ¸ÅÄîÊÇpeople smuggling£¬Wikipedia µÄ½âÊÍÈçÏ£º People smuggling (also called human smuggling), under U.S. law, is ¡°the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries¡¯ laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents¡±. ¿É¼û£¬ smuggle ÊǰïÖúËûÈË͵¶É»ò×ÔÐÐ͵¶É£¬ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖÐÓжàÖÖÒë·¨£¬ °üÀ¨¡°Íµ ¶É¡±¡°ÍµÔËÈ˿ڡ±¡°ÈË¿Ú×ß˽¡±¡£people smuggler ÒëΪ¡°ÉßÍ·¡±¡£ 68 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ 1. Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå 2. ´§²âÑÔÍâÖ®Òâ µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ²éÕÒÀúÊ·×ÊÁÏ 2. ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. mixed treaties 2. persistent objector 3. opinio jurisºÍstate practice 4. hierarchy of norms 5. jus cogensºÍperemptory norms 6. universality 7. provisional application of treaties 8. mixed treaties 9. Îĺŵĺ¬Òå ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå 2. parliamentºÍassemblyµÄÇø±ð 3. communitiesºÍregionsµÄÇø±ð 4. ÕýÈ·Àí½âÐÞÊιØÏµ 5. ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. state practice£ºÊ¹Óó£ÓÃÒë·¨ 2. endanger£ºÕå×ÃÓÃ´Ê 3. ±ÜÃâ±í´ïÆçÒå ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à£ºÉÙÓá°°Ñ¡±ºÍ¡°¶Ô¡± 2. ÒéÌâ²ÎÕÕÒÑÓÐÒë·¨ 3. ¶ÙºÅ¿ÉÄÜÒýÆðµÄÎó½â 4. ¹úÃû·­Òë½ô¸úÔ­ÎÄ ±äͨ 1. Áé»î·­Òë 2. Ϊ´îÅäÔöÒë 3. Áé»î·­Òëbe justifi ed ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×ÔÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùÊ®°Ë½ì»áÒéµÄÕýʽ¼Ç¼£¬ÄÚÈÝΪµÚÁùίԱ»á¿ª»áµÄ¼òÒª¼Ç ¼¡£È«ÎļûÎļþA/C.6/68/SR.26£¬¿ÉÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÕýʽÎļþϵͳÖÐÕÒµ½¡£ Óöµ½±È½ÏÄѵÄÎļþ£¬ÐèÒª½øÐиü¶à±³¾°µ÷²é£¬²ÅÄܽϺÃÀí½âÔ­ÎÄ¡£ ´ÓÎļþÉϵÄĿ¼ºÍ¼òÒª¼Ç¼¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½£¬ÔÚÕâ´Î»áÒéÉÏ£¬µÚÁùίԱ»áÌýÈ¡Á˹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô± »áÖ÷ϯ¾Í¸ÃίԱ»áǰÁ½½ì£¨µÚÁùÊ®Èý½ìºÍµÚÁùÊ®Îå½ì£©»áÒéËù×ö¹¤×÷µÄ½éÉÜ¡£½øÒ»²½µ÷²é µÚ 4 µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé ¼òÒª¼Ç¼ 69 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ·¢ÏÖ£¬µÚÁùÊ®Îå½ì»áÒéËù×ö¹¤×÷µÄ±¨¸æÄÚÈÝÈçÏ£º ÆäÖÐµÄµÚÆßÕº͵ڰËÕ£¬¾ÍÊDZ¾µ¥ÔªÉæ¼°µÄÄÚÈÝ¡£Èç¹ûÊÂÏȲ鿴Ïà¹ØÄÚÈÝ£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸ü ºÃÀí½â»áÒéµÄÌÖÂÛ¡£×¢Ò⣺¸Ã±¨¸æÔÚ»áǰÒѾ­·¢µ½µÚÁùίԱ»áίԱÊÖÖУ¬ËùÒÔ£¬Ö÷ϯ²»ÊÇ Ðû¶Á±¨¸æ£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ×÷¼òÒª½éÉܺó£¬ÌýÈ¡µÚÁùίԱ»áµÄÒâ¼û£¨¼´¼òÒª¼Ç¼µÄÄÚÈÝ£©¡£ ¹ØÓÚµÚÁùίԱ»áºÍ¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»á£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º The United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee (the Legal Committee) is the last of the six main committees of the United Nations General Assembly. The Sixth Committee is the primary forum for the consideration of legal questions in the General Assembly. The Sixth Committee meets every year from late September to late November, in parallel with the General Assembly¡¯s annual session. At the beginning of the session, the General Assembly assigns to the Sixth Committee a list of agenda items to be discussed. Those items usually include the annual reports of the International Law Commission, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, the Ad Hoc Committee established by Resolution 51/210 of 17 December 1996 on Terrorism, the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization and the Host Country Committee, as well as the item Measures to Eliminate International terrorism. The International Law Commission was established by the General Assembly at its 70 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ second session, in 1947, with a view to giving effect to Article 13, Paragraph 1 (a), of the Charter and with the objective of promoting the progressive development of international law and its codifi cation (Resolution 174 (II)). It holds an annual session at the United Nations Offi ce at Geneva. (Wikipedia: United Nations General Assembly Sixth Committee) Ô­ÎÄ 1. Mr. Misonne (Belgium) said, in response to the Commission¡¯s request for information on State practice concerning the provisional application of treaties1, that article 167 of the Belgian Constitution as revised in 1994 set out the basic principle that all treaties must be submitted for approval to the Parliament or to the competent assembly or assemblies2, and that approval was necessary for treaties to have effect in Belgian law3. Neither article 167 nor the Cooperation Agreement of 8 March 1994 among the Federal State, the Communities and the Regions of the Kingdom of Belgium in relation to the modalities of concluding mixed treaties4 (in the Belgian constitutional sense) contemplated the provisional application of treaties. While the provisional application of treaties could be agreed between the parties and produce effects in international law, it was therefore limited with respect to the domestic law of Belgium as a result of the constitutional requirement of approval. If the provisional effect sought pertained to domestic law, the agreement for provisional application and the treaty provisions concerned were subject to the approval process5. Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­Òë 1. MisonneÏÈÉú £¨±ÈÀûʱ£© ÔÚ»ØÓ¦ ίԱ»áÇëÇó¸÷¹úÌṩ×ÊÁÏ¡¢ËµÃ÷Æä¹ØÓÚ ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼µÄ¹ßÀýʱ˵£¬1994ÄêÐÞ¶© µÄ¡¶±ÈÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ167Ìõ¹æ¶¨µÄ»ù±¾Ô­ ÔòÊÇ£ºËùÓÐÌõÔ¼±ØÐëÌá½»Òé»á¡¢Ö÷¹ÜµÄ Ò»¸ö»ò¶à¸ö»áÒéÅú×¼£¬²¢ÇÒÌõÔ¼±ØÐë»ñ µÃÅú×¼²ÅÄܾ߱¸±ÈÀûʱ·¨ÂÉЧÁ¦¡£¡¶ÏÜ ·¨¡·µÚ167Ìõ¼°±ÈÀûʱÍõ¹úÁª°î¡¢¸÷´ó ÇøºÍ¸÷ÓïÇø¼äÓÚ1994Äê3ÔÂ8ÈÕ´ï³ÉµÄ¡¢ ¹ØÓڵ޽ᣨ¡¶±ÈÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·Ëù³ÆµÄ£©»ì ºÏÌõÔ¼·½Ê½µÄ¡¶ºÏ×÷ЭÒé¡·£¬¾ùδÏêϸ ¿¼ÂÇÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼µÄÎÊÌâ¡£¸÷·½¿É¾ÍÔÝ Ê±ÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼´ï³ÉЭÒ飬²¢²úÉú¹ú¼Ê·¨Ð§ ¸ÄÒë 1. MisonneÏÈÉú £¨±ÈÀûʱ£© ÔÚ»ØÓ¦ ίԱ»áÇë¸÷¹úÌṩ×ÊÁÏ˵Ã÷ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼ µÄ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùʱ±íʾ£¬1994ÄêÐÞ¶©µÄ¡¶±È ÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ167Ìõ¹æ¶¨µÄ»ù±¾Ô­ÔòÊÇ£¬ ËùÓÐÌõÔ¼±ØÐëÌá½»Áª°îÒé»á»òÒ»¸ö»ò¶à¸ö Ö÷¹ÜµØ·½Òé»áÉóÒ飬»ñµÃÅú×¼ºó²ÅÄÜÔÚ±È Àûʱ·¨ÂÉÖз¢ÉúЧÁ¦¡£¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ167Ìõ ºÍ1994Äê3ÔÂ8ÈÕ±ÈÀûʱÍõ¹úÁª°î¡¢¸÷×å ȺºÍ¸÷µØÇø¹ØÓÚ£¨¡¶±ÈÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·Ëùν£© »ìºÏÌõÔ¼µÞ½á·½Ê½µÄ¡¶ºÏ×÷ЭÒé¡·£¬¾ùδ Êö¼°ÌõÔ¼ÔÝʱÊÊÓõÄÎÊÌâ¡£ËäÈ»ÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝ Ê±ÊÊÓÃÓɸ÷·½É̶¨²¢Óɴ˲úÉú¹ú¼Ê·¨Ð§ Á¦£¬µ«ÒòΪ¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨ÌõÔ¼Ðë¾­Åú×¼£¬ 71 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­Òë Á¦£»ÓÉÓÚ¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼±Ø ÐëµÃµ½Åú×¼£¬Òò¶øÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÔÚ±ÈÀûʱ¹ú ÄÚ·¨ÉÏÊܵ½ÁËÏÞÖÆ¡£ÌõÔ¼ÈôÒªÔÚ¹úÄÚ·¨ ÉϲúÉúÏëÒªµÄÔÝʱЧÁ¦£¬ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃЭÒé ºÍÏà¹ØµÄÌõÔ¼Ìõ¿îÐëͨ¹ýÅú×¼³ÌÐò¡£ ¸ÄÒë ËùÒÔÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÔÚÉæ¼°±ÈÀûʱ¹úÄÚ·¨ ʱÊܵ½ÏÞÖÆ¡£Èç¹ûÔÝʱÊÊÓõÄЧ¹ûÉæ¼°¹ú ÄÚ·¨£¬ÓйØÔÝʱÊÊÓõÄЭÒé¼°Ïà¹ØÌõÔ¼Ìõ ¿î¾Í±ØÐëͨ¹ýÅú×¼³ÌÐò¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓã¨provisional application of treaties£©ÎÊÌâÊôÓÚ¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÇ°ÑØ ÎÊÌ⣬ÒëÕß²»Ò»¶¨Çå³þ£¬ÐèÒª²éÔÄÏà¹Ø×ÊÁÏ¡£Õâ·Ý¼Ç¼µÄÄÚÈÝΪ¡°Agenda Item 81: Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its sixty-third and sixty-fifth sessions (continued)¡±£¬ÆäÖÐÓиö¡°Ðø¡±×Ö£¬¿ÉÖª»áÒé¼Ç¼»¹ÓÐǰ°ë²¿·Ö¡£±¾ÎļþµÄ±àºÅÊÇA/ C.6/68/SR.26£¬ÆäÖеÄ26£¬ÊÇÖ¸µÚ26 ´Î»áÒ飬²»·Á²é²éµÚ25 ´Î»áÒéµÄ¼Ç¼£¬ÒÔÁ˽â¸ü¶à ±³¾°¡£ÔڹȸèÖÐËÑË÷A/C.6/68/SR.25£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½£¨´Ë´¦´ÓÂÔ£©¡£ Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó²éÕÒprovisional application of treaties£º The provisional application of treaties is a relatively recent development in international treaty law designed to address some of the shortcomings of the traditional practice of concluding treaties. Generally, the process of concluding a treaty has taken place under a three-step process of signature ( Ç©Êð), ratifi cation ( Åú×¼), and entry into force ( ÉúЧ). Parties to a treaty must express their consent to be bound, a process most commonly achieved through a simple signature that expresses a party¡¯s consent to be bound subject to domestic ratification of the treaty. Signatories then must ratify the treaty under their respective domestic procedures. Once the required number of signatories has ratified the treaty, the treaty will definitively enter into force. It is only at this point that positive legal obligations arise under the treaty. Prior to entry into force, a treaty does not impose positive legal duties and obligations on signatory parties; and as a result of each state¡¯s varying process of ratifi cation, there is often a substantial gap in time between treaty signature and entry into force. By contrast, provisional application imposes duties and obligations on signatories during this gap period and can be best understood as an attempt to solve collective action problems created by this gap. Under the provisional application of a treaty, signatory states undertake to give effect to treaty obligations prior to the completion of the domestic ratifi cation procedures, with the intention of acceding ½âÎö 72 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ to the treaty once domestic ratification has been completed. However, the extent to which these obligations are binding, affirmative legal obligations has not been firmly established in international law. 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This enables them to run their own policies in a way that is closely geared to the needs and wishes of their own citizens. In amongst other elements, the diversity and self-rule of the Regions and Communities manifest themselves in their own Parliaments and Governments. Same as the Federal Parliament, each of these Regional Parliamentary assemblies has its own powers, is able to autonomously adopt laws and regulations for its territory and population and ratify international treaties in respect of its own powers. (docs.vlaamsparlement.be) ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÖª£¬¼òÒª¼Ç¼ÖеÄparliament Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÖ¸Áª°îÒé»á£»assembly Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÖ¸¡°µØ·½Òé»á¡± £¨°üÀ¨µØÇøºÍ×åȺµÄÒé»á£©£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒëÎÄÖÐÌåÏÖ³öÀ´¡£ÖÁÓÚ¡°µØÇø¡±¡°×åȺ¡±µÄ¸ÅÄÒòΪ ÕâÊÇ»áÒé¼Ç¼£¬²»±ã½âÊÍ¡£¶ÁÕß²»¶®µÄ»°£¬Ö»ÄÜ×Ô¼ºÈ¥²é×ÊÁÏ¡£ 3 ¡¾ÕýÈ·Àí½âÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿Ô­Òë¡°¾ß±¸±ÈÀûʱ·¨ÂÉЧÁ¦¡±Ëµ·¨ºÜÆæ¹Ö£¬Ô­ÎÄin Belgian law ÏÞ¶¨ to have effect¡£Belgian law ²»ÊÇÒ»²¿·¨ÂÉ£¬¶øÊÇÖ¸±ÈÀûʱ·¨ÂÉÌåϵ¡£ÌõÔ¼Åú×¼Ö®ºó£¬µÈÓÚ ÄÉÈëÁ˹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉÌåϵ£¬ËùÒÔ²úÉúЧÁ¦¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚmixed treaties£¬±ÈÀûʱÍâ½»²¿ÍøÕ¾ÌṩµÄÐÅϢΪ£º Depending on the distribution of authority between the federal authorities and the federated entities, a distinction is made between exclusively federal treaties, treaties which exclusively concern the Communities and Regions, and mixed treaties...The mixed treaties must be approved by all legislative authorities concerned. ÆäÖеÄfederated entities ¾ÍÊÇÖ¸Communities and Regions¡£ËùÒÔ£¬·­ÒëΪ¡°»ìºÏÌõÔ¼¡±Ã» ÓÐ´í¡£´Ë´¦¾¡¹Ü²»²é×ÊÁÏÒ²ÄÜ·­ÒëÕýÈ·£¬µ«²»²é×ÊÁÏÎÞ·¨Ôö³¤¼ûʶ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬Í¨¹ýÕâЩ×Ê ÁÏÒ²¼ÓÉîÁ˶ÔǰÎĵÄÀí½â£ºÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÄÜÒÔΪthe competent assembly or assemblies ½ö½öÊÇΪÁË ±íʾÓï·¨ÉϵÄÑϽ÷ÐÔ£¬Áýͳ·­ÒëΪ¡°µØ·½Òé»á¡±¼´¿É£¬µ«Á˽⵽ÓÐЩÌõÔ¼Ò»¸öÒé»áÅú×¼ ¼´¿É£¬ÓÐЩÐèÒª¶à¸öÒé»áÅú×¼£¬¾ÍÖªµÀ×îºÃ»¹ÊÇÒëΪ¡°Ò»¸ö»ò¶à¸öµØ·½Òé»á¡±¡£ 74 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 5 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿´Ë´¦Ô­ÒëÀí½â²»µ½Î»¡£¸Ã¾äµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÓ°Ïì µ½¹úÄÚ·¨£¬Ïà¹ØÐ­ÒéºÍÌõ¿î¾ÍÒªµÃµ½Òé»áÅú×¼¡£ÕâÑù¹æ¶¨ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÀí½âµÄ£¬ÒòΪÌõÔ¼µÄÇ© ÊðÊǹú¼ÒÊ×ÄÔ¡¢Íâ½»²¿²¿³¤µÈÐÐÕþ»ú¹Ø´ú±íÍê³ÉµÄ£¬µ«Á¢·¨È¨ÓÉÒé»áÐÐʹ£¬ËùÒÔÉæ¼°·¨ ÂÉÐÞ¸Äʱ£¬Ó¦¸Ã½»¸øÒé»áÍê³É¡£ÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓÃʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÐÐÕþȨÁ¦Ô½È¨£¬Òò´ËÊÇÓÐÕùÒé µÄ£¬½öÏÞÓÚ½ô¼±ºÍÌØÊâÇé¿öÏÂʹÓᣱÈÈ磬ijÌõÔ¼¹æ¶¨Òª½¨Á¢Ò»¸öÃØÊé´¦£¬¸ºÔðÌõÔ¼µÄ ʵʩ£¬Èç¹ûµÈµ½ÌõÔ¼ÉúЧÔÙÀ´½¨Á¢£¬²»ÖªµÀÒªµÈ¶à¾Ã¡£ÕâʱÈç¹ûÇ©Êð¹úͬÒâÔÝʱÊÊÓ㬠¾Í¿ÉÒÔÂíÉϽ¨Á¢¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 2. Prior to the revision of the Constitution, Belgium had provisionally applied some agreements, including agreements on air transport and on raw materials, without the prior approval of the competent assemblies1. With regard to the legal effects of provisional application, his delegation considered that, in most cases, if the parties agreed to the provisional application of a treaty, its provisions would apply just as if it had entered into force2. 1 ¡¾´§²âÑÔÍâÖ®Òâ¡¿´ÓÉÏÒ»¶Î¿´£¬¡¶±ÈÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÐë¾­Òé»áÅú×¼¡£±¾¶Î˵ÏÜ ·¨ÐÞ¶©Ç°£¬Ôø¾­Î´¾­Åú×¼ÔÝʱÊÊÓùýijЩЭ¶¨¡£ºÏÀíµÄÍÆ¶ÏÊÇÏÜ·¨ÐÞ¶©ºó£¬Î´¾­Åú×¼²» ÔÙÔÊÐíÔÝʱÊÊÓã»»òÕß֮ǰδ¾­Åú×¼¶øÔÝʱÊÊÓ÷¢ÉúÔÚ²»Ó°Ïì¹úÄÚ·¨µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬½ñºóÓö µ½ÕâÖÖÇé¿ö»¹¿ÉÒÔÔÝʱÊÊÓá£ÈçÓÐÐËȤ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½²éÔÄ¡¶±ÈÀûʱÏÜ·¨¡·µ±ÄêÐÞ¶©µÄÏà ¹Ø×ÊÁÏ¡£×¢Ò⣺±¾´Î»áÒéÊÇ2013 Äê11 ÔÂ5 ÈÕÕÙ¿ªµÄ£¬Òª²éµÄÊÇÔÚ´Ë֮ǰµÄÐÞ¶©ÄÚÈÝ¡£ ½âÎö Ô­Òë 2. ÔÚÐÞÏÜ֮ǰ£¬±ÈÀûʱÔÚûÓлñµÃ Ö÷¹Ü»áÒéÊÂǰÅú×¼µÄÇé¿öÏÂÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÁËÒ» ЩЭÒ飬°üÀ¨¹ØÓÚ¿ÕÔ˺ÍÔ­²ÄÁϵÄЭÒé¡£ ¹ØÓÚÔÝʱÊÊÓõķ¨ÂÉЧÁ¦ÎÊÌ⣬±ÈÀûʱ´ú ±íÍÅÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚ¶àÊýÇé¿öÏ£¬Èç¹û¸÷·½¾Íij ¸öÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓôï³ÉÒ»Ö£¬¸ÃÌõÔ¼Ìõ¿î ½«²úÉúÓë¸ÃÌõÔ¼ÒѾ­ÉúЧͬÑùµÄЧÁ¦¡£ ¸ÄÒë 2. ÔÚÐÞÏÜ֮ǰ£¬±ÈÀûÊ±Ôø¾­Î´¾­Ö÷ ¹ÜµØ·½Òé»áÊÂÏÈÅú×¼¶øÔÝʱÊÊÓùýһЩЭ ¶¨£¬°üÀ¨¹ØÓÚº½¿ÕÔËÊäºÍÔ­²ÄÁϵÄЭ¶¨¡£ ¹ØÓÚÔÝʱÊÊÓõÄЧÁ¦£¬±ÈÀûʱ´ú±íÍÅÈÏ Îª£¬ÔÚ¶àÊýÇé¿öÏ£¬Èç¹û¸÷·½¾Íij¸öÌõÔ¼ µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓôï³ÉÒ»Ö£¬ÔòÌõÔ¼Ìõ¿îµÄÊÊÓà ½«ÊÓͬ¸ÃÌõÔ¼ÒѾ­ÉúЧ¡£ 75 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­ÎÄ 4. Mr. Momtaz (Islamic Republic of Iran1), speaking on the topic, ¡°Formation and evidence of customary international law2¡±, said that his delegation welcomed the decision to change the title of the topic to ¡°Identification of customary international law¡± and did not consider that it would affect the scope of the topic or the mandate given to the Commission. The question of the source of peremptory norms (jus cogens)3 should be excluded from the topic for several reasons: the concept was more closely related to the hierarchy of norms4, and the formation of jus cogens followed a different path from that of customary international law. Some of the rules that applied to the latter, such as the notion of the ¡°persistent objector5¡± had no place in the formation of jus cogens. Nevertheless, the interest in peremptory norms and the lack of generally accepted criteria for identifying them was a subject that merited consideration6 by the Commission, which might attempt to determine under what conditions an ordinary rule reached the status of jus cogens7. Ô­Òë 4. MomtazÏÈÉú£¨ÒÁÀÊÒÁ˹À¼¹²ºÍ ¹ú£©¾Í¡°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐγɺÍÖ¤¾Ý¡±×¨Ìâ ·¢±íÒâ¼ûʱ˵£¬ÒÁÀÊ´ú±íÍÅ»¶Ó­½«±¾×¨ ÌâµÄÃû³Æ±ä¸üΪ¡°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄʶ±ð¡± µÄ¾ö¶¨£¬²»ÈÏΪÕâ»á¸Ä±ä±¾ÒéÌâµÄ·¶Î§ »ò±¾Î¯Ô±»áµÄÈÎÎñÊÚȨ¡£Ç¿ÖÆ·¨ £¨jus cogens£©µÄÀ´Ô´ÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÓ¦¸Ã±»ÅųýÔÚ Õâ¸öרÌâÖ®Í⣬ÓÐÈçϼ¸ÌõÔ­Òò£ºÕâÒ»¸Å ÄîÓë·¨Âɹ淶µÄ²ã¼¶ÁªÏµ¸üÃÜÇУ¬Ç¿ÖÆ·¨ µÄÐγÉ×ñÑ­µÄÊÇÒ»ÌõÓëϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨²»Í¬µÄ ·¾¶¡£ÊÊÓÃÓÚºóÕßµÄһЩ¹æÔò£¬ÀýÈç¡°Ò» ¹á·´¶ÔÕß¡±ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄîÔÚÇ¿ÖÆ·¨µÄÐγÉÖв¢ δ·¢»ÓÈκÎ×÷Óá£È»¶ø£¬ÈËÃǶÔÇ¿ÖÆ·¨µÄ ÐËȤÓ̴棬¶øÓÖûÓÐÓÃÓÚʶ±ðÇ¿ÖÆ·¨µÄÆÕ ±é½ÓÊܵıê×¼£»ÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÖµµÃ±¾Î¯Ô±»á¿¼ ÂÇ£¬¿ÉÒÔÊÔͼȷ¶¨ÔÚºÎÖÖÌõ¼þÏÂÆÕͨ¹æÔò ´ïµ½ÁËÇ¿ÖÆ·¨µÄ״̬¡£ ¸ÄÒë 4 . M o m t a zÏÈÉú£¨ÒÁÀÊÒÁ˹À¼¹² ºÍ¹ú£©¾Í¡°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐγÉÓëÖ¤¾Ý¡± רÌâ·¢±íÒâ¼ûʱ˵£¬ÒÁÀÊ´ú±íÍÅ»¶Ó­½« ±¾×¨ÌâµÄÃû³Æ±ä¸üΪ¡°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄʶ ±ð¡±µÄ¾ö¶¨£¬²»ÈÏΪÕâ»áÓ°Ï챾רÌâµÄ ·¶Î§»ò¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»áµÄÖ°Ôð¡£Ç¿ÖÆÐÔ¹æ ·¶£¨Ç¿Ðз¨£©µÄÀ´Ô´ÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÓ¦¸ÃÅųý ÔÚÕâ¸öרÌâÖ®Í⣬ÒòΪÕâÒ»¸ÅÄîÓë¹æ·¶ µÄ²ã¼¶ÐÔÁªÏµÃÜÇУ¬ÆäÐγÉ×ñÑ­µÄÊÇÒ» ÌõÓëϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨²»Í¬µÄ·¾¶¡£ÊÊÓÃÓÚϰ ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄһЩ¹æÔò£¬ÀýÈç¡°Ò»¹á·´¶Ô Õß¡±µÄ¸ÅÄîÔÚÇ¿Ðз¨µÄÐγÉÖÐûÓÐÈκΠλÖᣵ«Ç¿ÖÆÐԹ淶ÁîÈ˹Ø×¢£¬ÓÖȱ·¦ ¹«ÈϵÄʶ±ð±ê×¼£¬ÊÇÒ»¸öÖµµÃ¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯ Ô±»áÉóÒéµÄÎÊÌ⡣ίԱ»á²»·Á³¢ÊÔÈ·¶¨ ÔÚºÎÖÖÌõ¼þÏÂÆÕͨ¹æÔò¿ÉÌáÉýÖÁÇ¿Ðз¨ µØÎ»¡£ Ô­ÒëÒâ˼ûÓÐÎÊÌ⣬µ«Ëƺõ´æÔÚÒ»µãÔð±¸µÄ¿ÚÆø£¬¸ÄÒ뻺ºÍһϡ£ 2 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿Ô­ÎÄ˵µÃ¹ýÈ¥£¬¸ÄÒë¸ü¼Ó¼ò½à¡£ 76 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾¹úÃû·­Òë½ôÌùÔ­ÎÄ¡¿ÒÁÀʵÄÃû×ÖÒªÓÃÈ«³Æ£¬Ô­ÒëÕýÈ·¡£ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÖУ¬Òª×ñÊØ Ò»Ìõ¹æÔò£ºÔ­ÎÄÓÃÈ«³Æ£¬ÒëÎÄÒ²ÓÃÈ«³Æ£»Ô­ÎÄÓüò³Æ£¬ÒëÎÄÒ²Óüò³Æ¡£The United States of America ÒëΪ¡°ÃÀÀû¼áºÏÖÚ¹ú¡±£¬U.S.¡¢U.S.A.¡¢America ¶¼ÒëΪ¡°ÃÀ¹ú¡±¡£The United Kindom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ÒëΪ¡°´ó²»Áе߼°±±°®¶ûÀ¼ÁªºÏÍõ¹ú¡±£¬the United Kingdom ÒëΪ¡°ÁªºÏÍõ¹ú¡±£¬the U.K. ÒëΪӢ¹ú¡£ÖØÒªµÄÊõÓ¿ÉÒÔÀûÓÃÁªºÏ¹úÊõ Óï¿â²éÕÒ£¬µ«Òª×¢Òâ¼ø±ð¡£ 2 ¡¾ÒéÌâ²ÎÕÕÒÑÓÐÒë·¨¡¿ÒéÌâµÄÃû³Æ£¬ÔÚ¿ª»á֮ǰ¶¼ÒѾ­·­ÒëºÃ£¬»áÒé¼Ç¼ÖÐÒª²ÉÓÃÒÑÓÐµÄ Òë·¨¡£Èç¹ûÎÞ´¦²éÕÒ£¬¿ÉÒԲ²âÒ»¸öÒë·¨£¬È»ºóÔÚÍøÉϼìÑé¡£±ÈÈ磬´Ë´¦²Â²âΪ¡°¹ú¼Ê ϰ¹ß·¨µÄÐγɺÍÖ¤¾Ý¡±£¬Ò»²é£¬¿´µ½ÒÔǰµÄÎļþÓá°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐγÉÓëÖ¤¾Ý¡±¡£ÓÉ´Ë¿É Öª£º²»Óá°¹ú¼Êϰ¹ß·¨¡±£¬¶øÓá°Ï°¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¡±£»²»Ó᰺͡±£¬¶øÓá°Ó롱¡£ÉÏÍø²é¡¶ÁªºÏ ¹úÈÕ¿¯¡·£¬¿É¿´µ½Ã¿ÌìÕÙ¿ªµÄ¸÷ÖÖ»áÒéºÍÏà¹ØÒéÌâ¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ peremptory norms£¬À­¶¡ÎÄΪjus cogens£¬·Ö±ðÒëΪ¡°Ç¿ÖÆÐԹ淶¡±ºÍ¡°Ç¿ÐÐ ·¨¡±£¬Òâ˼Ïàͬ£¬Ö¸±ØÐë¾ø¶Ô·þ´ÓºÍÖ´Ðеķ¨Âɹ淶£¬Ô­±¾Îª¹úÄÚ·¨ÉϵĸÅÄÊÇͬ¹úÄÚ ·¨ÉϵÄÈÎÒâ·¨£¨jus dispositivum£©Ïà¶Ô¶øÑԵġ£°ÑÇ¿Ðз¨¸ÅÄîÒýÈë¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÊǰµØÀûѧÕß ·ÆµÂÂÞ˹¡£1969 ÄêµÄ¡¶Î¬Ò²ÄÉÌõÔ¼·¨¹«Ô¼¡·µÚÒ»´ÎÕýʽʹÓÃÁËÇ¿Ðз¨¸ÅÄǿÐз¨ÊÇ ÎªÁËÕû¸ö¹ú¼ÊÉç»áµÄÀûÒæ¶ø´æÔڵģ¬Êǹú¼ÊÉç»á¹«ÈÏΪ²»ÄÜÎ¥±³ÇÒÒÔºóÖ»ÄÜÒÔͬµÈÐÔÖÊ µÄ¹æÔò²ÅÄܱä¸üµÄ¹æÔò£¬Ëü²»ÄÜÒò¸ö±ð¹ú¼ÒµÄÌõÔ¼ÅųýÊÊÓᣣ¨chinalawedu.com£© ¡°Ç¿Ðз¨¡±µÄÓ¢ÎĽâÊÍÇë¿´ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º A peremptory norm (also called jus cogens, Latin for ¡°compelling law¡±) is a fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation ( ¼õËð) is permitted. Unlike ordinary customary law ( ÆÕͨϰ¹ß ·¨), which has traditionally required consent and allows the alteration of its obligations between states through treaties, peremptory norms cannot be violated by any state ¡°through international treaties or local or special customs or even general customary rules not endowed with the same normative force¡±. (Wikipedia: peremptory norm) 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹æ·¶µÄ²ã¼¶£¨ÐÔ£©ÊÇÖ¸·¨Âɹ淶²ã´ÎµÄ¸ßµÍ¡£ÔÚÖйú£¬´Ó¸ßµ½µÍµÄ·¨ÂÉ¹æ ·¶ÊÇ£ºÏÜ·¨£¨constitution£©¡¢·¨ÂÉ£¨law£©¡¢·¨¹æ£¨regulations£©¡¢ÐÐÕþ¹æÕ£¨administrative rules£©¡£¹ØÓÚ¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄ²ã¼¶ºÍÇ¿Ðз¨£¬ÏÂÃæÒ»¶ÎÎÄ×Ö»áÓÐÆô·¢£º ½âÎö 77 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ In international law there is no hierarchy of sources or rules, at least as between the two primary law-creating processes, that is, custom and treaty. Both these processes and the sets of rules created through them possessed equal rank and status. The reason for this state of affairs is that States did not intend to place limitations on their sovereign powers that they had not expressly or implicitly accepted. However, a special class of general rules made by custom has been endowed with a special legal force: they are peremptory in nature and make up the so-called jus cogens, in that they may not be derogated from by treaty (or by ordinary customary process); if they are, the derogating rules may be declared null and void. Thus, these peremptory norms have a rank and status superior to those of all the other rules of the international community. This chapter discusses the emergence of jus cogens; establishment and the scope of jus cogens; instances of peremptory norms; the limitations of jus cogens as envisaged in the Vienna Convention; partial remedies to those limitations, provided by customary international law; the legal effects of jus cogens; the limited reliance on jus cogens in international dealings; and national cases using jus cogens as a ratio decidendi and national legislation relying upon the same notion. (Antonio Cassese. International Law (2nd ed.), Chapter II: The Hierarchy of Rules in International Law¡ª The Role of Jus Cogens) 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ Wikipedia ¶Ô¡° Ò»¹á·´¶ÔÕß¡±£¨persistent objector£©µÄ½âÊÍÊÇ£º In international law, a persistent objector is a sovereign state which has consistently and clearly objected to a norm of customary international law since the norm¡¯s emergence, and considers itself not bound to observe the norm. The concept is an example of the positivist doctrine that a state can only be bound by norms to which it has consented. ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÖª£¬¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸öϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔò£¬Èç¹ûÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò³¤ÆÚ±íʾ·´¶Ô£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ²»×ñÊØ£»µ« ¶ÔÓÚÇ¿Ðз¨£¬³¤ÆÚ·´¶ÔҲûÓã¨have no place£©¡£Ô­ÒëÒëΪ¹ýȥʱ¡°Î´·¢»Ó×÷Óá±²»ÕýÈ·£¬ Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°²»·¢»Ó×÷Óá±£¨¸ÄÒë»»Á˸ö˵·¨£¬Òâ˼²»±ä£©¡£Ô­ÎÄÖ®ËùÒÔÓùýȥʱ£¬ÊÇÒòΪ¼ò Òª¼Ç¼²ÉÓÃתÊöµÄ·½Ê½£¬°ÑÏÖÔÚʱ¸Ä³ÉÁ˹ýȥʱ£¬·­ÒëΪººÓïʱ£¬Òª»Ö¸´ÏÖÔÚʱ¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ ¹ýÈ¥Íê³ÉʱҪÀí½âΪÏÖÔÚÍê³Éʱ»ò¹ýȥʱ¡£ÒÀ´ËÀàÍÆ¡£ 6 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿Consideration refers to the act of considering, meditation, deliberation (dictionary.com)£¬ÔÚ´ËÓï¾³ÏÂӦΪdeliberation£¬¼´¡°ÉóÒ顱¡°ÉÌÒ顱µÄÒâ˼¡£Ô­ÒëΪ ¡°¿¼ÂÇ¡±£¬µ«ºóÎÄ˵which might attempt to determine under what conditions an ordinary rule reached the status of jus cogens£¬±íÃ÷ÔÚconsideration Ö®ºóÓ¦ÊÇdetermination£¬¶øÎ¯Ô±»á½ö ¿¿¡°¿¼ÂÇ¡±ÊÇÎÞ·¨×÷³ö¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬Òò´Ë±ØÈ»ÊÇ¡°ÉóÒ顱¡£ 78 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­ÎÄ 5. In order to preserve the unity of the rules of customary international law, the Special Rapporteur should avoid approaching each branch of international law differently1. The tendency to give priority to opinio juris2 at the expense of State practice in certain fields, such as international criminal law, endangered3 the unity of international law. In all cases, a customary rule of international law did not emerge unless both those elements were firmly established. The Special Rapporteur rightly stressed the need to consider State practice4 in all legal systems and all regions of the world, an approach that would ensure the universality5 of international law. To that end, the Commission should not rely heavily on the jurisprudence of tribunals mandated6 to settle specific disputes. Unfortunately, access to State practice was not always easy: it was rare that all States systematically compiled and published their practice of international law in one of the official languages of the United Nations7, and some States did not have the expertise and capacity to make their practice known. ¸ÄÒë 5 . ΪÁ˱£³Öϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔòµÄͳ Ò»£¬Ìر𱨸æÔ±Ó¦¸Ã±ÜÃâÇø±ð¶Ô´ý¹ú¼Ê·¨ µÄÿ¸ö·ÖÖ§¡£ÔÚÖîÈç¹ú¼ÊÐÌ·¨µÈÁìÓò£¬¹ý ÓÚÇ¿µ÷È·ÐÅΪ·¨¡¢²»¹Ë¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùµÄÇãÏòÍþ вµ½¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄͳһ¡£ÔÚËùÓеÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ö» ÓÐÕâÁ½¸öÒª¼þ¶¼ÀιÌÈ·Á¢£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄϰ¹ß ¹æÔò²Å»á³öÏÖ¡£Ìر𱨸æÔ±Ç¿µ÷ÁËÐèÒª¿¼ ÂÇÊÀ½çÉÏËùÓз¨ÂÉÌåϵºÍËùÓеØÇøµÄ¹ú¼Ò ʵ¼ù£¬ÕâÊÇÕýÈ·µÄÏë·¨£¬¿ÉÒÔÈ·±£¹ú¼Ê·¨ µÄÆÕ±éÐÔ¡£Îª´Ë£¬Î¯Ô±»á²»Ó¦¹ýÓÚÒÀÀµ·î Ãü½â¾ö¾ßÌåÕù¶ËµÄÌØ±ð·¨Í¥µÄÅÐÀý¡£Òź¶ µÄÊÇ£¬»ñÈ¡¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùÍùÍù²¢·ÇÒ×Ê£¬ÒòΪ ¸÷¹úºÜÉÙÓÃÁªºÏ¹ú¹Ù·½ÓïÎÄϵͳ±à×ëºÍ³ö °æ¹ú¼Ê·¨Êµ¼ù£¬Ò»Ð©¹ú¼ÒÒ²²»¾ß±¸Ðû´«Æä ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùµÄר²ÅºÍÄÜÁ¦¡£ Ô­Òë 5 . ΪÁ˱£³Öϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔòµÄͳ Ò»£¬Ìر𱨸æÔ±Ó¦¸Ã±ÜÃâ¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÿ¸ö ·ÖÖ§²ÉÓò»Í¬µÄ·½·¨Çø±ð¶Ô´ý¡£ÔÚÖîÈç¹ú ¼ÊÐÌ·¨µÈÁìÓò£¬ÎªÁËһζǿµ÷·¨ÂÉÈ·Äî¶ø ²»¹Ë¹ú¼Ò¹ßÀýµÄÇãÏòʹ¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄͳһÐÔ´¦ ÓÚΣÏÕÖ®ÖС£ËùÓеÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ö»ÓÐÕâÁ½¸ö ÒòËØÈ·Á¢ÆðÀ´£¬¹ú¼Ò·¨µÄϰ¹ß¹æÔò²Å»á³ö ÏÖ¡£Ìر𱨸æÔ±ÕýÈ·µØÇ¿µ÷ÁËÐèÒª¿¼ÂÇÊÀ ½çÉÏËùÓз¨ÂÉÌåϵºÍËùÓеØÇøµÄ¹ú¼Ò¹ß Àý£¬ÕâÒ»·½·¨¿ÉÒÔÈ·±£¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÆÕÊÊÐÔ¡£ Ϊ´Ë£¬Î¯Ô±»á²»Ó¦ÑÏÖØÒÀÀµ½â¾ö¾ßÌåÕù¶Ë µÄÌØÉ跨ͥµÄÅÐÀý¡£²»ÐÒµÄÊÇ£¬»ñÈ¡¹ú¼Ò ¹ßÀýÍùÍù²¢·ÇÒ×Ê£º¸÷¹úºÜÉÙÒÔÁªºÏ¹úÒ» ÖÖ¹Ù·½ÓïÎıà׫ºÍ³ö°æÆä¹ú¼Ê·¨·½ÃæµÄ¹ß Àý£¬Ò»Ð©¹ú¼ÒÒ²²»¾ß±¸Ðû´«Æäʵ¼ùµÄרÊ֪ʶºÍÄÜÁ¦¡£ 7 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿the status of jus cogens ÖеÄstatus ±»ÒëΪ¡°×´Ì¬¡±²»×¼È·¡£Ç°ÃæÌ¸ µ½¹æ·¶µÄ²ã¼¶£¬ËùÒÔ£¬´Ë´¦ÊÇÖ¸¡°µØÎ»¡±¡£reached ±íÃæ¿´Êǹýȥʱ£¬µ«Ó¦Àí½âΪÏÖÔÚʱ¡£ 79 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à£ºÉÙÓá°°Ñ¡±ºÍ¡°¶Ô¡±¡¿Ô­Òë¡°¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÿ¸ö·ÖÖ§²ÉÓò»Í¬µÄ·½·¨Çø±ð¶Ô´ý¡±£¬ ¿ÉÒÔ¼ò»¯Îª¡°Çø±ð¶Ô´ý¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÿ¸ö·ÖÖ§¡±¡£·­Òëʱ¾¡¿ÉÄÜÉÙÓá°°Ñ¡±×ֺ͡°¶Ô¡±×ֽṹ£¬ Ö±½ÓÓö¯´Ê+ ±öÓï¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔòÐγɵÄÁ½¸öÒªËØ¡ª¡ª¡°·¨ÂÉÈ·Ä£¨ÒëΪ¡°È·ÐÅΪ·¨¡±¡°ÐÅ ÊØÎª·¨¡±»ò¡°ÐÅÒÔΪ·¨¡±¿ÉÄܸüÇ¡µ±£©£¨opinio juris£©ºÍ¡°¹ú¼Òʵ¼ù¡±£¨state practice£©£¬¼û Wikipedia µÄ½âÊÍ£º Opinio juris sive necessitatis (¡°an opinion of law or necessity¡±) or simply opinio juris (¡°an opinion of law¡±) is the belief that an action was carried out as a legal obligation. This is in contrast to an action resulting from cognitive reaction or behaviors habitual to an individual. This term is frequently used in legal proceedings such as a defense for a case. Opinio juris is the subjective element of custom as a source of law, both domestic and international, as it refers to beliefs. The other element is state practice, which is more objective as it is readily discernible. To qualify as state practice, the acts must be consistent and general international practice. 3 ¡¾Õå×ÃÓôʡ¿ endangered ÒëΪ¡°´¦ÓÚΣÏÕÖ®ÖС±ËäÈ»Òâ˼û´í£¬µ«¸Ð¾õÓÐЩ¹ýÍ·£¬ÒëΪ¡°Íþ вµ½¡±¿ÉÄܸüºÃ¡£ 4 ¡¾Ê¹Óó£ÓÃ˵·¨¡¿state practice ¿ÉÄÜÓÐÈË·­ÒëΪ¡°¹ú¼Ò¹ßÀý¡±£¬µ«¡°¹ú¼Òʵ¼ù¡±Ó¦¸Ã¸ü³£Ó㬠Ҳ¸ü׼ȷ¡£Öйú´ú±í¡¢Íâ½»²¿Ìõ·¨Ë¾Ë¾³¤ÐìºêÔÚµÚÆßʮһ½ìÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á¹ØÓÚ ¡°¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»áµÚÁùÊ®°Ë½ì»áÒ鹤×÷±¨¸æ¡±ÒéÌâµÄ·¢ÑÔÖÐÓÐÕâÑùÒ»¶Î»°£º ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùÊÇϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔòÐγɵÄ×îÖØÒªÖ¤¾Ý£¬¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùÓ¦ÊÇÈ«ÃæµÄ¡¢Ò»¹áµÄºÍ¾ßÓÐ³ä ·Ö´ú±íÐԵ쬲»½öÒª¿´ÒÔÍùµÄ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ù£¬Ò²Òª¿´µ±Ç°µÄ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ù¡£ÌرðÊÇÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú³ÉÁ¢ ºó£¬·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÎę̀ÉÏÓú·¢»îÔ¾£¬ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê¹æÔòºÍ¹ú¼ÊÖÈÐò·¢Õ¹ÖеÄ×÷Óøü¼ÓÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ¹ú¼Òʵ¼ùÓ¦Êܵ½×ã¹»ÖØÊÓ£¬Ó¦±»ÊÓΪϰ¹ß¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æÔòÐγɵÄÖØÒªÖ¤¾Ý¡£ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ universality ±»ÒëΪ¡°ÆÕÊÊÐÔ¡±£¬ÊǾͷ¨ÂÉÊÊÓöøÑÔ£¬µ«´Ë´¦²¢Î´Éæ¼°ÆäÊÊÓà ÐÔ£¬¶øÊǽ²ÆäÀ´Ô´µÄÆÕ±éÐÔ¡£¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÀ´Ô´Ö÷ÒªÓÐËĸö·½Ã棺¹ú¼ÊÌõÔ¼¡¢¹ú¼Êϰ¹ß¡¢Ò» °ã·¨ÂÉÔ­Ôò¡¢¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯¾öÒé¡£±¾¶Î̽ÌֵľÍÊÇÆäÖеĵڶþ·½Ãæ¡£ ¹ú¼Êϰ¹ßÊÇÖ¸¸÷¹úÔÚÆäʵ¼ùÖÐͨ¹ýÖØ¸´ÀàËÆµÄÐÐΪ¶øÐγɵľßÓз¨ÂɾÐÊøÁ¦µÄÐÐΪ¹æÔò£¬ ÆäÐγÉÐë¾ß±¸Á½¸öÒª¼þ£ºÒ»¸öÊÇÎïÖÊÒª¼þ£¬¼´±ØÐëÓС°¹ßÀý¡±µÄ´æÔÚ£¨¹ßÀýÊÇÖ¸¸÷¹úÖØ ¸´µÄÀàËÆÐÐΪ£©£»ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇÐÄÀíÒª¼þ£¬¼´È·ÐÅΪ·¨£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ´æÔڵĹßÀýÒѱ»¸÷¹úÆÕ±é½Ó ½âÎö 80 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ÊÜΪ·¨ÂÉ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇÆÕ±éÐÔ£©¡££¨²Î¼ûÀî¹ãÃñµÈÖ÷±àµÄ¡¶¹ú¼Ê·¨¡·µÚ16 Ò³£¬Ç廪´óѧ³ö°æÉç 2006 Äê³ö°æ£© 6 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿Ô­Òë©ÒëÁËmandated¡£Mandate means to authorize or decree a particular action (dictionary.com)£¬Í¨³£ÒëΪ¡°ÊÚȨ¡±¡£Õ¾ÔÚ±»ÊÚȨÈ˵ĽǶȣ¬¿ÉÒëΪ ¡°ÊÜȨ¡±¡£Ãû´Êmandate ÊÓÇé¿öÒëΪ¡°Ö°Ô𡱡°ÈÎÎñ¡±µÈ¡£Ò»Ð©ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÒëΪËĸö×Ö¡°ÈÎ ÎñÊÚȨ¡±£¬µ«ÆäÖеġ°ÈÎÎñ¡±ºÍ¡°È¨¡±£¨¡°È¨Á¦¡±£©Òâ˼ÉÏÓгåÍ»¡£ 7 ¡¾±ÜÃâ±í´ïÆçÒå¡¿one of the offi cial languages of the United Nations Òë³É¡°ÁªºÏ¹úÒ»ÖÖ¹Ù·½ ÓïÎÄ¡±¿ÉÄÜ»á²úÉúÆçÒ壺ºÜÉÙÓйú¼ÒÓá°Ò»ÖÖ¡±ÁªºÏ¹úÓïÎıà׫Îļþ£¬ÊÇ·ñÒâζ×Å´ó¶à Êý¹ú¼Ò¶¼ÓÃÁ½ÖÖ»ò¶àÖÖÓïÑÔ±àд£¿´Ë´¦µÄone ûÓÐÇ¿µ÷µÄÒâ˼£¬¿ÉÒÔ²»Òë¡£¡°ºÜÉÙÓÃÁªºÏ ¹ú¹Ù·½ÓïÎÄ¡±¼È°üÀ¨ÓÃÒ»ÖÖ£¬Ò²°üÀ¨ÓöàÖÖ¡£×¢Ò⣺ÁªºÏ¹ú¹ßÓá°ÓïÎÄ¡±£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 7. With regard to the topic, ¡°Provisional application of treaties¡±, his delegation had doubts about the assessment that provisional application was consistent with the definitive commitment of States pursuant to their constitutional procedures1. The commitment to provisionally apply the treaty must be based on the agreement of the States parties and was justified2 by the intention of the parties to achieve its purpose quickly. Some treaties, particularly those including rights and obligations for individuals, could not be applied provisionally. Similarly, provisions creating monitoring mechanisms could not be subject to provisional application. On an exceptional basis only, States might utilize provisional application as a measure of confidence-building and good will. To the extent that3 provisional application produced obligations identical to those resulting from the entry into force of the treaty, the decision to put an end to its application could create complex situations. In sum, from many points of view the topic was not ripe for consideration by the Commission4. Ô­Òë 7 . ¹ØÓÚ¡°ÌõÔ¼ÔÝʱÊÊÓá±Õâһר Ì⣬ÒÁÀÊ´ú±íÍŶÔÔÝʱÊÊÓ÷ûºÏ¸÷¹ú°´ ÕÕÏÜ·¨³ÌÐò×÷³öµÄÈ·¶¨³ÐŵµÄÆÀ¹À±íʾ »³ÒÉ¡£ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼µÄ³Ðŵ±ØÐë»ùÓÚ¹ú ¼ÒµÞÔ¼·½µÄͬÒ⣬²¢ÒÔµÞÔ¼·½ÓÐÒâ¿ìË٠ʵÏÖÌõԼΪ»ù´¡¡£ÓÐЩÌõÔ¼£¬ÓÈÆäÊǰü º¬Á˸öÈËȨÀûºÍÒåÎñµÄÌõÔ¼£¬ÎÞ·¨ÔÝʱ ¸ÄÒë 7. ¹ØÓÚ¡°ÌõÔ¼µÄÔÝʱÊÊÓá±Õâһר Ì⣬ÒÁÀÊ´ú±íÍÅÖÊÒɱ¨¸æµÄÆÀ¹ÀÒâ¼û£¬¼´ ÔÝʱÊÊÓ÷ûºÏ¸÷¹úÒÀ¸÷×ÔÏÜ·¨³ÌÐò×÷³öµÄ Ã÷È·³Ðŵ¡£¶ÔÔÝʱÊÊÓÃÌõÔ¼µÄ³Ðŵ±ØÐë»ù ÓÚµÞÔ¼¹úµÄͬÒ⣬³ÐŵµÄÕýµ±ÐÔÔÚÓÚµÞÔ¼ ¹úÏ£Íû¾¡¿ìʵÏÖÌõԼĿµÄ¡£ÓÐЩÌõÔ¼£¬ÓÈ ÆäÊǰüº¬¸öÈËȨÀûºÍÒåÎñµÄÌõÔ¼£¬²»ÄÜÔÝ 81 µÚ4µ¥Ôª ÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÁùίԱ»á»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­Òë ÊÊÓá£ÀàËÆµØ£¬ÉèÁ¢¼à²â»úÖÆµÄÌõ¿îÒ² ÎÞ·¨ÊµÐÐÔÝʱÊÊÓá£Ö»ÓлùÓÚ¼«¸ö±ðµÄ ÀíÓÉ£¬¹ú¼Ò²ÅÄÜÓÃÔÝʱÊÊÓÃ×÷Ϊ½¨Á¢ÐÅ Èκͱí´ïÉÆÒâµÄ¹¤¾ß¡£Èç¹ûÔÝʱÊÊÓòú ÉúÁËÓëÒòÌõÔ¼ÉúЧ¶ø²úÉúµÄÒåÎñÍêÈ«Ïà ͬµÄÒåÎñ£¬ÖÕÖ¹ÔÝʱÉúЧµÄ¾ö¶¨¿ÉÄÜ»á Ôì³É¸´ÔӵľÖÃæ¡£×ÜÖ®£¬´Ó¶à¸öÊÓ½ÇÀ´ ¿´£¬±¾Î¯Ô±»á¿¼ÂÇÕâÒ»Ö÷Ìâ²¢²»³ÉÊì¡£ ¸ÄÒë ʱÊÊÓá£Óë´ËÀàËÆ£¬ÉèÁ¢¼à²â»úÖÆµÄÌõ¿î Ò²²»ÄÜÔÝʱÊÊÓá£Ö»ÓÐÔÚÀýÍâÇé¿öÏ£¬¹ú ¼Ò¿ÉÒÔ½«ÔÝʱÊÊÓÃ×÷Ϊ½¨Á¢ÐÅÈκͱí´ïÉÆ ÒâµÄ¹¤¾ß¡£¼øÓÚÔÝʱÊÊÓòúÉúÁËÓëÌõÔ¼Éú ЧÍêÈ«ÏàͬµÄÒåÎñ£¬ÖÕÖ¹ÔÝʱÊÊÓõľö¶¨ ¿ÉÄÜÔì³É¸´ÔӵľÖÃæ¡£×ÜÖ®£¬´Ó¶à¸öÊÓ½Ç ¿´£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»áÉóÒéÕâһרÌâµÄÌõ¼þ²¢ ²»³ÉÊì¡£ 1 ¡¾²éÕÒÀúÊ·×ÊÁÏ¡¿Õâ¾ä»°±È½Ï³éÏó£¬ÐèÒª½áºÏ¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»áµÄ±¨¸æÀ´Àí½â¡£²»·ÁÕÒµ½Õâ·Ý ±¨¸æ£¬Í¨¹ý¹Ø¼ü´Ê£¨Èçprocedure£©²éµ½Ïà¹ØÄÚÈÝ¡£ÔÚ±¨¸æÖÐÓÐÒ»¾ä»°£¨µÚ119 ¶Î£©£º A further concern was expressed that the provisional application of treaties raised serious questions about the circumvention of established domestic procedures, including constitutional requirements, for participation in treaties. Other members did not share such concerns. Õâ¾ä»°¿ÉÄÜÓë±¾¶ÎÓйء£µ«Õâ¾ä»°µ±ÖеÄA further concern ÓõÄÊǵ¥Êý£¬ËµÃ÷Ö»ÓÐÒ»¸ö ´ú±íÍűíʾ¹Ø×¢£¬Ëµ²»¶¨¾ÍÊÇÒÁÀÊ´ú±íÍÅ¡£Other members did not share such concerns µÄ ÑÔÍâÖ®ÒâÊÇ£¬±íʾ¹ØÇеĹú¼ÒºÜÉÙ£¬´ó¼Ò¶¼ÈÏΪÔÝʱÊÊÓò»Î¥·´¹úÄÚ³ÌÐò¡£Ô­¾äÖÐµÄ assessment ÊÇÖ¸¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»áÔÚ±¨¸æÖеÄÇé¿öÆÀ¹À¡£ÎªÁ˱ãÓÚ±í´ï£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓÉÏ¡°±¨¸æ¡±»ò ¡°¹ú¼Ê·¨Î¯Ô±»á¡±¡£ÅªÇå³þÓ¢ÎÄÿ¸ö³éÏóÃû´ÊµÄÂß¼­Ö÷Óï¶ÔÓÚÁé»î·­ÒëºÜÖØÒª¡£Ô­ÒëûÓÐ ´í£¬Ö»ÊǶ¨ÓﳤÁËÒ»µã¡£ 2 ¡¾Áé»î·­Òë¡¿be justifi ed ²»ÈÝÒ×·­Ò룬ÓÐʱÒëΪ¡°ÀíÓÉÊÇ¡±»ò¡°ÊÇÓеÀÀíµÄ¡±£¬´Ë´¦Áé»î ´¦ÀíΪ¡°Õýµ±ÐÔ¡±£¨Ò²¿ÉÒÔ˵¡°ºÏÀíÐÔ£©¡£±¾¾äÖеÄits Ó¦µ±Àí½âΪthe treaty¡¯s£¬¾¡¹Ü¾àÀë Ò£Ô¶¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿To the extent that is used for saying that because one thing is happening, something else happens (collinsdictionary.com)£¬¼´±íʾԭÒò£¬ËùÒÔ¸ÄÒëΪ¡°¼øÓÚ¡±¡£ 4 ¡¾Îª´îÅäÔöÒë¡¿¡°±¾Î¯Ô±»á¿¼ÂÇÕâÒ»Ö÷Ìâ²¢²»³ÉÊ족Òâ˼²»Çå³þ¡£¸ÄΪ¡°ÉóÒéÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâ/ Ö÷ ÌâµÄʱ»ú/ Ìõ¼þ¡­¡­¡±£¬Òâ˼¾ÍÃ÷È·ÁË¡£¼´Ê¹ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖУ¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¸ö±ðûÓÐʵÖÊ ÒâÒåµÄ´Ê£¬Èþä×Ó¸ü¼Óͨ˳¡£ ½âÎö 82 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. ¹Ø×¢²¿·ÖÔÚÕûÌåÖеÄλÖà 2. ¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ 3. ¹Ø×¢ÎļþÐγɵÄÄê´ú 4. Óúê¹Û˼ά½â¾ö΢¹ÛÎÊÌâ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ Çø·Öand±í´ï²¢Áл¹ÊÇÆ«Õý¹ØÏµ ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά ±æÎö¡°ÇøÓò¡±ºÍ¡°µØÇø¡± µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ²éÖ¤·½·¨£ºdifference between 2. ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå 3. ͨ¹ý±³¾°²ÄÁϳÎÇå½á¹¹ÆçÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. regional organizations 2. reference 3. zero draft 4. Journal of the United Nations 5. Open-ended Working Group 6. models of disability 7. ÁªºÏ¹úµÄµØÀíÇø»® ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. Çø·Öinput¡¢output¡¢outcome¡¢impact 2. Çø·ÖprogrammeºÍagenda 3. Çø·ÖgoalºÍtarget 4. Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå 5. ×¢ÒâÐÞÊιØÏµ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ±í´ïº¬ºýÊÇÒòΪÀí½âº¬ºý 2. overarching issues 3. ×¢Òâ±í´ïµÄϸ΢²îÒì 4. ×¢ÒâÑÔÍâÖ®Òâ 5. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ×¢Òâ´îÅä 2. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à 3. ±ä»»ÊÓ½Ç 4. ÓïÓòÊʵ± 5. ˳¾äÇý¶¯ 6. Íâ¹úÈËÃûµÄÒë·¨ 7. ¼òÒª¼Ç¼Öв»·­ÒëÈËÃû 8. Ǩ¾Í¹Ù·½Òë±¾µÄС覴à 9. ÁªºÏ¹úÖÐÎÄ´¦±êµã·ûºÅʹÓùæÔò 10. andÒëΪ·ÖºÅ 11. ±ÜÃâ°üÔнṹ 12. ¾ä×ӽṹ½ô´Õ 13. ×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ 14. ¡°²Ð¼²ÈË¡±Óë¡°²ÐÕÏÈË¡± ±äͨ 1. ¾¡Á¿Ìù½üÔ­ÎÄ 2. ¸ù¾ÝÇ龰ʹÓøü¾ßÌåµÄ´Ê 3. as appropriate£º¾¡Á¿²»Ê¡ÂÔ 4. ¾¡Á¿³­Â¼¹Ù·½ÒëÎÄ 5. ÊʶÈÁé»î 6. µ÷ÕûÓ¢ÎļǼµÄʱ̬ 7. ÖØÒª¸ÅÄî²»¿ÉÊ¡Òë µÚ 5 µ¥Ôª ¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÞÔ¼¹ú »áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ 83 µÚ5µ¥Ôª ¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÞÔ¼¹ú»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×Ô2014 Äê6 ÔÂ10 ÈÕÖÁ12 ÈÕÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú×ܲ¿Å¦Ô¼ÕÙ¿ªµÄµÚÆß½ì²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹« Ô¼µÞÔ¼¹ú´ó»áµÚ3 ´Î»áÒéµÄ¼òÒª¼Ç¼£¨ÎĺţºCSP/2014/SR.3£©¡£¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·¼°Æä ¡¶ÈÎÔñÒ鶨Êé¡·£¨ÎĺţºA/RES/61/106£©ÓÚ2006 Äê12 ÔÂ13 ÈÕÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áͨ¹ý£¬2007 Äê3 ÔÂ30 ÈÕ¿ª·ÅÇ©Êð£¬ÊÇ21 ÊÀ¼Í¹ú¼ÊÉç»áͨ¹ýµÄµÚÒ»¸ö×ÛºÏÐÔÈËȨ¹«Ô¼£¬Ò²ÊÇ¿ª·Å¸øÇøÓòÒ» Ì廯×é֯ǩÊðµÄµÚÒ»¸ö¹«Ô¼¡£¸Ã¹«Ô¼ÓÚ2008 Äê5 ÔÂ3 ÈÕÉúЧ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 26. With regard to the second question, the adoption of sustainable development goals1 would create a mobilizing force2 for implementation of the Convention, as the practical steps and solutions being proposed3 would actively involve4 persons with disabilities in the post-2015 agenda. The overarching issues5 of economic growth and poverty eradication also affected persons with disabilities and the shift from the MDG logic was important6a since the sustainable goals considered persons with disabilities from a development perspective7: they were assets and resources8 for inclusive development, no longer seen solely in terms of what they needed6b, but how they could contribute to sustainable development. However, national implementation would be necessary and it would be up to State and civil society organizations for persons with disabilities to ensure that, once adopted, the post-2015 framework was faithfully reflected in national development agendas9. 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On the issue of monitoring1, it was only possible to manage what could be measured. The collection of disaggregated data2 was important, and the added value3 of the post-2015 agenda was that it would encourage Member States to start collecting such data, which, in turn, would increase the focus on vulnerable groups. While the high-level political forum on sustainable development would be the main body to monitor and evaluate progress, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities also had an important role to play in that regard. 27. ¹ØÓڼලµÄÎÊÌ⣬ֻÓпÉÁ¿»¯µÄ ²Å±ãÓÚ¹ÜÀí¡£»ã×Ü·ÖÁÐÊý¾ÝÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬ ¶øÇÒ2015ÄêºóÒé³ÌµÄÁíÒ»¸öºÃ´¦ÊǹÄÀø µÞÔ¼¹ú»ã×ÜÕâÀàÊý¾Ý£¬´Ó¶øÔö¼Ó¶ÔÈõÊÆ ȺÌåµÄ¹Ø×¢¶È¡£¾¡¹Ü¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¸ß¼¶±ð ÂÛ̳½«ÊǸºÔð¼à¶½ºÍÆÀ¹À½øÕ¹µÄÖ÷Òª»ú ¹¹£¬²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀûίԱ»áÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕâ·½Ãæ ·¢»ÓÖØÒª×÷Óᣠ27. ¹ØÓÚ¼à²âµÄÎÊÌ⣬ֻÓÐÁ¿»¯£¬ ²Å±ãÓÚ¹ÜÀí¡£ÊÕ¼¯·ÖÁеÄÊý¾ÝºÜÖØÒª£» 2015ÄêºóÒé³ÌµÄ¸½´øºÃ´¦ÊǹÄÀøµÞÔ¼¹ú ÊÕ¼¯·ÖÁÐÊý¾Ý£¬´Ó¶øÔö¼Ó¶ÔÈõÊÆÈºÌåµÄ ¹Ø×¢¡£¾¡¹Ü¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¸ß¼¶±ðÕþÖÎÂÛ̳ ÊǸºÔð¼à²âºÍÆÀ¹À½øÕ¹µÄÖ÷Òª»ú¹¹£¬µ« ²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀûίԱ»áÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕâ·½Ãæ·¢»Ó ÖØÒª×÷Óᣠ1 ¡¾¹Ø×¢ÉÏÏÂÎĵÄÁªÏµ¡¿ÕâÊÇÔڻشðÖ÷ϯÌá³öµÄµÚÈý¸öÎÊÌ⣬¼´¡°How could the inclusion of disability in the post-2015 agenda be monitored and evaluated?¡±¡£Òâ˼ÊÇ£º¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Òé³ÌÖÐ ÄÉÈëÁ˲м²ÈË·½ÃæµÄÄ¿±êºó£¬ÈçºÎ¼à²â£¨¡°¼à¶½¡±µÄ±öÓïÊÇÈË£©Ä¿±êµÄÂäʵ£¿´Ë´¦µÄ»Ø´ð ÊÇ£ºÖ»ÓÐÁ¿»¯£¬²ÅÄܼà²â£¨It was only possible to manage what could be measured£©¡£Á¿»¯µÄ ·½·¨ÊÇ·ÖÀàÊÕ¼¯Êý¾Ý£¨¼´·Ö±ðÊÕ¼¯ÄÐÅ®²Ð¼²È˵ÄÊܽÌÓýˮƽ¡¢½¡¿µ×´¿öµÈÊý¾Ý£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ ÁýͳÊÕ¼¯¹úÃñµÄ½ÌÓýºÍ½¡¿µÊý¾ÝµÈ£©¡£ 2 ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿disaggregated data ÁªºÏ¹ú·­ÒëΪ¡°·ÖÁÐÊý¾Ý¡±£¬Òâ˼ÊÇ·Ö±ðÁгöµÄÊý¾Ý£¬ Ïà¶ÔÓÚaggregated data£¨»ã×ÜÊý¾Ý£©¶øÑÔ¡£disaggregation of data ÁªºÏ¹ú·­ÒëΪ¡°Êý¾ÝµÄ·Ö ÁС±¡£ÒëÕßÐèÒª×ñÑ­ÏÈÀý¡£µ«ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖ®Í⣬´ó¼ÒÒ²¿ÉÒÔʹÓá°·ÖÀࡱ»ò¡°·Ö½â¡±¡£ ½âÎö 89 µÚ5µ¥Ôª ¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÞÔ¼¹ú»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 28. Mr. Seth1 (Department of Economic and Social Affairs) said that the promise of a life of respect and dignity for all and sustainable development2 would be empty if the needs of the one billion persons with disabilities were not met. Inclusive development and societies3 required serious actions4 to guarantee the rights of persons with disabilities and ensure that they were among the main beneficiaries of and contributors to development. Such actions could only be provided by caring societies and Governments and must be the responsibility of all stakeholders5, including the private sector. There was no shortage of legislative frameworks, but the main deficit was in implementation and in translating outcomes into concrete steps¡ªparticularly at national level6¡ªthat improved the quality of life of persons with disabilities everywhere and included them in development processes. 28. Èû˼ÏÈÉú£¨¾­¼ÃºÍÉç»áÊÂÎñ²¿£© ±íʾ£¬Èç¹û10Òڲм²È˵ÄÐèÒªÎÞ·¨µÃ µ½Âú×㣬¸øÓèÈ«ÊÀ½çÈËÃñÒÔÓÐ×ðÑϺÍÌå ÃæµÄÉú»îºÍ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¾Í»áÂÙΪһֽ¿Õ ̸¡£ÊµÏÖ°üÈÝÐÔ·¢Õ¹ºÍÉç»áÒâζ×ÅÒª²É ȡׯÑϵÄÐж¯£¬±£Õϲм²È˵ÄȨÀû£¬È· ±£ËûÃǼÈÊǹú¼Ò·¢Õ¹µÄÖ÷ÒªÊÜÒæÕߣ¬Ò² Êǹ±Ï×Õß¡£ÕâÑùµÄÐж¯£¬Ö»ÓÐÒ»¸ö¶®µÃ ¹Ø°®ËûÈ˵ÄÉç»áºÍÕþ¸®²Å»á¼ùÐУ¬Í¬Ê± ±ØÐë³ÉΪËùÓÐÀûÒæØü¹Ø·½µÄÔðÈΣ¬°üÀ¨ ˽ӪÆóÒµ¡£ÒªÊµÏÖÕâÑùµÄÄ¿±ê£¬²»È±ÖÆ ¶È£¬È±µÄÊÇÂäʵºÍ¡ª¡ªÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ¹úÄÚ²ã Ãæ¡ª¡ª½«³É¹û±äΪʵʵÔÚÔÚµÄÐж¯£¬´Ó ¶ø¸ÄÉÆ¸÷µØ²Ð¼²È˵ÄÉú»îÖÊÁ¿²¢½«ËûÃÇ ÄÉÈë·¢Õ¹½ø³Ì¡£ 3 ¡¾and ÒëΪ·ÖºÅ¡¿and ²»±ØÃ¿´Î¶¼·­Òë³öÀ´¡£´Ë´¦Ê¡ÂÔ²»Ò룬°Ñ¶ººÅ¸ÄΪ·ÖºÅ£¬Á½¾ä»°Ö®¼ä µÄÂß¼­¹ØÏµ»á¸üÇå³þһЩ¡£ ¡¾×¢ÒâÑÔÍâ Ö®Òâ¡¿ added value ¼´¡°¸½¼ÓÖµ¡±¡°¸½´øºÃ´¦¡±¡£Ô­Òë¡°ÁíÒ»¸öºÃ´¦¡±£¬¸øÈËÒÔ»¹ÓÐ ÆäËûºÃ´¦Ö®¸Ð£¬¶øÇ°ÎIJ¢Î´Ì½ÌÖÆäËûºÃ´¦£¬¹ÊÒëΪ¡°¸½´øºÃ´¦¡±¸üÍס£ ¸ÄÒë 28. 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Mr. Halatau (Pacific Disability Forum), speaking on behalf of the International Disability Alliance, a network of global and regional organizations1 of persons with disabilities and their families2, said that the Alliance should be included3 in the consultative processes leading up to the elaboration of the post-2015 development agenda. The Alliance promoted the effective and full implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as well as compliance with the Convention within the United Nations system and represented one billion people worldwide4. For the Alliance, the entry point for the discussion on the inclusion of persons with disabilities in the post-2015 development agenda was article 4.3 of the Convention, which stipulated that, in the development and implementation of legislation and policies for implementation of the Convention, and in other decision-making processes concerning issues relating to persons with disabilities, States Parties should closely consult with and actively involve persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organizations5. 92 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 34. HalatauÏÈÉú£¨Ì«Æ½Ñó²Ð¼²ÈËÂÛ Ì³£©´ú±íÈ«ÇòºÍµØ·½²Ð¼²È˼°Æä¼ÒÍ¥×é Ö¯µÄÍøÂ硪¡ª¹ú¼Ê²Ð¼²ÈËÁªÃË·¢ÑÔ£¬Ëû ˵¸ÃÁªÃËÓ¦¸Ã¼ÓÈëÄⶨ2015Äêºó·¢Õ¹Òé ³ÌµÄЭÉ̽ø³Ì¡£¸ÃÁªÃËÍÆ½øÁË¡¶²Ð¼²ÈË È¨Àû¹«Ô¼¡·ÒÔ¼°ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÌåϵÄÚ×ñÊØ¸Ã ¹«Ô¼µÄÓÐЧºÍ³ä·ÖµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¸ÃÁªÃË´ú±í ÁËÊÀ½ç10ÒÚÈËÃñ¡£¶ÔÓÚ¸ÃÁªÃËÀ´Ëµ£¬¹Ø ÓÚ½«²Ð¼²ÈËÄÉÈë2015Äêºó·¢Õ¹Òé³ÌµÄÌÖ ÂÛ³ö·¢µãÊÇ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄµÚËÄÌõµÚÈý¿î£¬ ¼´ÔÚÖÆ¶¨ºÍÖ´ÐÐÂÄÐС¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÁ¢·¨ºÍ Õþ²ßʱ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÔÚÆäËûÓë²Ð¼²ÈËÏà¹ØµÄ¾ö ²ß½ø³ÌÖУ¬µÞÔ¼¹úÓ¦¸Ãͨ¹ý²Ð¼²È˵Ĵú ±í×é֯ͬ²Ð¼²ÈË£¨°üÀ¨²Ð¼²¶ùͯ£©½ôÃÜ Ð­É̲¢»ý¼«µØÊ¹ËûÃDzÎÓë½øÀ´¡£ ¸ÄÒë 34. HalatauÏÈÉú£¨Ì«Æ½Ñó²Ð¼²ÈËÂÛ Ì³£©´ú±í¹ú¼Ê²Ð¼²ÈËÁªÃË·¢ÑÔ£¬¸Ã×éÖ¯ ÊÇÈ«ÇòÐÔºÍÇøÓòÐԲм²È˺Ͳм²È˼ÒÍ¥ ×éÖ¯×齨µÄÒ»¸öÍøÂç¡£Ëû˵£¬¸ÃÁªÃËÓ¦ ¸Ã±»ÄÉÈëÄⶨ2015Äêºó·¢Õ¹Òé³ÌµÄЭÉÌ ½ø³Ì¡£¸ÃÁªÃË×÷ΪÊÀ½ç10ÒÚÈ˵Ĵú±í£¬ ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÍÆ½ø¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÄ³ä·Ö ÓÐЧִÐÐÒÔ¼°ÁªºÏ¹úϵͳ±¾Éí¶Ô¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·µÄ×ñÊØ¡£¸ÃÁªÃËÈÏΪ£¬ÌÖÂÛ½«²Ð¼² ÈËÄÉÈë2015Äêºó·¢Õ¹Òé³ÌµÄ³ö·¢µãÊÇ ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄµÚËÄÌõµÚÈý¿î£¬¼´µÞÔ¼¹úÓ¦ µ±ÔÚΪʵʩ±¾¹«Ô¼¶øÄⶨºÍÊ©ÐÐÁ¢·¨ºÍ Õþ²ßʱÒÔ¼°ÔÚÉæ¼°²Ð¼²ÈËÎÊÌâµÄÆäËû¾ö ²ß¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Í¨¹ý´ú±í²Ð¼²È˵Ä×éÖ¯£¬Óë ²Ð¼²ÈË£¬°üÀ¨²Ð¼²¶ùͯ£¬ÃÜÇÐЭÉÌ£¬Ê¹ ËûÃÇ»ý¼«²ÎÓë¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚregional organizations µÄ½âÊÍ£¬Çë¿´ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Regional organizations, also known as ROs, are, in a sense, international organizations (IOs), as they incorporate international membership and encompass geopolitical entities that operationally transcend a single nation state. However, their membership is characterized by boundaries and demarcations characteristic to a defi ned and unique geography, such as continents, or geopolitics, such as economic blocs. 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Another key element of the Convention was article 321, in which States Parties recognized the importance of international cooperation and its promotion2, in support of national3 efforts for the realization of the purpose and objectives of the Convention, and agreed to undertake appropriate and effective measures in that regard, between and among States4 and, as appropriate5, in partnership with6 relevant international and regional organizations and civil society, in particular organizations of persons with disabilities7. 35. ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ÁíÍâÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼üÒªËØÔÚÓÚ µÚ32Ìõ£¬¼´µÞÔ¼¹úÒâʶµ½¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷ºÍ´Ù ½ø¶ÔÓÚÖ§³Ö¹ú¼Ò²ãÃæµÄŬÁ¦À´ÊµÏÖ¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·µÄ×ÚÖ¼ºÍÄ¿±êÊÇÊ®·ÖÖØÒªµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒ Í¬Òâ¹ú¼Ò¼ä»ò¸÷¹úÔÚ¸ÃÁìÓò²ÉÈ¡ºÏÊÊÓРЧµÄ´ëÊ©£¬Èç¹ûºÏÊʵϰ£¬²¢Í¬Ïà¹Ø¹ú ¼ÊºÍµØÇø×éÖ¯ºÍÃñ¼äÉç»á´î½¨»ï°é¹Ø ϵ£¬ÓÈÆäÊDzм²ÈË×éÖ¯¡£ 35. ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ÁíÍâÒ»¸ö¹Ø¼üÒªËØÊÇµÚ ÈýÊ®¶þÌõ¡£¸ù¾Ý¸ÃÌõ£¬µÞÔ¼¹úÈ·ÈÏÐèÒª ͨ¹ý¿ªÕ¹ºÍ´Ù½ø¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷£¬Ö§³Ö¹ú¼ÒΪ ʵÏÖ±¾¹«Ô¼µÄ×ÚÖ¼ºÍÄ¿µÄ×÷³öµÄŬÁ¦£» ͬÒâΪ´ËÔÚË«±ßºÍ¶à±ßµÄ·¶Î§ÄÚ²ÉÈ¡ÊÊ µ±ºÍÓÐЧµÄ´ëÊ©£¬²¢×ÃÇéÓëÏà¹Ø¹ú¼ÊºÍ ÇøÓò×éÖ¯¼°Ãñ¼äÉç»á£¬ÌرðÊDzм²ÈË×é Ö¯ºÏ×÷²ÉÈ¡ÕâЩ´ëÊ©¡£ 1 ¡¾¾¡Á¿³­Â¼¹Ù·½ÒëÎÄ¡¿Ò»Ìá¼°¾ßÌåÌõ¿î£¬¾ÍÒªÒýÆð¾¯¾õ¡£±¾¶Î»¹ÊÇÉæ¼°ÒýÓù«Ô¼£¬Òò´ËÐè Òª³­Â¼¹«Ô¼µÄ¹Ù·½ÒëÎÄ£¬±ÜÃâÁíÆð¯Ôî¡£×¢ÒâÌõ¿î±àºÅʹÓúº×Ö»¹Êǰ¢À­²®Êý×Ö£¬È¡¾ö ÓÚ¹Ù·½ÒëÎĵÄÓ÷¨¡£ 2 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ its Ö¸´úµÄÊÇinternational cooperation£¬¼´¡°´Ù½ø¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷¡±¡£Ô­Òë¡°¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷ ºÍ´Ù½ø¡±²»Í¨Ë³¡£¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Áé»î·­ÒëΪ¡°¿ªÕ¹ºÍ´Ù½ø¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷¡±¡£ ½âÎö 95 µÚ5µ¥Ôª ¡¶²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀû¹«Ô¼¡·µÞÔ¼¹ú»áÒé¼òÒª¼Ç¼ 3 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿national ±¾À´ÊÇÐÎÈÝ´Ê£¬µ«´Ë´¦×ªÎªÃû´Ênation ·­Ò룬×÷Ϊeffort µÄÖ÷Ó±È Ö±ÒëΪ¡°ÎªÊµÏÖ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·×ÚÖ¼×÷³öµÄ¹ú¼ÒŬÁ¦¡±¸üͨ˳¡£ 4 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ between and among States Ö±ÒëΪ¡°ÔÚÁ½¸öºÍ¶à¸ö¹ú¼ÒÖ®¼ä¡±£¬¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Áé»î´¦ ÀíΪ¡°Ë«±ßºÍ¶à±ß¡±£¬Ã÷ÏÔÓÅÓÚÔ­Òë¡°¹ú¼Ò¼ä»ò¸÷¹ú¡±¡£ 5 ¡¾¾¡Á¿²»Ê¡ÂÔ¡¿ as appropriate ÒâΪ¡°ÊÓÇé¿ö¶ø¶¨¡±»ò¡°×ÃÇ顱£¬ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖо­³£Ê¹Ó㬠¿°±ÈººÓïÖеġ°ÒÀ·¨¡±£¬ÓÐʱ·­Òë³öÀ´¾õµÃÊ®·Ö¶àÓ࣬µ«²»¸ÒÇáÒ×Ê¡ÂÔ¡£ 6 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿in partnership with Ô­ÒëΪ¡°´î½¨»ï°é¹ØÏµ¡±£¬ÕâÒ»±í´ï²»³£¼û¡£×î³£¼ûµÄ˵·¨ ÊÇ¡°½¨Á¢»ï°é¹ØÏµ¡±»ò¡°´òÔì»ï°é¹ØÏµ¡±¡£¹Ù·½ÒëÎIJÉÓÃÁ˸ü¼ò½àµÄ´¦Àí·½Ê½¡£ 7 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ in particular organizations of persons with disabilities ¶ÔǰÎĵÄorganizations ½øÐв¹³ä˵Ã÷£¬Ó¦¾¡Á¿ÖÃÓÚ±»²¹³äµÄ³É·ÖÖ®ºó£¬µ«ÓÐʱ²»µÃÒÑÒ²»á²ÉÓÃÔ­ÒëµÄ±í´ï ·½Ê½¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 47. Ms. Nigussie (Ethiopian Centre for Disability and Development), responding to questions from the floor1, said that the earthquake disaster in Japan, like other disasters around the world, had shown that the interests of persons with disabilities were hardly taken into account in the development of early warning systems and other disaster reduction instruments. Yet, States should be reminded of their obligations under article 11 of the Convention, where they agreed to take all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters2. With respect to the lack of indicators to measure progress in promoting the rights of persons with disabilities, any nationallevel indicators that had been accepted by persons with disabilities could be submitted as examples and even best practices for consideration by the Open Working Group3. She urged participants4 to keep track of developments5 in their respective countries and to continue putting pressure on officials6 to ensure that the references to disability7 in the zero draft8 of the proposed sustainable development goals9 and targets were not watered down10 in the final document. 96 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 47. NigussieŮʿ£¨°£Èû¶í±ÈÑDzм² ºÍ·¢Õ¹ÖÐÐÄ£©»ØÓ¦ÁËÌýÖÚϯµÄÎÊÌ⣬±íʾ ÈçͬÊÀ½çÉÏµÄÆäËûÔÖÄÑ£¬ÈÕ±¾µÄµØÕðÔÖÄÑ ÏÔʾÔÚ½¨Á¢Ô¤¾¯ÏµÍ³ºÍÆäËû¼õÉÙÔÖÄѵĻú ÖÆÊ±²Ð¼²È˵ÄÀûÒæ¼¸ºõûÓб»¿¼ÂÇÔÚÄÚ¡£ µ«ÊÇ£¬¸÷¹ú±ØÐëÀμǡ¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÚ11Ìõ¹æ ¶¨µÄ¸÷¹úÒåÎñ£¬¼´¸÷¹úͬÒâ²ÉÈ¡ËùÓбØÒª µÄ´ëÊ©ÔÚ°üÀ¨Îä×°³åÍ»¡¢È˵ÀÖ÷Òå½ô¼±Çé ¿öÒÔ¼°×ÔÈ»ÔÖÄѵķ¢ÉúµÄΣÏÕÇé¿öÖб£»¤ ²Ð¼²È˲¢È·±£ËûÃǵݲȫ¡£ÔÚȱ·¦Ö¸±êÀ´ ºâÁ¿´Ù½ø²Ð¼²ÈËȨÀûµÄ½øÕ¹·½Ã棬Èκεà µ½²Ð¼²ÈËÈϿɵĹú¼ÒÒ»¼¶µÄÖ¸±ê¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓÉ ¿ª·Å¹¤×÷×é×÷ΪʵÀýÉõÖÁ¹©¿¼ÂǵÄ×î¼Ñ×ö ·¨Ìá³ö¡£Ëý¶Ø´ÙËùÓвÎÓëÕßÔÚËûÃǸ÷×﵀ ¹ú¼ÒÈ¥¼Ç¼·¢Õ¹£¬²¢¼ÌÐøÏò¹Ù·½Ê©Ñ¹£¬´Ó ¶øÈ·±£ÌáÒéµÄ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Ä¿±êºÍ¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê µÄÔ¤¸åÖÐÌá¼°²Ð¼²È˵ÄÄÚÈݲ»»áÔÚ×îºóµÄ ÎļþÖб»É¾¼õ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 47. 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ËùÓÐÈË£¬ ÌØ±ðÊÇ´¦¾³À§ÄÑÕߣ¬ ÎÞÂÛÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢ÖÖ×å¡¢Ãñ×åΪºÎ£¬ÎÞÂÛÊDzм²ÈË¡¢ÒÆÃñ»¹ÊÇÍÁÖø¾ÓÃñ£¬ÎÞÂÛÊǶùͯ»¹ ÊÇÇàÄ꣬¶¼Ó¦Óлú»áÖÕÉí»ñµÃ½ÌÓý, ÕÆÎÕ±ØÒªÖªÊ¶ºÍ¼¼ÄÜ£¬³ä·ÖÈÚÈëÉç»á¡££© °´Àí˵all people ÒѾ­°üÀ¨ËùÓÐÈËÁË£¬ºóÃæ²»ÓÃÔÙ·Ö±ðÌá¼°¸÷ÀàÈËȺ¡£µ«ÒòΪ¸÷ÀàÈËȺµÄ ´ú±í»ú¹¹¶¼Ï£Íû·¢³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÉùÒô£¬ËùÒÔÕâ¸öµ¥×Ó»áÔ½ÁÐÔ½³¤¡£ 8 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Zero draft means a draft of a document prepared prior to a fi rst draft and with less polish. It¡¯s a way of indicating the very rough or provisional status of a document. ÁªºÏ¹úµÄÊõ Óï¿âÖÐÒëΪ¡°Ô¤¸å¡±£¬Ã»ÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£ 98 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿zero draft ÊÇÒ»¸öÐÎÏó˵·¨¡£ÎÒÃÇͨ³£ËµÄ³¸öÊÂÎïµÄ1.0 °æ¡¢2.0 °æ£¬ zero draft ÊÇÔÚ1.0 °æÖ®Ç°µÄ°æ±¾£¬¼´ÈÔÈ»·Ç³£´Ö²ÚµÄ²Ý¸å¡£Îª±£³ÖÕâÒ»ÐÎÏ󣬱ÊÕßÈÏΪ ¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ0.0 °æ¡£µ«¼ÈÈ»ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖÐÒѾ­È·¶¨ÒëΪ¡°Ô¤¸å¡±£¬ÎªÍ³Ò»Æð¼û£¬»¹ÊÇ·­ÒëΪ ¡°Ô¤¸å¡±¡£ 9 ¡¾ÓïÓòÊʵ±¡¿¼øÓÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖÐproposal ¾­³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìá°¸¡±£¬²»·Á»»¸ö˵·¨£¬°ÑÔ­ÒëµÄ ¡°ÌáÒéµÄ¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Ä¿±ê¡±¸ÄΪ¡°¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Ä¿±êÌá°¸¡±£¬ÌýÆðÀ´¸ü¼ÓÕýʽ¡£ 10 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿Water down means to modify or adulterate, especially so as to omit anything harsh, unpleasant, or offensive; for example, to water down the truth. (dictionary.com) ËùÒÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°µ­»¯¡±¡°Èõ»¯¡±¡°²ô¼Ù¡±µÈ£»¡°É¾¼õ¡±Ò²¿ÉÒÔ£¬È±µãÊDz»¹»Î¯Íñ¡£ 99 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά ͨ¹ý±³¾°×ÊÁÏÏû³ýÒÉÎÊ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ 1. ·¢ÏÖÄÚÔÚÂß¼­ 2. ¸ù¾Ý¸ÅÂÊÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά 1. ±çÖ¤¿´´ý´Ê»ã±í 2. Ô­Òë²»µ±¿ÉÒÔÐÞ¸Ä 3. ¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎıÊÎó µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå 2. ¸ù¾Ý×¢ÊÍ˳ÌÙÃþ¹Ï 3. ÀûÓÃWikipedia Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. multiple discrimination 2. disaggregated national statistics 3. albinism 4. mainstreaming 5. Çø·ÖgoalsºÍtargets 6. ÄÜÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄ»°½âÊͲÅËãÀí½â ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ ¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä²»ÄÜ¿çԽνÓïÐÞÊÎÖ÷Óï ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ´ÊÐÔת»» 2. ½÷É÷Ìí¼ÓÀ¨ºÅ 3. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ 4. addressÒëΪ¡°¹Ø×¢¡± 5. ÖØÒªÐÅÏ¢ºóÖà 6. ×¢Òâ´ÊÒå°ý±á ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ 2. ²ð·Ö³¤¾ä 3. Çø·Ö¼°ÎïºÍ²»¼°Îﶯ´Ê 4. ¶àÓöººÅ 5. body partsµÄÒë·¨ 6. ʹÓÃÆ½Ðнṹ 7. ¾¯Ìè±ã×°ÊõÓï 8. È·±£ÐÅÏ¢²ã²ãÍÆ½ø 9. È·±£Ò뷨ͳһ 10. ת»»ÊÓ½Ç 11. ³­Â¼ËûÈËÒëÎIJ»¶à²»ÉÙ 12. access£º¸ù¾Ý±öÓï¾ö¶¨¶¯´Ê 13. ±ÜÃâÆçÒå ±äͨ 1. Àí½âÊÇÁé»îµÄ»ù´¡ 2. É÷ÖØ²¹³äÒþº¬ÄÚÈÝ 3. É÷ÖØ½âÊÍÔ­ÎÄ 4. Ò»¸ö´ÊÒëΪËĸö×Ö µÚ 6 µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄ Éç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ 100 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×Ô¡° Report of the Secretary-General on the Social Development Challenges Faced by Persons with Albinism¡±£¨¡¶ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ¡·£©£¬ÎÄ ºÅΪA/72/169¡£°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÓÖ±»³ÆÎª¡°ÔÂÁÁµÄº¢×Ó¡±£¬ËûÃÇËù¾­ÊܵÄÍ´¿à²»½ö½öÀ´×Ô¼² ²¡±¾Éí£¬»¹°üÀ¨²»Í¬³Ì¶ÈµÄÆçÊÓÓë²»¹«Õý¶Ô´ý£¬ÉõÖÁÆÈº¦ÓëÍÀɱ¡£±¾±¨¸æ½ÒʾÁ˰׻¯²¡ »¼ÕßËùÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½£¬²¢Ìá³öÏàÓ¦Õþ²ßÏû³ýÆçÊÓ£¬¡°²»ÈÃÈκÎÈ˵ô¶Ó¡±¡£ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ Summary: This report presents the main social development challenges faced by persons with albinism, taking into consideration the specific1 challenges faced by women and children, and primarily focusing on the barriers in accessing health, education, employment and in participating in political, social, civic and cultural life. Drawing upon the collective promise of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to ¡°le ave no one behind¡±2, it provides a framework for conceptualizing and removing barriers to social inclusion faced by this population and identifies existing policy responses. It subsequently3 provides recommendations to Member States, the international community, civil society organizations and the private sector. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë ÕªÒª£º±¾±¨¸æ½éÉÜÁ˰׻¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæ ÁÙµÄÖ÷ÒªÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½£¬°üÀ¨¸¾Å®¶ùͯ ÃæÁٵľßÌåÌôÕ½£¬²àÖØÔÚ»ñµÃÒ½ÁÆ¡¢½Ì Óý¡¢¾ÍҵȨºÍ²ÎÓëÕþÖΡ¢Éç»á¡¢Ãñ¼äºÍ ÎÄ»¯Éú»î·½ÃæµÄÕϰ­¡£±¾±¨¸æÒÔ¡°²»Èà ÈκÎÈ˵ô¶Ó¡±µÄ¡¶2030Äê¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Òé ³Ì¡·µÄ¼¯Ìå³ÐŵΪ»ù´¡£¬ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öÈÏ Ê¶¸ÃȺÌåÔÚÈÚÈëÉç»á·½ÃæµÄÕϰ­ºÍÏû³ý Õϰ­µÄ¿ò¼Ü£¬Í¬Ê±½éÉÜÁËÏÖÓеÄÕþ²ß·´ Ó¦¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬±¾±¨¸æÎª¸÷»áÔ±¹ú¡¢¹ú¼Ê Éç»á¡¢Ãñ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯ºÍ˽Ӫ²¿ÃÅÌṩÁË Èô¸É½¨Òé¡£ ÕªÒª£º±¾±¨¸æ½éÉÜÁ˰׻¯²¡»¼Õß ÃæÁÙµÄÖ÷ÒªÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½£¬°üÀ¨°×»¯²¡ ¸¾Å®ºÍ¶ùÍ¯ÃæÁÙµÄÌØ±ðÌôÕ½£¬ÖØµã¹Ø×¢ ¸ÃȺÌå»ñµÃÒ½ÁÆ¡¢½ÌÓý¡¢¾ÍÒµÒÔ¼°²ÎÓë ÕþÖΡ¢Éç»á¡¢Ãñ¼äºÍÎÄ»¯Éú»î·½ÃæµÄÕÏ °­¡£±¾±¨¸æÒÔ¡¶2030Äê¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Òé ³Ì¡·¼¯Ìå×÷³öµÄ¡°²»ÈÃÈκÎÒ»¸öÈ˵ô ¶Ó¡±µÄ³ÐŵΪ»ù´¡£¬ÌṩÁËÒ»¸öÈÏʶºÍ Ïû³ý¸ÃȺÌåÈÚÈëÉç»á·½ÃæËùÃæÁÙÕϰ­ºÍ Ïû³ýÕϰ­µÄ¿ò¼Ü£¬Í¬Ê±½éÉÜÁËÏÖÓеÄÕþ ²ß»ØÓ¦¡£½ÓÏÂÀ´£¬±¾±¨¸æÎª¸÷»áÔ±¹ú¡¢ ¹ú¼ÊÉç»á¡¢Ãñ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯ºÍ˽Ӫ²¿ÃÅÌá ¹©ÁËÈô¸É½¨Òé¡£ 101 µÚ6µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ Ô­ÎÄ2 4. Generally, information on the social situation of persons with albinism is lacking, notably due to the absence of disaggregated national statistics1. There is relatively more information on the human rights situation of this population in sub-Saharan Africa, given that the issue was brought to the fore in response to reports of horrendous physical attacks against persons with albinism in some countries2. Despite this information gap, testimonies3 gathered by the Independent Expert, academic publications and news pieces, suggest that persons with albinism face similar patterns of social exclusion and discrimination worldwide. 1 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿ specifi c ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìر𡱺ÃһЩ£¬ ¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°¾ßÌ塱¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÖ¸ÈõÊÆÈº Ìå £¨ ¸¾Å®¡¢¶ùͯ¡¢ÉÙÊýÕßȺÌåµÈ£©ÒòΪ°×»¯²¡ºÍÌØ¶¨Éí·Ý¶øÃæÁٵĶàÖØÆçÊÓ£¬¼´³ýÁË×Ô ¼ºÉíΪŮÐÔ¡¢¶ùͯ¡¢ÉÙÊýÃñ×åµÈÊܵ½ÆçÊÓÍ⣬×÷Ϊ°×»¯²¡»¼Õß»¹ÔâÊÜÆçÊÓ¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¡°¶àÖØÆçÊÓ¡±¿ÉÒëΪmultiple discrimination »òcumulative discrimination¡£ 2 ¡¾·¢ÏÖÄÚÔÚÂß¼­¡¿Ô­Ò붨Óï¹ý³¤£¬ÇÒ±í´ï²»·ûºÏººÓïµÄϰ¹ß¡£¾¿ÆäÔ­Òò£¬ÊǶÔÔ­ÎÄÀí½â²» ͸³¹¡£¡° ²»ÈÃÈκÎÒ»¸öÈ˵ô¶Ó¡±ÊÇÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úÔÚ¡¶2030 Äê¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹Òé³Ì¡·ÖÐÌá³öµÄ£¬Òâ ˼ÊÇıÇó¹²Í¬·¢Õ¹£¬²»ÈÃÈκÎÈõÊÆÈºÌåµô¶Ó¡£ ¡¾±çÖ¤¿´´ý´Ê»ã±í¡¿leave no one behind ÊÇÒ»¸öÖØÒª¿ÚºÅ£¬¾­³£³öÏÖ£¬ÐèÒªÒ»¸öͳһµÄÒë·¨£¬ ÁªºÏ¹úµÄ´Ê»ã±íÖУ¬ÒëΪ¡°²»ÈÃÈκÎÒ»¸öÈ˵ô¶Ó¡±£¬Òò´Ë¸ÄÒëÔö¼ÓÁË¡°Ò»¸ö¡±¡£ËäÈ»ÕâÁ½ ¸ö×Ö¶àÓ࣬µ«ÎªÁËͳһ£¬Ò²²»ÒËÐ޸ģ¬±Ï¾¹ÕâÑù˵ҲûÓдíÎó¡£Èç¹û´Ê»ã±íÖеÄÒë·¨´í Îó£¬ÒëÕß¿ÉÒÔ֪ͨ´Ê»ãרԱÌÖÂÛÐ޸ġ£ÓÐʱ£¬´Ê»ã±íÖеÄÊõÓïÀ´×ÔÁíÒ»¸öÓï¾³£¬²»Ò»¶¨ ·ûºÏÐèÒª£¬Ò²²»±ØÕÕ°á¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿´ÊÒåÄò»×¼Ê±£¬Òª²éÓ¢Ó¢´Êµä¡£subsequently ÔڴʵäÖе͍ÒåÊÇfollowing in time or order; succeeding (thefreedictionary.com)¡£´ËÍ⣬×÷ΪժҪ£¬´Ë¶ÎÊÇÒÀÕÕÏȺó˳Ðò ¶ÔÈ«ÎÄÄÚÈÝ×÷µÄ×ܽᣬ²»ÄܰÑsubsequently ÒýÉê·­Òë³É¡°»ùÓÚ´Ë¡±£¬ÔÚ±¾Óï¾³ÖУ¬Ëü²¢Ã» ÓгÐÔØÕâÑùµÄÒò¹û¹ØÏµ¡£ ½âÎö 102 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¸ÄÒë 4. ×ܵÄÀ´Ëµ£¬¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÉç»á ×´¿öµÄ×ÊÁÏ±È½ÏØÑ·¦£¬Ö÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÊǸ÷¹ú ȱÉÙ·ÖÁеÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý¡£ÔÚÈö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·Ç ÖÞ£¬¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÈËȨ״¿öµÄÐÅÏ¢½Ï ¶à£¬ÒòΪÓб¨¸æ³Æ¸ÃµØÇøÒ»Ð©¹ú¼ÒµÄ°× »¯²¡»¼ÕßÊܵ½¶ñÐÔÈËÉí¹¥»÷£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹Õâ Ò»ÎÊÌâÊܵ½¹Ø×¢¡£¾¡¹ÜȱÉÙÐÅÏ¢£¬µ«Í¨ ¹ý¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò¡¢Ñ§Êõ³ö°æÎïºÍÐÂÎű¨µÀ²É ¼¯µÄÖ¤ÑÔÏÔʾ£¬È«ÊÀ½ç°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßËùÃæ ÁÙµÄÉç»áÅųâºÍÆçÊÓ×´¿ö´óͬСÒì¡£ 1 ¡¾ÖØÒªÐÅÏ¢ºóÖ῱¾¾äÊdzÂÊöÊÂʵºÍ¶ÔÔì³É¸ÃÊÂʵԭÒòµÄ½âÊÍ£¬ÖصãÊÇбÌ岿·ÖµÄ½âÊÍ£¬ ¸Ã²¿·ÖÐÅÏ¢ºóÖ㬷­Òëʱ²»ÐèÒª°´ÕÕÒò¹ûµÄÂß¼­Ë³Ðòµ÷ÓïÐò£¬¶øÓ¦¼ÌÐø°ÑÖØÒªÐÅÏ¢»òÕß ÐÂÐÅÏ¢ºóÖᣠ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿disaggregated ÒëΪ¡°·ÖÁС±£¬ÊÇÒÀÕÕÁªºÏ¹úµÄϰ¹ß¡£°´¹úÄÚϰ¹ß£¬Ó¦¸Ã˵ ͳ¼ÆÊý¾ÝµÄ¡°·Ö½â¡±»ò¡°ºÏ²¢¡±¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÒªÇó¸÷¹ú·¢²¼ÏêϸµÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý£¬¶ø²»Ö»ÊÇÁýͳµÄ Êý¾Ý¡£±ÈÈ磬²»ÒªÖ»¸ø³ö¡°¶ùͯËÀÍöÂÊ¡±£¬¶øÓ¦·Ö±ðͳ¼ÆÄÐͯºÍŮͯËÀÍöÂÊ¡¢ÉÙÊýÕßȺÌå ¶ùͯËÀÍöÂÊ¡¢²ÐÕ϶ùͯËÀÍöÂÊ¡¢°×»¯²¡¶ùͯËÀÍöÂÊ£¬µÈµÈ¡£Í¬Ñù£¬²»ÒªÖ»¸ø³ö¶ùͯê¡Ñ§ ÂÊ£¬¶øÒª·Ö±ð¸ø³öÄÐŮѧÉú¡¢ÉÙÊýÃñ×塢ũ´åºÍ³ÇÊжùͯê¡Ñ§ÂÊ¡£¡°·ÖÁС±Àí½âΪ¡°·Ö±ð Áо١±£¬Ò²ÊÇ´ïÒâµÄ˵·¨£¬¼ÈÈ»ÒѾ­³¤ÆÚʹÓã¬Ò²²»±Ø¸ÄΪ¡°·Ö½â¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿µÚ¶þ¾äÊdz¤¾ä¡£Ô­ÒëÒëÕßÔÚ·­Òëʱ»úе¶ÔÒ룬µ¼ÖººÓïÍÏí³¡¢È±·¦½Ú×à¡£·­ ÒëÓ¢Îij¤¾äÐë×¢Òâ²ð·Ö£¬½«³¤¾ä±äΪ¶Ì¾ä£¬²ÅÄܳä·Ö·¢»ÓººÓïµÄÓÅÊÆ¡£ ¡¾¶àÓöººÅ¡¿½«in sub-Saharan Africa ·­ÒëΪ״Ó±ãÓÚÌí¼Ó¶ººÅ£¬ÔöÇ¿¾ä×Ó½Ú×à¸Ð¡£ 3 ¡¾ÀûÓÃWikipedia¡¿ÔÚÓöµ½Ò»´Ê¶àÒåʱ£¬Ó¦×Ðϸ²éÕÒ²¢½áºÏÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå¡£ÔÚWikipedia ÖÐ ËÑË÷testimony Ò»´Ê¿ÉÕÒµ½ÒÔÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º In the law, testimony is a form of evidence that is obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fact. Testimony may be oral or written, and it is usually made by oath or affi rmation under penalty of perjury. Óɴ˿ɼû£¬testimony µÄ»ù±¾Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°Ö¤ÑÔ¡±£¬¼È¿ÉÖ¸¿ÚÍ·µÄÖ¤ÑÔ£¬ÓÖ¿ÉÖ¸ÊéÃæµÄÖ¤´Ê¡£ ½âÎö Ô­Òë 4. Ò»°ãÀ´Ëµ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÓÚȱÉÙ¸÷¹ú µÄ·ÖÁÐͳ¼Æ£¬°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÉç»á×´¿ö·½Ãæ µÄ×ÊÁϱȽÏÉÙ¡£Èö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·ÇÖÞ°×»¯²¡ »¼ÕßµÄÈËȨ״¿ö·½ÃæµÄÐÅÏ¢½Ï¶à£¬ÒòΪ Óб¨¸æ³Æ¸ÃµØÇøÒ»Ð©¹ú¼ÒµÄ°×»¯²¡»¼Õß Êܵ½¶ñÐÔÈËÉí¹¥»÷£¬Ê¹ÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÊܵ½¹Ø ×¢¡£¾¡¹ÜȱÉÙÐÅÏ¢£¬Í¨¹ý¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò¡¢Ñ§ Êõ³ö°æÎïºÍÐÂÎű¨µÀ²É¼¯µÄÖ¤¾ÝÏÔʾ£¬ È«ÊÀ½ç°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßËùÃæÁÙµÄÉç»áÅųâºÍ ÆçÊÓ×´¿ö´óͬСÒì¡£ 103 µÚ6µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 5. In response to the reported attacks against persons with albinism, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Independent Expert have addressed human rights violations affecting persons with albinism1¡ªincluding attacks, killings2, desecration of graves3, trafficking of body parts4, displacement5, discrimination based on disability, color as well as challenges concerning the right to the hi ghest attainable standard of health6 and the right to education. The present report focuses on the social development challenges affecting persons with albinism. 5. ×÷Ϊ¶Ô°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÊܵ½Ï®»÷µÄ±¨ ¸æ×÷³öµÄ·´Ó¦£¬ÈËȨÊÂÎñ¸ß¼¶×¨Ô±°ìÊ´¦ ºÍ¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò¶Ô°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÔâÊܵÄÇÖ·¸ÈËȨ µÄÐÐΪ×÷³öÁË´¦Àí¡£ÕâЩÇÖ·¸ÈËȨµÄÐÐΪ °üÀ¨Ï®»÷¡¢É±º¦¡¢ÙôäÂÁêĹ¡¢··ÔËÉíÌå¹¹ ³É²¿·Ö¡¢Á÷ÀëʧËù¡¢²Ð¼²ºÍ·ôÉ«ÆçÊÓ¡¢ÎÞ ·¨»ñµÃ×î¸ß±ê×¼µÄ½¡¿µºÍÊܽÌÓýȨ¡£±¾±¨ ¸æÖØµã¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½¡£ 5 . Õë¶Ô°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÔâÊÜÏ®»÷µÄ±¨ µÀ£¬ÈËȨÊÂÎñ¸ß¼¶×¨Ô±°ìÊ´¦ºÍ¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò ÒÑ×÷³ö»ØÓ¦£¬¿ªÊ¼¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÔâÊÜµÄ ÇÖ·¸ÈËȨÐÐΪ£¬°üÀ¨Ï®»÷¡¢É±Â¾¡¢ÙôäÂ·Ø Ä¹¡¢··ÔËÈËÌ岿¼þ¡¢±»ÆÈÀ뿪¼ÒÔ°¡¢²Ð¼² ºÍ·ôÉ«ÆçÊÓ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÔÚ»ñµÃÄÜ´ïµ½µÄ×î¸ß±ê ×¼½¡¿µºÍ½ÌÓýȨ·½ÃæÃæÁÙµÄÌôÕ½¡£±¾±¨¸æ ÖØµã¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½¡£ Õâ¸ö´ÊµÄÒýÉêÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Ö¤¾Ý¡±¡°Ö¤Ã÷¡±£¬±ÈÈçcollinsdictionary.com ÕâÑù½âÊÍ£º¡°If you say that one thing is testimony to another, you mean that it shows clearly that the second thing has a particular quality¡±¡£µ«ÔÚ·¨ÂÉÓᄈϣ¬¡°Ö¤ÑÔ¡±Ö»ÊÇÖ¤¾Ý£¨evidence£©µÄÒ»ÖÖ¡£´Ë´¦ÊÇÖ¸¶À Á¢×¨¼ÒµÄµ÷²éÇé¿ö£¬¶¥¶àÎÊÎʱ»º¦Õß»òÅÔ¹ÛÕߣ¬²»»áÏñÐÌÊÂÕì²éÄÇÑù£¬È¥ËѼ¯¸÷ÖÖÖ¤¾Ý¡£ 1 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿µÚÒ»¾äбÌ岿·Ö£¬Ô­ÒëÒëÕß¾ÐÄàÓÚÔ­ÎĵĽṹ£¬µ¼Ö³öÏÖ¡°×÷Ϊ¶Ô¡­¡­×÷³ö µÄ·´Ó¦£¬°ìÊ´¦ºÍר¼Ò¶Ô¡­¡­×÷³öÁË´¦Àí¡±ÕâÑùÞֿڵľäʽ¡£Óöµ½Ó¢Îij¤¾ä£¬¿ÉÒÔÎ§ÈÆ¾ä ×ÓÖе͝´Ê»òÃû´Ê»¯¶¯´ÊÔì¾ä£¬È»ºó°´¶¯×÷µÄʱ¼ä˳ÐòÅÅÁУ¬Ìí¼Ó±ØÒªµÄÏνӳɷ֣¬´Ó ¶øÒë³öͨ˳µÄººÓï¡£ÓÐʱÔÚ¾ä×ÓÖÐÕÒ²»µ½¶¯´ÊµÄÂß¼­Ö÷ÓÐèÒª¸ù¾ÝÉÏÏÂÎÄÌí¼Ó¡£±ÈÈ磬 ±¾¾ä»°Òþº¬µÄ¶¯´ÊÓÐattack¡¢violate¡¢affect¡¢report¡¢respond¡¢address£¨°´Ê±¼ä˳Ðò£©£¬Î§ ÈÆÕâЩ¶¯´Ê·Ö±ðÔì¾ä£¬µÃµ½ÈçϾä×Ó£º°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÔâÊÜÏ®»÷¡¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßµÄȨÀûÔâÊÜÇÖ ·¸¡¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÊܵ½Ó°Ï졢ýÌ屨µÀÁËÏ®»÷¡¢¸ßר°ì×÷³öÁË»ØÓ¦¡¢¸ßר°ì¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡»¼ ÕßÎÊÌâ¡£°ÑÕâЩ¶Ì¾äºÏ²¢¡¢µ÷Õû£¬¾ÍÊÇÍêÕûµÄÒâ˼£ºÓб¨µÀ³Æ£¬°×»¯²¡ÈËÔâÊÜÏ®»÷£¬ÈË È¨¸ßר°ìºÍ¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò×÷Ϊ»ØÓ¦£¬¿ªÊ¼¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÈËȨÊܵ½ÇÖ·¸µÄÎÊÌ⣬°üÀ¨¡­¡­ ½âÎö 104 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¡¾address ÒëΪ¡°¹Ø×¢¡±¡¿address Ô­ÒëΪ¡°´¦Àí¡±¡£µ«ÈËȨ¸ßר°ìºÍ¶ÀÁ¢×¨¼Ò²»¿ÉÄܵ½¸÷ ¹úÈ¥´¦Àí¸ö°¸¡£¡°´¦Àí¡±Êǹú¼ÒµÄÔðÈΡ£·­ÒëΪ¡°½â¾ö¡±¸ü²»¶Ô£»¼¸¸öÈ˽â¾ö²»ÁËÎÊ Ìâ¡£ ¾­²é£¬address µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£ºto think about and begin to deal with (an issue or problem) (en. oxforddictionaries.com)£¬Èç¡°A fundamental problem has still to be addressed.¡±¡£ÔÙÈ磺 ? How do we begin to address the issue of vandalism? ? We need to gauge neighbourhood support and address legitimate concerns. ? Have his policies begun to seriously address the enormous problems facing our nation? ? Fortunately, recent studies have begun to address these important issues. dictionary.cambridge.org µÄ½âÊÍÊÇ£ºto give attention to or deal with a matter or problem£¬Èç ¡°The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.¡±¡£ ÊÜ´ËÆô·¢£¬´Ë´¦ÒëΪ¡°¿ªÊ¼¹Ø×¢¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾Çø·Ö¼°ÎïºÍ²»¼°Îﶯ´Ê¡¿killing Ô­ÒëΪ¡°É±º¦¡±£¬¸ÄÒëΪ¡°É±Â¾¡±£¬ÊÇÒòΪ¡°É±º¦¡±ÐèÒª ±öÓ¡°É±Â¾¡±²»Óᣠ3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿grave Ô­ÒëΪ¡°ÁêĹ¡±£¬ ¸ÄÒëΪ¡°·ØÄ¹¡±£¬ÊÇÒòΪµÛÍõµÄ·ØÄ¹²Å½Ð¡°Áê Ĺ¡±£¬ÕâЩ°×»¯²¡»¼Õߣ¬¶¼ÊÇÇî¿àÈ˼ң¬ÐÞ²»Æð¡°ÁêĹ¡±¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿´ó¼Ò¿ÉÄܲ»Àí½âΪʲôÓÐÈ˻᷷Âô°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßµÄÉíÌ岿¼þ¡£Óöµ½²»Àí½âµÄµØ ·½£¬¿ÉÒÔÏÈËÑË÷±¾ÎÄÓÐÎÞ½âÊÍ£¬±ÈÈçÓÃbody parts ËÑË÷£¬¾Í·¢ÏÖ±¾ÎÄÓиö×¢ÊÍ£º For an example of a person with albinism living in a region where supernatural explanations prevail, see Michael Hosea, ¡°Living with albinism¡±: ¡°practitioners of witchcraft hunt and kill us to use our hair, body parts and organs in charms and po tions¡±. 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Due to the fact that most victims of attacks are children, those who fl ed their homes are also mostly children. ¿´À´ÕâЩº¢×ÓÊDZ»ÆÈÌÓÀë¼ÒÔ°¡£°Ñ¡°Á÷ÀëʧËù¡±¹éΪ¡°ÇÖ·¸ÈËȨÐÐΪ¡±£¬²»Ì«·ûºÏÂß¼­£¬ ÒòΪ¡°Á÷ÀëʧËù¡±ÖÁÉÙ±íÃæÉÏ¿´£¬ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÖ÷¶¯Ñ¡Ôñ£¬²»´æÔÚ¡°ÇÖ·¸Õß¡±¡£¸ÄΪ¡°±»ÆÈÀ뿪 ¼ÒÔ°¡±¸ü·ûºÏÂß¼­¡£ 6 ¡¾¾¯Ìè±ã×°ÊõÓï¡¿the highest attainable standard of health ÊÇÒ»¸ö²»¼ÓÒýºÅ¡¢Ã»ÓдóдµÄ±ã×° ÊõÓÓй̶¨Òë·¨£º¡°ÄÜ´ïµ½µÄ×î¸ß±ê×¼½¡¿µ¡±£¬Òâ˼ÊÇÔÚµ±µØÌõ¼þÏ¿ÉÒÔ´ïµ½µÄ×î¸ß±ê ×¼£¬²»ÊÇÈ«ÊÀ½ç×î¸ßµÄ±ê×¼¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 7. Social development1a is closely related to social inclusion1b, which is the ability of all individuals to participate fully2 in economic, social, political and cultural life. Discrimination and the lack of access to services and material resources are the main barriers to social inclusion. Promoting social inclusion requires both removing barriers to people¡¯s participation and taking active inclusionary steps3 to improve the terms of participation in society for people who are excluded. The latter entails enhancing access to opportunities (education, health and other services), access to resources (employment and income opportunities)4 and participation in social, political, civic and cultural life. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 7. Éç»á·¢Õ¹ÓëÈÚÈëÉç»áÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£ÈÚ ÈëÉç»áÊÇÖ¸ËùÓÐÈ˳ä·Ö²ÎÓë¾­¼Ã¡¢Éç»á¡¢ ÕþÖκÍÎÄ»¯Éú»îµÄÄÜÁ¦¡£ÔâÊÜÆçÊӺ͵ò» µ½¹«¹²·þÎñºÍÎïÖÊ×ÊÔ´ÊÇÈÚÈëÉç»áµÄÖ÷Òª Õϰ­¡£´Ù½øÉç»á°üÈÝ£¬Ò»·½ÃæÒªÏû³ýÈËÃÇ ²ÎÓëÉç»áµÄ¸÷ÖÖÕϰ­£»ÁíÒ»·½ÃæÒª²ÉÈ¡»ý ¼«µÄ´ÙÈÚ´ëÊ©£¬¸ÄÉÆ±»ÅųâÕß²ÎÓëÉç»áµÄ Ìõ¼þ¡£ºóÕßÐèÒª¸ÄÉÆ»ñµÃ¸÷ÖÖ»ú»á£¨½Ì Óý¡¢ÎÀÉúºÍÆäËû·þÎñ£©µÄÇþµÀ£¬°üÀ¨»ñµÃ ÎïÖÊÌõ¼þµÄÇþµÀ£¨¹¤×÷ºÍÊÕÈëÀ´Ô´£©¡¢²Î ÓëÉç»á¡¢ÕþÖΡ¢Ãñ¼äºÍÎÄ»¯Éú»îµÄÇþµÀ¡£ 7. 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Persons with albinism may experience further discrimination based on gender, age, race and other status. For instance, in countries where the society continues to be de facto divided along racial lines and skin color to be socially meaningful1, persons with albinism in dark skin communities are likely to experience a double marginalization: for belonging to the dark skin community and for being different from members of their own community2. 16. °×»¯²¡»¼Õß¿ÉÄÜÃæÁÙ¸ü¶à»ùÓÚÐÔ ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢ÖÖ×åºÍÆäËûÉí·ÝµÄÆçÊÓ¡£±È È磬ÔÚÖÖ×åÈÔÈ»ÊÇʵ¼Ê½çÏÞ²¢ÇÒ·ôÉ«ÈÔ È»ÔÚÉç½»·½ÃæÆðÖØÒª×÷ÓõÄÉç»áÀºÚ ·ôɫȺÌåÖеİ׻¯²¡»¼ÕßÓпÉÄÜÔâÓöË« ÖØ±ßÔµ»¯£ºÒòΪÆäÀ´×ÔºÚ·ôÉ«ÉçÇø£¬¼Ó Ö®ÔÚÉçÇø³ÉÔ±ÖÐÓëÖÚ²»Í¬¡£ 16. °×»¯²¡»¼Õß¿ÉÄÜÃæÁÙ¸ü¶à»ùÓÚ ÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢ÖÖ×åºÍÆäËûÉí·ÝµÄÆçÊÓ¡£ ±ÈÈ磬ÓÐЩÉç»áÈÔÈ»ÔÚÊÂʵÉϰ´ÖÖ×å»­ Ïߣ¬·ôÉ«ÈÔ¾ßÓÐÉç»áÒâÒ壬ÕâʱºÚ·ôÉ« ȺÌåÖеİ׻¯²¡»¼ÕßÓпÉÄÜÔâÓöË«ÖØ±ß Ôµ»¯£ºÒ»ÊÇÒòΪÊôÓÚºÚ·ôɫȺÌå¶øÊܵ½ °×ÈËÆçÊÓ£»¶þÊÇÒòΪÓë±¾×åÈË·ôÉ«²»Í¬ ¶øÊܵ½±¾×åÈËÆçÊÓ¡£ 109 µÚ6µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ 1 ¡¾Àí½âÊÇÁé»îµÄ»ù´¡¡¿Õâ¾ä»°Ã»ÓÐÒëºÃ£¬×îÖ÷ÒªµÄÔ­Òò»¹ÊÇÀí½â²»³ä·Ö¡£Àí½â²»³ä·Ö£¬¾Í ²»¸ÒÔ½À׳ذ벽£¬µ¼ÖÂÖÐÎÄǰÖö¨Óï¹ý³¤£¬ÐÐÎÄÍÏí³£¬Òâ˼º¬»ì¡£¸ÄÒëÔÚÀí½â»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ Áé»î·Ö½â¶¨Óï´Ó¾ä¡£ 2 ¡¾·¢ÏÖÄÚÔÚÂß¼­¡¿Õâ¾ä»°µÄÖ÷ÒªÎÊÌâÒ²ÊÇÀí½â²»µ½Î»£¬µ¼ÖÂÒëÎıíÒâ²»µ½Î»¡£ÒëÕßËä ÖÒʵµØÒë³öÁËÔ­Òò£¬µ«¶ÁÀ´ÈÔ¾õµÃûÓÐ˵µ½Öص㣬¸ôѥɦÑ÷¡£×ÐϸÔĶÁÔ­ÎÄ£¬²¢ÉÔ¼Ó Ë¼¿¼¾Í»áÁ˽⣬ºÚ·ôɫȺÌåÖеİ׻¯²¡»¼Õß±»±ßÔµ»¯£¬Ò»ÊÇÆä±¾Éí·ôÉ«½ÏºÚ£¬²»ÊÇ°× ÖÖÈË£¬Òò´ËÔÚ°×È˵±È¨µÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬Êܵ½°×ÖÖÈËµÄÆçÊÓ£»¶þÊÇÔÚÉî·ôÉ«µÄȺÌåÖУ¬Æä·ôÉ« ½Ï°×£¬Òò´ËÊܵ½Éî·ôɫȺÌåµÄÆçÊÓ¡£ ¡¾É÷ÖØ²¹³äÒþº¬ÄÚÈÝ¡¿×¢Ò⣬ԭÎÄûÓÐÃ÷ȷ˵Ã÷¡°°×ÈË¡±£¬µ«¸ÄÒëÔö¼ÓÁË¡°°×ÈË¡±Ò»´Ê£¬ ÈÃÒâ˼¸ü¼ÓÃ÷È·¡£ÕâÑù×öÔÚÁªºÏ¹úµÄÓï¾³ÏÂÓÐÒ»¶¨·çÏÕ£¬ÒòΪ˵²»¶¨×÷ÕßÊÇÓÐÒâ²»Ö¸Ãû µÀÐÕ¡£µ«¼øÓÚ´Ë´¦½ö½öÊÇÒ»·Ý±¨¸æ£¬²»Êǹ«Ô¼£¬¿öÇÒÀïÃæÓÃÁËdark skin community£¬Æä ¶ÔÁ¢ÃæÃ÷ÏÔ¾ÍÊÇfair skin community£¬ËùÒÔ£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ£¬Áé»îһЩҲÎÞ·Á¡£µ±È»£¬²»Ìí¼Ó ¡°°×ÈË¡±£¬¶ÔÓÚÁ˽ⱳ¾°µÄ¶ÁÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜ»áÀí½â¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 27. Furthermore, the 2030 Agenda sets forth Sustainable Development Goals and targets1 that are highly relevant to the situation of persons with albinism, notably the targets focusing on persons with disabilities (2i.e. equal access to education (targets 4.5 and 4.A), to full and productive employment and decent work (target 8.5), to transport systems (target 11.2) and public spaces (target 11.7)3, empowerment and promotion of social, economic and political inclusion (target 10.2); and increase availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by disability4 (target 17.18). Other relevant targets include the call for appropriate social protection systems (target 1.3); access to economic resources (target 1.4); reduced vulnerability [to] and impact [of,] [and] building resilience to5 economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters (targets 1.5 and 11.5); ending hunger (target 2.1); access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene6 (target 6.2); and eliminating discrimination (targets 10.3 and 16.B) among others. 110 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 27. ´ËÍ⣬Òé³ÌÈ·Á¢ÁËÓë°×»¯²¡ÈË ¸ß¶ÈÏà¹ØµÄÄ¿±êºÍ¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÖØ µã¹Ø×¢²Ð¼²È˵ľßÌåÄ¿±ê£¬¼´ÏíÓÐÆ½µÈ µÄÊܽÌÓý»ú»á£¨Ä¿±ê4.5ºÍÄ¿±ê4.A£©¡¢ ³ä·ÖºÍÉú²úÐÔ¾ÍÒµºÍÌåÃæ¹¤×÷£¨Ä¿±ê 8.5£©¡¢½»Í¨ÔËÊäϵͳ£¨Ä¿±ê11.2£©ºÍ ¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä£¨Ä¿±ê11 . 7£©£¬ÔöǿȨÄÜºÍ ´Ù½øÈÚÈëÉç»á¡¢¾­¼ÃºÍÕþÖÎÉú»î£¨Ä¿ ±ê1 0 . 2£©£¬ÒÔ¼°Ôö¼Ó°´²Ð¼²Çé¿ö·ÖÁÐ µÄ¸ßÖÊÁ¿²¢ÇÒ¼°Ê±¿É¿¿µÄÊý¾Ý£¨Ä¿±ê 17.18£©¡£ÆäËûÏà¹Ø¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê°üÀ¨ºôÓõ È·Á¢Êʵ±µÄÉç»á±£ÕÏÖÆ¶È£¨Ä¿±ê1.3£©£» È·±£»ñÈ¡¾­¼Ã×ÊÔ´µÄ»ú»á£¨Ä¿±ê1.4£©£» ½µµÍ¶Ô¾­¼Ã¡¢Éç»áºÍ»·¾³³å»÷ºÍÔÖº¦µÄ Ò×ÊÜÓ°Ïì³Ì¶È£¬½øÐÐÄÜÁ¦½¨ÉèÒÔÔöÇ¿µÖ ÓùÄÜÁ¦£¨Ä¿±ê1.5ºÍÄ¿±ê11.5£©£»Ïû³ý¼¢ ¶ö£¨2.1£©£»È·±£ÏíÓÐÊʵ±ºÍ¹«Æ½µÄ»·¾³ ÎÀÉúºÍ¸öÈËÎÀÉú£¨Ä¿±ê6.2£©£»Ïû³ýÆçÊÓ £¨Ä¿±ê10.3ºÍÄ¿±ê16.B£©µÈ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 27. ´ËÍ⣬¡¶2030Äê¿É³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹ Òé³Ì¡·È·Á¢ÁËÓë°×»¯²¡»¼Õ߸߶ÈÏà¹ØµÄ ×ÜÌåÄ¿±êºÍ¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÖØµã¹Ø×¢ ²Ð¼²È˵ľßÌåÄ¿±ê£¬¼´Æ½µÈ»ñµÃÊܽÌÓý »ú»á£¨Ä¿±ê4.5ºÍÄ¿±ê4.A£©¡¢Æ½µÈ»ñ µÃ³ä·ÖµÄÉú²úÐÔ¾ÍÒµºÍÌåÃæ¹¤×÷£¨Ä¿±ê 8.5£©¡¢Æ½µÈÀûÓý»Í¨ÔËÊäϵͳ£¨Ä¿±ê 11.2£©ºÍ¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä£¨Ä¿±ê11.7£©£¬Ôö ǿȨÄܺʹٽøÈÚÈëÉç»á¡¢¾­¼ÃºÍÕþÖÎÉú »î£¨Ä¿±ê10.2£©£¬ÒÔ¼°¼ÓÇ¿»ñµÃ°üÀ¨ ²Ð¼²ÈËÇé¿öµÄ¸ßÖÊÁ¿ºÍ¼°Ê±¿É¿¿µÄÊý¾Ý £¨Ä¿±ê17.18£©¡£ÆäËûÏà¹Ø¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê°ü À¨ºôÓõ½¨Á¢Êʵ±µÄÉç»á±£ÕÏÖÆ¶È£¨Ä¿±ê 1.3£©£»È·±£»ñÈ¡¾­¼Ã×ÊÔ´µÄ»ú»á£¨Ä¿±ê 1.4£©£»Ãæ¶Ô¾­¼Ã¡¢Éç»á¡¢»·¾³³å»÷ºÍÔÖ º¦£¬½µµÍ´àÈõÐÔ£¬¼õÉÙÓ°Ï죬ÔöÇ¿µÖÓù ÄÜÁ¦£¨Ä¿±ê1.5ºÍÄ¿±ê11.5£©£»Ïû³ý¼¢ ¶ö£¨2.1£©£»È·±£ÏíÓÐÊʵ±ºÍ¹«Æ½µÄ»·¾³ ÎÀÉúºÍ¸öÈËÎÀÉú£¨Ä¿±ê6.2£©£»Ïû³ýÆçÊÓ £¨Ä¿±ê10.3ºÍÄ¿±ê16.B£©µÈ¡£ 1 ¡¾Çø·Ögoals ºÍtargets¡¿goals and targets ÊÇͬÒå´Ê£¬×ÖµäÉÏÌṩµÄÒë·¨¶¼ÊÇ¡°Ä¿±ê¡±¡£µ«Èç ¹û¿´Ò»ÏÂSDG ±¾Éí£¬»á·¢ÏÖgoals ÊÇ×ÜÌåÄ¿±ê£¬¹²ÓÐ17 ÏÿÏî×ÜÌåÄ¿±êÏÂÃæ£¬»¹Óкܶà targets£¨¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê£©£¬¹²ÓÐ169 Ïî¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÖÐÎÄ´¦ÒëÔ±°Ñgoals ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ä¿±ê¡±£¬°Ñtargets ·­ ÒëΪ¡°¾ßÌåÄ¿±ê¡±£¬¶ÔÁ½Õß×÷ÁËÇø·Ö¡£ÁíÒ»¸öÇø·Ö·½·¨ÊÇ·Ö±ð·­ÒëΪ¡°´óÄ¿±ê¡±ºÍ¡°Ð¡Ä¿±ê¡±£¬ µ«¼ÈÈ»×î³õµÄ·­ÒëûÓÐÑ¡Óã¬ÒëÕßÒ²²»±Ø¸Ä±ä¡£ÕâÀïΪÁ˸üÃ÷È·Çø·Ö£¬¸ÄÒëÔö¼ÓÁËÓë¡°¾ß Ì塱Ïà¶ÔµÄ¡°×ÜÌ塱¡£ ¡¾Ò»¸ö´ÊÒëΪËĸö×Ö¡¿Ò»¸öÓ¢Óïµ¥´Ê·­ÒëΪËĸö×ÖµÄÇé¿ö±È½ÏÉÙ¼û£¬µ«±ØÒªÊ±Ò²¿ÉÒÔ¡£±È Èçgender£¬ÓÐʱΪÁËÓësex ½øÐÐÇø·Ö£¬¾Í·­ÒëΪ¡°Éç»áÐԱ𡱡£ 2 ¡¾¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎıÊÎó¡¿×Ðϸ²éÕÒ£¬·¢ÏÖÕâ¸ö×óÀ¨ºÅȱÉÙÏàÓ¦µÄÓÒÀ¨ºÅ¡£¼øÓÚÏÂÒ»¾ä½²other relevant targets µÄʱºò²¢Ã»ÓÐʹÓÃÀ¨ºÅ£¬·­ÒëÖÐɾ³ýÁË´ËÀ¨ºÅ¡£¹Ù·½ÎļþºóÀ´Ò²É¾³ýÁ˸à À¨ºÅ¡£ ½âÎö 111 µÚ6µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ ¡¾½÷É÷Ìí¼ÓÀ¨ºÅ¡¿ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÖУ¬¼õÉÙÀ¨ºÅµÄÇé¿öºÜÉÙ£¬µ«ÓÐʱÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÀ¨ºÅ¡£¾ä×Ó Ì«³¤µÄʱºò£¬Ôö¼ÓÀ¨ºÅÊǸö±ã½ÝµÄÊֶΡ£²»¹ý¶ÔÓÚÔö¼ÓÀ¨ºÅ£¬ÖÐÎÄ´¦³Ö·Ç³£ÉóÉ÷µÄ̬¶È£¬ ¾¡Á¿²»Ôö¼Ó¡£ 3 ¡¾access£º¸ù¾Ý±öÓï¾ö¶¨¶¯´Ê¡¿Ó¢ÎÄaccess to ÊÇÒ»¸öºÜ¼¬ÊֵĶÌÓҪÊÓÆä±öÓï¾ö¶¨Ñ¡Óà ÄĸöººÓﶯ´Ê¡£´Ë´¦equal access to ºóÃæÒ»¿ÚÆø¼ÓÁ˺ü¸¸ö´Ê£¨ ×飩£¬ ÒëÕßÐèÒª¸ù¾Ýÿ¸ö´Ê £¨×飩µÄÇé¿öÌí¼ÓÏàÓ¦µÄººÓﶯ´Ê¡£ 4 ¡¾±ÜÃâÆçÒå¡¿disaggregated by disability Ô­ÒëΪ¡°°´²Ð¼²Çé¿ö·ÖÁС±¡£Èç¹û²éÒ»ÏÂSDG µÄ ÖÐÎİ棬·¢ÏÖÉÏÃæÈ·ÊµÊÇÕâô·­ÒëµÄ¡£ËµÃ÷Ô­ÒëÕß²ÎÕÕÁ˸ÃÖÐÎİ棬·Ç³£ºÃ¡£µ«ÎÊÌâÊÇ£¬ SDG ÖÐÕâô·­ÒëÎÞÆçÒ壬·ÅÔÚ´Ë´¦È´²úÉúÁËÆçÒå¡£SDG µ±ÖеÄÏàÓ¦¶ÎÂäÊÇ£º ¡°17.18 µ½2020 Ä꣬¼ÓÇ¿Ïò·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬°üÀ¨×î²»·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒºÍСµºÓì·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒÌṩµÄÄÜ Á¦½¨ÉèÖ§³Ö£¬´ó·ùÔö¼Ó»ñµÃ°´ÊÕÈë¡¢ÐÔ±ð¡¢ÄêÁä¡¢ÖÖ×å¡¢Ãñ×å¡¢ÒÆáãÇé¿ö¡¢²Ð¼²Çé¿ö¡¢ µØÀíλÖú͸÷¹ú¹úÇéÓÐ¹ØµÄÆäËûÌØÕ÷·ÖÀàµÄ¸ßÖÊÁ¿¡¢¼°Ê±ºÍ¿É¿¿µÄÊý¾Ý¡£¡± ´ÓÕâÒ»¶ÎÀ´¿´£¬SDG ÒªÇó¸÷¹úµÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾ÝÒª×÷ºÃ·ÖÀ࣬Êý¾ÝÖÐÒª°üÀ¨²Ð¼²È˵ÄÇé¿ö¡£µ« Èç¹ûֻ˵¡°°´²Ð¼²Çé¿ö·ÖÁеÄÊý¾Ý¡±£¬ ÒÔÆäËû·ÖÀà±ê×¼×÷²ÎÕÕ£¬ÓпÉÄÜÎó½âΪÔÙ°Ñ¡°²Ð¼² Çé¿ö¡±Ï¸·Ö£¨±ÈÈç·ÖΪ²»Í¬¼¶±ðºÍÀà±ðµÄ²Ð¼²£©¡£ËùÒÔ¸ÄÒëΪ¡°°üÀ¨²Ð¼²ÈËÇé¿öµÄ¡±¡£ 5 ¡¾¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎıÊÎó¡¿Õâ¸ö¶ÌÓïÖеÄÖÐÀ¨ºÅÊDZÊÕß¼ÓÉϵģ¬ÒòΪԭÎÄÓÐ覴á£ÕâÀïÒÀ¾ÝSDG µ±ÖеÄÏàÓ¦ÄÚÈÝ×÷Á˲¹³ä£¬·ñÔòÎÞ·¨Àí½â¡£ÁíÍ⣬vulnerability and impact Ô­ÒëÕß´¦Àí³É ÁË¡°Ò×ÊÜÓ°Ïì³Ì¶È¡±£¬Ò²ÊDzÎÕÕÁËSDG ÖÐÎİæÖеĴë´Ç£¬µ«´Ë´¦²¢·ÇÖ±½ÓÒýÓÃÏà¹Ø¶ÎÂ䣬 ¿ÉÒÔÁé»î´¦Àí¡£ 6 ¡¾Ò»¸ö´ÊÒëΪËĸö×Ö¡¿ Ô­Ò뽫sanitation ºÍ hygiene ·Ö±ð·­ÒëΪ¡°»·¾³ÎÀÉú¡±ºÍ¡°¸öÈËÎÀÉú¡±£¬ ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄÒë·¨¡£Çë²Î¿¼ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Sanitation is the effective use of tools and actions that keep our environment healthy. These include latrines or toilets to manage waste, food preparation, washing stations, effective drainage and other such mechanisms. Hygiene is a set of personal practices that contribute to good health. It includes things like handwashing, bathing and cutting hair/nails. Hand-washing is the single most important activity we can all do to encourage the stop of disease. The difference is subtle but important. While both sanitation and hygiene are related, we must be taught both effective tools and effective behaviors to protect our health. Imagine how important these can be in places without a toilet or where hand-washing has never been learned! (digdeep. org) 112 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 54. In sub-Saharan Africa, children with albinism are particular targets of witchcraft-related attacks due to the belief that the innocence of the victim increases the potency of witchcraft1. In fanticides of children with albinism have also been reported in some African countries2. 54. 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(news.un.org) 2 ¡¾×¢Òâ´ÊÒå°ý±á¡¿Õâ¾ä»°ÓÐÁ½¸öµØ·½ÐèÒª¹Ø×¢¡£Ò»ÊÇinfanticide Ô­ÒëÒëΪ¡°²ÒÔâɱ¾¡±Ôö ¼ÓÁ˸ÐÇéÉ«²Ê£¬²»Í×µ±¡£Õâ¸ö´ÊÊÇÀ­¶¡´ÊÔ´£¬ÊôÓÚ¿ÆÑ§ÓÃÓ¾ÍÏñhomicide£¨É±ÈË£©¡¢ pesticide£¨É±³æ£©Ò»Ñù£¬Òò´Ë·­ÒëΪ¡°ß±Ó¤¡±¡£µ«Õâ¸öÒë·¨ÄÑÒԺͰ׻¯²¡Ó¤¶ù´îÅ䣬ËùÒÔ ¸ÄΪ¡°É±ËÀ°×»¯²¡Ó¤¶ù¡±¡£ ¡¾¸ù¾Ý¸ÅÂÊÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿¶þÊÇin some African countries ÐÞÊÎË­µÄÎÊÌâ¡£¿ÉÄÜÐÞÊÎ infanticide£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÐÞÊÎreported¡£Èç¹ûÊÇǰÕߣ¬Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°Óб¨µÀ³Æ£¬Ä³Ð©·ÇÖÞ¹ú¼Ò´æÔÚɱ ËÀ°×»¯²¡Ó¤¶ùµÄÏÖÏ󡱡£Õâ¸ö±¨µÀ£¬¿ÉÄÜÊDZ¾¹úýÌåµÄ±¨µÀ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÇÍâ¹úýÌåµÄ±¨µÀ¡£ ¶øÇҷdz£ÓпÉÄÜÊÇÍâ¹úýÌåµÄ±¨µÀ¡£ÒòΪÈç¹ûÕâ¸öÏÖÏóÔÚ±¾¹ú˾¿Õ¼û¹ß£¬Ã½ÌåÊDz»»á±¨ ½âÎö 113 µÚ6µ¥Ôª ÃØÊ鳤¹ØÓÚ°×»¯²¡»¼ÕßÃæÁÙµÄÉç»á·¢Õ¹ÌôÕ½µÄ±¨¸æ µÀµÄ¡£Èç¹ûÊÇÐÞÊÎreported£¬ Òâ˼¾ÍÊÇýÌåÔÚ·ÇÖÞ¹ú¼Ò±¨µÀÁËɱËÀ°×»¯²¡Ó¤¶ùµÄÊÂÇ飬û ÓÐÔÚ¹ú¼ÊýÌåÉϱ¨µÀ¡£ÕâÖÖ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ½ÏС¡£ ¡¾¸ù¾Ý×¢ÊÍ˳ÌÙÃþ¹Ï¡¿ÎªÁËÈ·ÈϾßÌåÒâ˼£¬±ÊÕß·¢ÏÖÕâ¾ä»°Óиö×¢ÊÍ¡°See A/HRC/31/63¡±¡£ ÕÒµ½Õâ·ÝÎļþ£¬·¢ÏÖÕâ·ÝÎļþµÄ×¢ÊÍÏÔʾ£¬ÊÇUTSS Ìá½»¸øÁªºÏ¹úµÄ±¨¸æ½Ò¶Á˵±µØµÄÇé ¿ö¡£UTSS ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹Ø×¢°×»¯²¡µÄ¹ú¼Ê·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯¡£¿´µ½ÕâÀÓÖ·¢ÏÖreport Ò²²»ÄÜ·­ÒëΪ ¡°±¨µÀ¡±£¬¶øÓ¦·­ÒëΪ¡°±¨¸æ¡±¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 66. Civil society organizations (CSOs) representing persons with albinism are present in most countries. The type and range of activities undertaken by these organizations depend largely on the situation of persons with albinism in their respective countries and the State capacity to provide accommodation1. CSOs are especially important in countries of sub- Saharan Africa. In this region, the main activities of CSOs include awareness-raising campaigns2, service provision and State lobbying. Ô­Òë 66. ´ó¶àÊý¹ú¼Ò¶¼Óдú±í°×»¯²¡»¼Õß µÄÃñ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯£¨CSOs£©¡£¸÷¹ú°×»¯²¡ »¼ÕßµÄ×´¿öºÍ¹ú¼ÒÌṩºÏÀí±ãÀûµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ ºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉϾö¶¨ÁËÕâЩ×éÖ¯Ëù¿ªÕ¹»î¶¯µÄ ÀàÐͺͷ¶Î§¡£ÔÚÈö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·ÇÖÞ¹ú¼Ò£¬Ãñ ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯ÓÈÎªÖØÒª¡£ÔڸõØÇø£¬Ãñ¼äÉç »á×éÖ¯µÄÖ÷Òª»î¶¯°üÀ¨¿ªÕ¹Ðû´«ÏîÄ¿¡¢Ìá ¹©·þÎñºÍ¶ÔÕþ¸®½øÐÐÓÎ˵¡£ ¸ÄÒë 66. ´ó¶àÊý¹ú¼Ò¶¼Óдú±í°×»¯²¡»¼ ÕßµÄÃñ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯¡£ÕâЩ×éÖ¯¿ªÕ¹»î¶¯ µÄÀàÐͺͷ¶Î§£¬ºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÈ¡¾öÓÚ¸÷¹ú °×»¯²¡»¼ÕßµÄ×´¿öºÍ¹ú¼ÒÌṩ±ãÀûµÄÄÜ Á¦¡£ÔÚÈö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·ÇÖÞ¹ú¼Ò£¬Ãñ¼äÉç»á ×éÖ¯ÓÈÎªÖØÒª¡£ÔڸõØÇø£¬Ãñ¼äÉç»á×é Ö¯µÄÖ÷Òª»î¶¯°üÀ¨¿ªÕ¹Ìá¸ßÈÏʶÔ˶¯¡¢ Ìṩ·þÎñºÍÓÎ˵Õþ¸®¡£ 1 ¡¾È·±£ÐÅÏ¢²ã²ãÍÆ½ø¡¿Õâ¾ä»°ÈÔÈ»ÊÇÐÅÏ¢Á÷¶¯ÐÔµÄÎÊÌ⣬ҪÃ÷È·¾ÉÐÅÏ¢ºÍÐÂÐÅÏ¢½»Ìæ³öÏÖ£¬ ÓɾÉÐÅÏ¢Òý³öÐÂÐÅÏ¢£¬²ã²ãÍÆ½ø¡£ÉÏÒ»¾ä̸µÄ¾ÍÊÇÃñ¼äÉç»á×éÖ¯£¬ÕâÒ»¾äÒ²Ó¦½«Æä×÷Ϊ ¾ÉÐÅÏ¢ÏÈÅ׳ö£¬ÐγÉ×ÔÈ»¹ý¶É¡£×ܵÄÔ­ÔòÊǾ¡Á¿±£ÁôÔ­ÎĵÄÐÅÏ¢ÅÅÁÐ˳Ðò£»Ô­ÎIJ»·ûºÏ ÐÅÏ¢Á÷¶¯¹æÂÉʱ£¬¿ÉÒÔµ÷ÕûΪ·ûºÏÐÅÏ¢Á÷¶¯¹æÂÉ¡£ 2 ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿Ò²¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°Ðû´«»î¶¯¡±£¬µ«ÁªºÏ¹úÇãÏòÓÚÖ±ÒëΪ¡°Ìá¸ßÈÏʶÔ˶¯¡±¡£ ½âÎö 114 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. µ÷²éºê¹Û±³¾°ÒÔÀí½â¾Ö²¿ÎÊÌâ 2. ͨ¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°³ÎÇåÆçÒå 3. ´ÓÕûÌå½á¹¹¿´departmentµÄ¼¶±ð 4. Óúê¹Û˼ά½â¾ö΢¹ÛÎÊÌâ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÒâ˼Åж¨½á¹¹ 2. Á˽âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄÂß¼­ ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά 1. bill¡¢actÓë¡°·¨¡±µÄÒë·¨±æÎö 2. ͨ¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎĵıíÊö覴à 3. ¸ù¾ÝÂß¼­ÍƶϾÀÕýÔ­ÎĵıíÊö覴à 4. ×ðÖØÔ­ÎĹ۵㠵÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. legal capacity 2. passive legal capacity 3. active legal capacity 4. bill 5. act 6. private bill 7. public bill 8. presentation 9. Laws of Lerotholi 10. line of succession 11. Constitutional Court 12. ·¨ÂÉÎļþµÄ±àºÅ 13. µ÷²éÊʿɶøÖ¹ ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. Çø·ÖinheritanceºÍsuccession 2. Àí½â¾ä×ӽṹ 3. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ׼ȷ±í´ï 2. ×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ 3. Çø·ÖÏàËÆ¸ÅÄî 4. ¡°·òÆÞ¹²Í¬²Æ²ú¡±µÄ˵·¨ 5. access to justiceÒ뷨̽ÌÖ 6. ±ÜÃâ±í´ïÆçÒå 7. ÓôÊ׼ȷ ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. Íâ¹úÃû×ÖµÄÒë·¨ 2. ×ñÑ­ÏÈÀý 3. ÓïÓòÊʵ± 4. ͨ¹ýµ÷Õû˳Ðòʹ½á¹¹½ô´Õ 5. ÓÃ´Ê¶Ô³Æ 6. ÈÊÖÇÖ®¼û 7. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ 8. ²ð·Ö³¤¾ä 9. ±ÈÕÕ·­ÒëChieftainship 10. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à 11. ·ÖºÅµÄÓ÷¨ µÚ 7 µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛ ÐÔ Òâ¼û£¨Ò»£© 115 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×Ô Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»á¡¶¹ØÓÚÀ³Ë÷Íгõ´ÎÖÁµÚËĴκϲ¢¶¨ÆÚ±¨¸æµÄ½áÂÛ Òâ¼û£¨Ôö±à£©¡·£¨CEDAW/C/LSO/CO/1-4/Add.1£¬¿ÉÔÚÍøÉÏÏÂÔØÈ«ÎÄ£©¡£ Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»á£¨Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women£¬¼ò³ÆCEDAW Committee£©ÊÇ ¸ù¾Ý¡¶Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®Ò»ÇÐÐÎʽÆçÊÓ¹«Ô¼¡·£¨The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women£¬CEDAW£© µÚÊ®ÆßÌõÉèÁ¢µÄ¡°ÌõÔ¼»ú¹¹¡±£¨treaty body£©£¬¸ºÔð¼à¶½¹«Ô¼µÄʵʩ¡£¹«Ô¼µÞÔ¼¹úÿËÄÄêÏò ίԱ»áÌá½»Ò»·Ý±¨¸æ£¬ËµÃ÷¹«Ô¼ÊµÊ©Çé¿ö£¬¹©Î¯Ô±»áÉóÒé²¢Ìá³ö½¨Òé¡£¹ØÓÚÏû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®Æç ÊÓίԱ»áÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨÌåϵÖеÄλÖ㬼ûÏÂÃæµÄÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨ»úÖÆ½á¹¹Í¼¡£ 12. ×¢Òâϸ΢֮´¦ 13. ·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß 14. Ò§ÎĽÀ×Ö ±äͨ 1. ˳½Ó¿ÉÒÔÊ¡ÂÔ¹ØÁª´Ê 2. ÒëΪÉÏÒå´Ê 3. »ùÓÚÄÚÐÄÈ·ÐŵÄÁé»î·­Òë 4. ±ÈÓ÷µÄ´¦Àí 5. ÊʶÈÁé»î Secretary- General UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (+ staff) Human Rights country and regional offices Secretariat* (UN civil service) Security Council UN General Assembly (UNGA) Forum on Minority lssues Human Rights Committee Committee Against Torture Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women Committee on the Rights of the Child Committee on Migrant Workers and Their Families Committee on the Rights of Social Forum Persons with Disabilities Special Procedures The lndependent Expert on Minority lssues and other mandates on themes such as education, racism, health, torture and violence against women Human Rights Council Advisory Committee Expert Mechanism on the Rights of lndigenous Peoples Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review Charter Bodies Treaty Bodies *Note: The Secretariat provides support to all the other bodies in the diagram. Arrows indicate the reporting order of one body to another. 116 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ 7. The Ministry of Gender has proposed harmonization1 of the Laws of Lerotholi2 with the Legal Capacity3 of Married Persons Act (LCMPA) and the process is at a Draft Bill stage4 for presentation to Parliament in its next session in August 20135. The intention of the harmonization is to repeal Section 11 of the Laws of Lerotholi which discriminates against women in inheritance and to put widows6 in full control of their joint estate7 after passing off of their husbands in line with the provisions of the LCMPA. The Law Reform Commission is currently reviewing, with the aim of developing a unified code on inheritance, the Administration of Estates Proclamation8 No.19 of 1935; Inheritance Act No. 26 of 18739, Intestate Succession Proclamation No. 2 of 1953, Wills Act 1876, Marriage Act 1974 to give redress to the unequal inheritance rights. ¡¶Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®Ò»ÇÐÐÎʽÆçÊÓ¹«Ô¼¡·ÊÇÒ»¸öÓйظ¾Å®È¨ÒæµÄ¹ú¼Ê¹«Ô¼£¬ÊÇÁªºÏ¹úΪÏû³ý ¶Ô¸¾Å®µÄÆçÊÓ¡¢ÕùÈ¡ÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈÖÆ¶¨µÄÒ»·ÝÖØÒª¹ú¼ÊÈËȨÎÄÊé¡£¸Ã¹«Ô¼ÓÚ1979 Äê12 ÔÂ18 ÈÕ ÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áµÚÈýÊ®ËĽì»áÒéÉÏ»ñµÃͨ¹ý£¬²¢ÓÚ1981 Äê9 ÔÂÉúЧ¡£¶àÄêÀ´£¬¹«Ô¼ÔÚÈ«ÊÀ½ç ΪԽÀ´Ô½¶àµÄÕþ¸®Ó빫ÖÚ£¬ÌرðÊǸ¾Å®×éÖ¯ºÍ¸¾Å®ËùÊìÖª£¬Ô½À´Ô½¹ã·ºµØ·¢»Ó×ű£Õϸ¾Å® ÈËȨ¡¢Ìá¸ß¸¾Å®µØÎ»µÄÖØÒª×÷Óã¨ÖйúÈËÈ¨Íø£©¡£ ¹«Ô¼ÖÐÎĵÄÕýʽ¼ò³ÆÎª¡¶Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓ¹«Ô¼¡·£¬¹úÄÚѧÕß½øÒ»²½¼ò»¯Îª¡¶ÏûÆç¹« Ô¼¡·£¬µ«ÁªºÏ¹ú»¹ÓÐÒ»¸ö¡¶Ïû³ýÒ»ÇÐÐÎʽÖÖ×åÆçÊÓ¹ú¼Ê¹«Ô¼¡·£¬ËùÒÔ¡¶ÏûÆç¹«Ô¼¡·Õâ¸ö˵·¨ ¿ÉÄÜ»áÒýÆðÎó½â¡£¡¶Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓ¹«Ô¼¡·±»¹ú¼ÊÉç»á³ÆÎªInternational Bill of Rights for Women£¨¡¶¹ú¼Ê¸¾Å®È¨Àû·¨°¸¡·£©£¬Ë׳ÆWomen¡¯s Convention£¨¡¶¸¾Å®¹«Ô¼¡·£©¡£ À³Ë÷ÍÐÓÚ 1995 ÄêÅú×¼Á˸ù«Ô¼£¬±¾Ó¦ÔÚÒ»ÄêÄÚÌá½»³õ´Î±¨¸æ£¬ÒÔºóÿËÄÄêÌá½»Ò»·Ý£¬ µ«¸Ã¹úһֱûÓÐÌá½»£¬Ö±µ½2010 Äê²ÅÒ»´ÎÐÔÌá½»ÍÏÇ·µÄËķݱ¨¸æ¡£±¾µ¥ÔªËùÑ¡ÄÚÈÝÊÇÏû ³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»á¶Ô±¨¸æÉóÒéºóÌá³öµÄÒâ¼û£¬ÄÚÈÝÉæ¼°¼Ì³ÐȨ¡¢²Æ²úȨºÍÍÁµØÈ¨²»Æ½µÈ ÒÔ¼°Ò»·ò¶àÆÞÖÆÎÊÌâ¡£ 117 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© ¸ÄÒë 7 . 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The culture is cohesive, with Basotho comprising over 99 percent of the country¡¯s population, the remainder being of Asian or European origin. (defensewiki.ibj.org) ½âÎö 118 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¡¾Íâ¹úÃû×ÖµÄÒë·¨¡¿ ¼ÈÈ»¸Ã·¨ÒÔ¹úÍõµÄÃû×ÖÃüÃû£¬ººÓïûÓÐÀíÓɸÄΪÒÔÃñ×åÃû³ÆÃüÃû¡£Ëù ÒÔ£¬»¹ÊÇÐèÒª°´¹úÍõµÄÃû×Ö·­Òë³öÀ´¡£Ð»ªÉç±àдµÄ¡¶ÊÀ½çÈËÃû·­Òë´ó´Êµä¡·ÖÐÊÕ¼ÁË Õâ¸öÃû×Ö£¬ÒëΪ¡°À³ÂÞÍÐÀû¡±£¬¿É°´´Ë·­Òë¡£Èç¹û¸Ã´ÊµäÖÐûÓÐÊÕ¼£¬Ôò°´ÕÕÓ¢ÎĶÁÒô À´·­Òë¡£¸÷Òô½Ú¶ÔÓ¦µÄºº×Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ°´ÕÕ½¹ÈËïÖ÷±àµÄ¡¶Ó¢ºº´ó´Êµä¡·Ëù¸½¡¶Ó¢¡¢·¨¡¢µÂ¡¢ ¶í¡¢Î÷°àÑÀÓïÒëÒô±í¡·È·¶¨£¬ÕâÁ½·Ý×ÊÁ϶¼¿ÉÔÚÍøÉϲ鵽¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ legal capacity£¨·¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦£©¿É·ÖΪpassive legal capacity£¨Ïû¼«·¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦£¬ Öйú½Ð×÷¡°È¨ÀûÄÜÁ¦¡±£©ºÍactive legal capacity£¨»ý¼«·¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦£¬Öйú½Ð×÷¡°ÐÐΪÄÜÁ¦¡±£©¡£ Passive legal capacity refers to the basic civil rights of any natural legal person. It arises from the moment of birth and continues until death. Active legal capacity refers to the capability of the citizen to acquire and exercise civil rights, to create civil duties and discharge them. (ifrs.rn) Ȩ ÀûÄÜÁ¦ÊÇÖ¸Ò»¸öÈËÓëÉú¾ãÀ´µÄ»ù±¾ÃñÊÂȨÀû£¬±ÈÈç²Æ²úȨ£»¶øÐÐΪÄÜÁ¦ÊÇÖ¸»ñµÃºÍÐÐʹ ÕâÖÖȨÀûµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬±ÈÈ磬һ¸öÈËÈκÎÄêÁä¶¼¿ÉÒÔÓµÓвƲú£¨È¨ÀûÄÜÁ¦£©£¬µ«µ½ÁË18 Ëê²Å ÄÜ´¦ÖòƲú£¨ÐÐΪÄÜÁ¦£©¡£ 4 ¡¾×¼È·±í´ï¡¿ÒëÎÄ¡°ÕâÒ»½ø³ÌÒÑÍê³É²Ý°¸Æð²Ý¡±²»¹»×¼È·£ºÊÇÕýÔÚÐγɲݰ¸¡£¿ÉÒÔ¼ò»¯Îª ¡°Ä¿Ç°ÕýÔÚÐγɣ¨±àд£©·¨Âɲݰ¸¡±»ò¡°Ä¿Ç°ÒѽøÈë·¨ÂÉÆð²Ý½×¶Î¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Á¢·¨³ÌÐòÖеÄbill ÊÇa proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an existing law that is presented for debate before Parliament (parliament.uk)£¬ººÓïÖнÐ×÷¡°·¨°¸¡±¡°·¨ Âɰ¸¡±¡°·¨Âɲݰ¸¡±¡£½øÈëÒé»áÌÖÂÛǰ£¬½Ð×÷draft bill¡£Draft bills are issued for consultation before being formally introduced to Parliament. Ï൱ÓÚÖйúµÄ·¨Âɲݰ¸¡°Õ÷ÇóÒâ¼û¸å¡±¡°ÌÖÂÛ ¸å¡±£¬¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°·¨Âɲݰ¸¡±¡°·¨Âɲݸ塱¡£ÔÚÓ¢¹ú£¨À³Ë÷ÍÐÊÇÓ¢Áª°î¹ú¼Ò£©£¬¸ù¾Ý·¨°¸ÊÊ ÓöÔÏóµÄ²»Í¬£¬ bills ÓÖ·ÖΪpublic bills£¨¹«¹²·¨°¸£©ºÍprivate bills£¨Ë½ÈË·¨°¸£©¡£Ç°ÕßÊÊÓà ÓÚ¹«ÖÚ£¬Í¨³£ÓÉÕþ¸®Ìá³ö£¬½Ðgovernment bills£¨Õþ¸®·¨°¸£© £» ºóÕßÓÉ˽ÈËÖ÷ÌåÌá³ö£¬·þÎñ ÓÚ¾Ö²¿¹«ÖÚ»ò˽ÈËÖ÷Ì壬ÈçµØ·½Õþ¸®»ò¹«Ë¾¡£²»ÔÚÕþ¸®µ£ÈÎÖ°ÎñµÄÒéÔ±Ìá³öµÄ¹«¹²·¨°¸£¬ ½Ð×÷private member¡¯s bills£¨¸öÌåÒéÔ±·¨°¸£©¡£ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿°´Ëµ·¨ÂÉͨ¹ý֮ǰ½Ð×÷bill£¬Í¨¹ýÖ®ºóÓ¦¸Ã½Ð×÷act¡£µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÒѾ­Í¨¹ýµÄ ·¨ÂÉ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄܼÌÐø³ÆÎªbill¡£×îµäÐ͵ÄÀý×Ó¾ÍÊǾ­³£Ìýµ½µÄBill of Rights£¨¡¶È¨Àû·¨°¸¡·£©£¬ Ëüʵ¼ÊÉϲ»ÊÇ¡°·¨°¸¡±£¬¶øÊÇ·¨ÂÉ¡£¡¶¸¾Å®¹«Ô¼¡·ÔçÒÑͨ¹ý£¬µ«±»È˳ÆÎªInternational Bill of Rights for Women£¨¡¶¹ú¼Ê¸¾Å®È¨Àû·¨°¸¡·£©¡£ ¹ú»á»òÒé»áͨ¹ýÖ®ºóµÄbill£¬¸Ä³Æact£¬°´ËµÓ¦¸Ã·­ÒëΪ¡°·¨¡±£¬ÈçClean Air Act Ó¦Òë Ϊ¡¶ Çå½à¿ÕÆø·¨¡·£»µ«Ò»Ð©²»ÑϽ÷µÄÒëÕßÒ²·­ÒëΪ¡°·¨°¸¡±£¬Èç¡¶Çå½à¿ÕÆø·¨°¸¡·£¬Ê¹ Çé¿ö¸ü¼Ó¸´ÔÓ¡£ 119 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© ¡¾×ñÑ­ÏÈÀý¡¿ÖйúµÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬±ÈÈç¡¶¿ÕÆøÎÛȾ·ÀÖη¨¡·£¬°´ÕÕÓ¢ÓïµÄÓôÊϰ¹ß£¬Ó¦¸Ã·­ÒëΪ act£¬¼´Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act£¬µ«¼øÓÚ¶àÄêÀ´ÎÒÃÇÒѾ­Ï°¹ßÓÚʹÓÃlaw£¬ ¼´Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution£¬Ò²²»±ãÓڸı䡣ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬law ÊÇ·¨ÂÉ µÄͳ³Æ£¬µ¥¸öÁ¢·¨ÓÃact¡£ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Ô­ÎÄfor presentation to Parliament in its next session in August 2013£¬ÕâÒ»¾ä ÖеÄpresentation ͨ³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìá½»¡±¡£µ«¡°Ìá½»¡±ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖÐÊÇsubmit¡£presentation Òª±È submit ¸´ÔӺࣺܶ When a Bill is presented to the House, the Clerk announces the motion to present the bill as listed on the notice paper. The Member then stands and presents the Bill to the House, and hands a signed copy of the Bill to the Clerk, together with an explanatory memorandum. The Clerk reads out the short title of the Bill. This is known as the fi rst reading. Copies of the Bill and the explanatory memorandum are then circulated to all Members. At this point the Bill becomes a public document. (naurugov.nr) Óɴ˿ɼû£¬presentation ʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÏòÒé»á½éÉÜ·¨Âɲݰ¸¡¢³ÂÊö²Ý°¸ÄÚÈÝ£¬¾ÍÏñÎÒÃÇÔÚ»áÒé ÉÏ×öpresentation ÄÇÑù¡£Õâ¸ö´ÊһֱûÓÐÌùÇеÄÒë·¨¡£¶¯´Êpresent µÄ±¾ÒâÊÇ¡°³ÊÏÖ¡±¡°½é ÉÜ¡±¡°Ìá³ö¡±¡°±¨¸æ¡±£¨to bring or introduce into the presence of someone, especially of superior rank or status£©£¬²»·Á°´´Ë˼··­Òë¡£ 6 ¡¾ÓïÓòÊʵ±¡¿widows ÒëΪ¡°¹Ñ¸¾¡±£¬²»·ûºÏ±¾ÎĵÄÓïÓò¡£ 7 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿estate ËäÈ»ÓС°ÒŲú¡±µÄÒâ˼£¨everything that a person owns when he dies£©£¬µ«joint estate µÄÒâ˼ÊÇan estate owned by two or more people with the same rights of possession (collinsdictionary.com)£¬¼´ÎÒÃÇËùÊìϤµÄ¡°¹²Í¬²Æ²ú¡±¡£ÒëΪ¡°¹²ÓÐÒŲú¡±£¬Ï¸Ïë ÆðÀ´ÊÇ¡°Á½ÈËËÀºóÁôÏµĹ²Í¬²Æ²ú¡±£¬¿ÖŲ»·ûºÏÊÂʵ¡£ ÕâÀïÊǼ¸¸öÏà¹ØµÄÓ¢ÎÄ˵·¨£º »éÒö²Æ²úÖÆ£ºthe matrimonial property regime£» ·òÆÞ¹²Í¬²Æ²ú£ºjoint estate, common property, joint property, community of property¡£ 8 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿ proclamation Ô­Òë¡°ÐûÑÔ¡±ÊÇÁªºÏ¹úÊõÓï¿âÌṩµÄÒë·¨¡£ÊõÓï¿âÒë Ϊ¡°ÐûÑÔ¡±£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÁªºÏ¹úͨ¹ýµÄÐûÑÔ£¬¶ø´Ë´¦ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò·¢²¼µÄ¹úÄڹ淶£¬Óï¾³²»Í¬£¬Òë ·¨¿ÉÄܲ»Í¬¡£¸ù¾Ý×ÊÁÏ£º A proclamation is an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements known. Proclamations are currently used within the governing framework of some nations and are usually issued in the name of the head of state. (Wikipedia: proclamation) 120 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ´ÓÕâÀïµÄ½âÊÍ¿´£¬ÒëΪ¡°¹«¸æ¡±±È½ÏºÏÊÊ¡£ 9 ¡¾·¨ÂÉÎļþµÄ±àºÅ¡¿Inheritance Act No. 26 of 1873£ºÔ­ÒëÊ¡ÂÔÁË¡°µÚ¡­¡­ºÅ·¨¡±£¬¿ÉÄÜÊDz» Çå³þ·¨ÂÉÃû³ÆÖм¸¸öÒªËØÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ¡£¾Ýµ÷²é£¬¸Ã¶ÌÓïµÄÒâ˼²¢²»ÊÇ¡°1873 Äêͨ¹ýµÄµÚ 26 ºÅ¡¶¼Ì³Ð·¨¡·¡±£¨Òþº¬ÁíÍ⻹ͨ¹ý25 ²¿¡¶¼Ì³Ð·¨¡·£©£¬¶øÊÇ1873 Äêͨ¹ýµÄµÚ26 ºÅ·¨£¬¸Ã ·¨µÄÃû×ֽС¶¼Ì³Ð·¨¡·¡£¸ü·ûºÏÂß¼­µÄ±íÊö·½Ê½ÊÇ£ºInheritance Act, 1873 (Act 26 of 1873) £¨¾­²é£¬Õýʽ˵·¨ÊÇ£ºThe Law of Inheritance Amendment Act, 1873 (Act 26 of 1873)£©£¬Òò´Ë£¬ ½¨ÒéÒëΪ¡°1873 ÄêµÚ26 ºÅ·¨¡¶¼Ì³Ð·¨¡·¡±£¨Ôö¼ÓÒ»¸ö¡°·¨¡±×Ö£©¡£¸ø·¨ÂɱàºÅµÄÄ¿µÄÊDZã ÓÚÒýÓ㨿ÉÒÔ˵¡°1873 ÄêµÚ26 ºÅ·¨¡±£©¡£ ÓÐʱ»¹»á¼ÓÉÏͨ¹ý·¨ÂÉ£¨ÌõÀý¡¢¹«¸æ£©µÄ¾ßÌåÈÕÆÚ£¬ÈçSunday Observance Ordinance, 1838 (Ordinance No. 1 of 22 March 1838)£¬Òâ˼ÊÇ1838 Äê3 ÔÂ22 ÈÕͨ¹ýµÄ1838 ÄêµÚ1 ºÅÌõÀý¡¶ÊØÐÇÆÚÈÕÌõÀý¡·¡£²»ÊÇ˵3 ÔÂ22 ÈÕͨ¹ýÁËÈô¸ÉÌõÀý£¬´ËΪ¸ÃÈÕµÚ1 ºÅÌõÀý£¬Áí Í⻹Óм¸¸ö¡£¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ£º1838 Äê¡¶ÊØÐÇÆÚÈÕÌõÀý¡·£¨1838 ÄêµÚ1 ºÅÌõÀý£¬3 ÔÂ22 ÈÕͨ¹ý£©¡£ Ó¢ÎÄÖ®ËùÒÔÓÐÕâЩ²»ºÏÂß¼­µÄ˵·¨£¬ÎÒÏëÖ÷ÒªÊÇΪÁ˼ò½à¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 8. Despite the Constitutional and Legislative measures, Lesotho has also established the Land Administration Authority (LAA) for efficient issuance of leases and the LAA has also assisted in effectively implementing provisions of the L egal Capacity of Married Persons Act and the L a nd Act 2010 which give women the right to hold title to land1a without the need to inherit it1b and to register their rights to the said land1c. This year LAA has undertaken a series of public gatherings nationwide to sensitize2a Basotho men and women3 about their rights to hold title to land4a and registration of same4b especially women who did not have the right before the enactment of the LCMPA which influenced enactment of the Land Act 2010 and also to inform them of procedures involved therewith2b. Coupled with this initiative the Government of Lesotho has also put in place Land Courts to accelerate access to justice5 and promote protection of economic rights. 121 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë 8. ³ýÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨´ëÊ©Í⣬À³Ë÷Íл¹ ³ÉÁ¢ÁËÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾Ö£¨LAA£©£¬ÒÔÌá¸ßÇ© ·¢×âÔ¼µÄЧÂÊ¡£ÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾Ö»¹°ïÖúÓÐЧ µØÖ´ÐС¶ÒÑ»éÈËÊ¿·¨¶¨Éí·Ý·¨¡·ºÍ2010 Äê¡¶ÍÁµØ·¨¡·µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ÕâЩ¹æ¶¨ÔÊÐí¸¾ Å®ÎÞÐëͨ¹ý¼Ì³ÐºÍµÇ¼ÇÍÁµØËùÓÐȨµÄ·½ ʽ±£ÁôÍÁµØËùÓÐȨ¡£½ñÄ꣬ÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾Ö ÔÚÈ«¹úÕÙ¿ªÁËһϵÁй«ÖÚ¼¯»á£¬Ïò°ÍË÷ ÍеÄÄÐÐԺ͸¾Å®Ðû´«ËûÃDZ£ÁôÍÁµØËùÓРȨµÄȨÀû¡£¡¶ÒÑ»éÈËÊ¿·¨¶¨Éí·Ý·¨¡·µÄ ÖÆ¶¨Ó°ÏìÁË2010Äê¡¶ÍÁµØ·¨¡·µÄÖÆ¶¨£¬ ¹ÜÀí¾ÖÓÈÆäΪÄÇЩÔÚ´Ë֮ǰ²»¾ß±¸±£Áô ÍÁµØËùÓÐȨȨÀûµÄ¸¾Å®½øÐÐÁË×¢²á£¬²¢ ÏòËûÃÇ´«²¥ÁËÕâÁ½²¿·¨ÂÉÖÐÉæ¼°µÄ³Ì Ðò¡£³ýÕâÏî¾Ù´ëÍ⣬À³Ë÷ÍÐÕþ¸®»¹ÉèÁ¢ ÁËÍÁµØ·¨Í¥£¬ÒÔ¼ÓËÙÌṩ˾·¨¾È¼ÃºÍ´Ù ½ø±£»¤¾­¼ÃȨÀû¡£ ¸ÄÒë 8. ³ýÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨´ëÊ©Í⣬À³Ë÷Íл¹ ³ÉÁ¢ÁËÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾Ö£¬ÒÔÌá¸ßÇ©·¢×âÔ¼µÄ ЧÂÊ¡£ÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾Ö»¹Ð­ÖúÓÐЧִÐС¶ÒÑ »éÈËÊ¿·¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦·¨¡·ºÍ2010Äê¡¶ÍÁµØ ·¨¡·µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ÕâЩ¹æ¶¨Ê¹¸¾Å®ÓÐȨ²»Í¨ ¹ý¼Ì³Ð¾ÍÈ¡µÃºÍµÇ¼ÇÍÁµØËùÓÐȨ¡£½ñ Ä꣬ÍÁµØ¹ÜÀí¾ÖÔÚÈ«¹ú¾Ù°ìÁËһϵÁй« ÖÚ¼¯»á£¬Ïò°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÅ®Ðû´«ËûÃÇÈ¡µÃ ºÍµÇ¼ÇÍÁµØËùÓÐȨµÄȨÀûÒÔ¼°µÇ¼Ç³Ì Ðò¡£Ðû´«¶ÔÏóÓÈÆä°üÀ¨ÔÚ¡¶ÒÑ»éÈËÊ¿·¨ ÂÉÄÜÁ¦·¨¡·Öƶ¨Ö®Ç°²»ÏíÓÐÕâÏîȨÀûµÄ ¸¾Å®£»¸Ã·¨µÄÖÆ¶¨Ó°ÏìÁË2010Äê¡¶ÍÁµØ ·¨¡·µÄÖÆ¶¨¡£³ýÕâÏî¾Ù´ëÍ⣬À³Ë÷ÍÐÕþ ¸®»¹ÉèÁ¢ÁËÍÁµØ·¨Í¥£¬ÒÔ¼ÓËÙÌṩ˾·¨ ¾È¼Ã£¬´Ù½ø±£»¤¾­¼ÃȨÀû¡£ 1 ¡¾µ÷²éºê¹Û±³¾°ÒÔÀí½â¾Ö²¿ÎÊÌâ¡¿ÒòΪ²»¶®the right to hold title to land without the need to inherit it£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇбÌ岿·Ö£¨1a ºÍ1b£©£¬ËùÒÔÐèÒªÔÚÍøÉϲéÕҸùúÍÁµØËùÓÐÖÆÇé¿ö¡£ µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬À³Ë÷ÍÐÊǸöÍõ¹ú£¬ÍÁµØÃûÒåÉÏΪ¹úÍõËùÓС£ÔÊÐí˽ÈËÓµÓÐÍÁµØ£¨ÈçÕ¬»ùµØ¡¢ ²ËÔ°£©£¬µ«Å©ÒµÓõز»Äܼ̳С£³ÉÄêÅ®ÐÔ´«Í³Éϱ»ÊÓΪδ³ÉÄêÈË£¬¡°Î´¼Þ´Ó¸¸¡¢³ö¼Þ´Ó·ò¡¢ ·òËÀ´Ó×Ó¡±¡£¸¾Å®ÔڲƲúȨ·½ÃæÊܵ½ºÜ¶àÏÞÖÆ£¬°üÀ¨²»ÄÜÓµÓС¢¼Ì³Ð¡¢´¦ÖÃÍÁµØ¡£ºóÀ´ ÐÞ¸ÄÁË¡¶ÍÁµØ·¨¡·£¬ÄÐÅ®¿ÉÒÔͬµÈ»ñµÃÍÁµØ£¬µ«¡¶ÍÁµØµÇ¼Ç·¨¡·Ã»ÓÐÐ޸쬲»ÄÜÒÔ¸¾Å® µÄÃûÒåµÇ¼Ç¡£ÔÙµ½ºóÀ´£¬¸¾Å®Ò²¿ÉÒÔÒÔ×Ô¼ºµÄÃûÒåµÇ¼ÇÍÁµØÁË¡£ÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏÖнéÉÜÁËÀ³Ë÷ Íа´ÕÕϰË×·ÖÅäÍÁµØµÄ·½·¨£º Under customary law, women are considered minors. A woman before marriage is under the guardianship of her father; upon marriage, her husband takes over guardianship from her father and upon his death, guardianship is transferred to his heir. Wo men acquire land rights through their husbands. In the event of divorce or separation, a woman loses her rights to her husband¡¯s field and is expected to reincorporate herself into her parents¡¯ production unit. Sometimes, unmarried, divorced or separated women are loaned pieces of land by their brothers or fathers to produce food. These arrangements are intended to ½âÎö 122 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ be temporary, usually until a woman gets married or remarried. An elderly, unmarried woman may be granted a small fi eld in her own right at the discretion of the chief or village headman to enable her to produce her own food. (fao.org) À³Ë÷ÍÐʵÐг¤×Ӽ̳ÐÖÆ£¬¸¾Å®Ã»ÓÐÍÁµØ¼Ì³ÐȨ£º The customary laws of Lesotho state that an heir of immovable property will be the fi rst born male child. It goes further to indicate that in the case where there is no male child in the family, the inheritance will go to the next closest male relative in the family. Therefore, according to the customary laws, a female is not entitled to any land inheritance. When the head of the family dies, the heir inherits all the immovable property in that household, including fi elds and buildings. The heir is expected to use the property to take care of all the minors and needy members of the extended family and to arrange family obligations. (helplesotho.org) 2010 Ä꣬À³Ë÷ÍÐͨ¹ý¡¶ÍÁµØ·¨¡·¸³Ó踾ŮͬµÈÍÁµØÈ¨£º The Government of Lesotho had also enacted the Land Act in June 2010, superseding a previous law that had discriminated against women in land ownership. The new Act provided for equal title to land for both men and women and introduced leasehold in the rural areas, thus facilitating women¡¯s access to credit using land as collateral. (CEDAW/C/SR.1007) Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÄÐÅ®¶¼¿ÉÒÔ×âÁÞÍÁµØ£¬¸¾Å®²»±ØÍ¨¹ý¼Ì³ÐÀ´»ñµÃÍÁµØ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇthe right to hold title to land without the need to inherit it µÄÒâ˼¡£ ¡¾Í¨¹ýµ÷²é ±³¾°³ÎÇåÆçÒå¡¿Ô­Òë´Ë´¦Àí½â´íÎó¡£±¾À´ÊÇto hold title to land£¨1a£©ºÍto register their rights to the said land£¨1c£©²¢ÁУ¬µ«Ô­ÒëÎóÒÔΪto inherit it£¨1b£©ºÍto register their rights to the said land£¨1c£©²¢ÁС£Èç¹ûÁ˽âThe Lands Registry Act of 1967 specifi cally provides that no land shall be registered in the name of a married woman£¬¿ÉÄܾͻá×÷³öÕýÈ· Åжϡ£×¢½â4 ÖеÄland Óëregistration of same µÄ¹ØÏµÒ²¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖúÅжϡ£Ô­ÎĵĽṹÆçÒå³£ ³£ÐèҪͨ¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°À´½â¾ö¡£ ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ho ld title to µ±ÖеÄtitle£¬Òâ˼ÊÇa legal right to the possession of property, especially real property (dictionary.com)£¬¼´³ÖÓлòÓµÓÐÍÁµØÈ¨Òæ¡£Öйú×î½ü¼¸ÄêµÄÍÁµØÈ· Ȩ¿ÉÒÔÓÃtitling Ò»´Ê£º Land titling is a form of land reform in which private individuals and families are given formal property rights for land which they have previously occupied informally or used on the basis of customary land tenure. (Wikipedia: land titling) 2 ¡¾Í¨¹ýµ÷Õû˳Ðòʹ½á¹¹½ô´Õ¡¿ to sensitize£¨2a£© ºÍand also to inform them of procedures 123 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© involved therewith£¨2b£©ÊDz¢Áгɷ֣¬Ô­Òë°´ÕÕÔ­ÎĵĴÎÐò£¬°ÑºóÕßÒ²·ÅÔÚºóÃæ·­Ò룻¸Ä Òë°Ñand also to inform them of procedures involved therewith Ìáǰ£¬Òâ˼¿ÉÄܸü¼Ó½ô´Õ¡£Ô­ ÒëÄܹ»Áé»î·­Òësensitize ºÜºÃ¡£ 3 ¡¾ÓôʶԳơ¿Ô­ÒëÒëΪ¡°ÄÐÐԺ͸¾Å®¡±¿ÉÒÔ£¬µ«Óá°ÄÐÐÔºÍÅ®ÐÔ¡±¸ü¶Ô³Æ¡£¸ÄÒëÓÃÁ˸ü¼ò ½àµÄ¡°ÄÐÅ®¡±¡£ ¡¾±ÜÃâ±í´ïÆçÒå¡¿ Basotho ÊÇÀ³Ë÷ÍÐÖ÷ÌåÃñ×åµÄ³Æºô£¬ Óá°°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÅ®¡±Òâ˼¸üÇå³þ¡£¡°°Í Ë÷ÍеÄÄÐÐԺ͸¾Å®¡±»á±»ÈÏΪÊÇijһ¸öµØ·½µÄÄÐÅ®¡£ ¡¾Á˽âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄÂß¼­¡¿LCMPA ÊǶÔBasotho men and women µÄ½øÒ»²½½âÊÍ¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ ÖУ¬ÌرðÇ¿µ÷ÈõÊÆÈºÌ壬Òò´Ë¾­³£»á°Ñ¸÷ÖÖÈõÊÆÈºÌ壨¶¼Óи÷×ԵĴú±í»ú¹¹£©Ò»Ò»Áо٠³öÀ´£¬±ÈÈ績Ů¡¢¶ùͯ¡¢²Ð¼²ÈË¡¢ÉÙÊýÕßȺÌå¡¢ÄÐŮͬÐÔÁµ¡£ 4 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÒâ˼Åж¨½á¹¹¡¿land£¨4a£©ºÍregistration of same£¨4b£©ÊDz¢ÁйØÏµ£¬Ô­ÒëÀí½â´íÁË£¬ µ¼Ö·­Òë´íÎó¡£ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ access to justice ºÜÄÑ·­Òë¡£United States Institute of Peace ¶ÔËüµÄ¶¨ÒåÈçÏ£º Access to justice is more than improving an individual¡¯s access to courts or guaranteeing legal representation. Access to justice is defined as the ability of people to seek and obtain a remedy through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances in compliance with human rights standards. (usip.org) access to justice ¾ÍÊÇÓÐÔ©ÇüµÄ¸öÈËͨ¹ýÕý¹æºÍ·ÇÕý¹æË¾·¨»ú¹¹»ñµÃ˾·¨¾È¼ÃµÄȨÀû¡£Áª ºÏ¹úÎļþÖÐÓжàÖÖÒë·¨£¬±ÈÈç¡°ËßÖî˾·¨¡±¡°ËßÖî·¨ÂÉ¡±¡° ˾·¨¾ÈÖú¡±¡° »ñÈ¡¹«Õý¡±¡° ÉìÕÅÕý Ò塱¡£¼øÓÚ¡° ˾·¨¾ÈÖú¡±ÔÚÖйúÓÐÃ÷È·¶¨Ò壬¼´¡°Ö¸ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¶ÔÓÚÃñÊ¡¢ÐÐÕþ°¸¼þÖÐÓÐ³ä ·ÖÀíÓÉÖ¤Ã÷×Ô¼ººÏ·¨È¨ÒæÊܵ½ÇÖº¦µ«¾­¼ÃÈ·ÓÐÀ§Äѵĵ±ÊÂÈË£¬ÊµÐÐËßËÏ·ÑÓõĻº½»¡¢¼õ ½»¡¢Ãâ½»¡±£¨¼û×î¸ßÔº¹ØÓÚ˾·¨¾ÈÖúµÄ¹æ¶¨£©£¬¶øÕâ¸ö¶¨ÒåÏà¶ÔÓÚaccess to justice ¶øÑÔÃ÷ ÏÔ¹ýÕ­£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÊʺÏʹÓá£ÆäÓ༸¸öÊÓÇé¿ö¶¼¿ÉÒÔʹÓᣱÊÕßÈÏΪ×÷ΪÃû´Ê£¬ »¹¿ÉÒÔ·­ ÒëΪ¡°Ë¾·¨¾È¼ÃȨ¡±£¬ »òÁé»î´¦ÀíΪ¡°ËßÖî·¨ÂÉ£¨ ˾·¨£©µÄȨÀû£¨»ú»á£©¡±¡£ Ô­ÎÄ3 8. The Department1 of Gender has been holding and is continuing to hold meetings with Community Councils with a view to2 making sure that women do not face any challenge3 about land allocation within Community Councils4. The Government of Lesotho has also put in place a Gender and Economic Rights programmes5 targeting6a, inter alia, commercial banks and financial institutions6b with sensitization on the rights of married women to access credit as appears in the LCMPA using land as collateral where necessary7. 124 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 8. ÐÔ±ðÊÂÎñ˾ÒѾ­ÇÒ½«¼ÌÐøÓëÉçÇø ίԱ»áÕÙ¿ª»áÒ飬ĿµÄÊÇÈ·±£¸¾Å®ÔÚÉç ÇøÎ¯Ô±»áÄÚÍÁµØ·ÖÅäÎÊÌâÉϲ»»áÃæÁÙÈÎ ºÎÌôÕ½¡£À³Ë÷ÍÐÕþ¸®»¹ÉèÁ¢ÁËÒ»¸öÓÈÆä ÒÔÉÌÒµÒøÐкͽðÈÚ»ú¹¹ÎªÄ¿±êµÄÐÔ±ðºÍ ¾­¼ÃȨÀûÏîÄ¿£¬Ö¼ÔÚÐû´«Òѻ鸾ٱØÒª ʱ¿É°´ÕÕ¡¶ÒÑ»éÈËÊ¿·¨¶¨Éí·Ý·¨¡·£¬Óà ÍÁµØ×÷µ£±£»ñÈ¡ÐÅ´ûµÄȨÀû¡£ ¸ÄÒë 8 . ÐÔ±ðÊÂÎñ˾ÒѾ­²¢½«¼ÌÐøÓëÉç ÇøÎ¯Ô±»á¾ÙÐлáÒ飬ȷ±£¸¾Å®ÔÚÉçÇøÎ¯ Ô±»á·ÖÅäÍÁµØÊ±²»»áÓöµ½ÈκÎÀ§ÄÑ¡£À³ Ë÷ÍÐÕþ¸®»¹ÉèÁ¢ÁËÒ»¸öÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈºÍ¾­¼Ã ȨÀû¼Æ»®£¬ÌرðÒÔÉÌÒµÒøÐкͽðÈÚ»ú¹¹ ΪĿ±ê£¬Ðû´«Òѻ鸾ŮÓÐȨÔÚ±ØÒªÊ±ÒÔ ÍÁµØ×÷µÖѺ£¬»ñµÃ¡¶ÒÑ»éÈËÊ¿·¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦ ·¨¡·ÖÐËùÊöµÄÐÅ´û¡£ 1 ¡¾´ÓÕûÌå½á¹¹¿´department µÄ¼¶±ð¡¿ÔÚһЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬department ÊDz¿¼¶»ú¹¹£¬ÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒÊDz¿ ֮ϵÄ˾¼¶»ú¹¹¡£·­Òë¾ßÌå¹ú¼ÒµÄ»ú¹¹Ê±£¬Èç¹û²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨£¬ÐèÒª²éһϸùúµÄ»ú¹¹ÉèÖᣠ¾­²é£¬À³Ë÷ÍÐÉèÓÐMinistry of Gender and Youth, Sports and Recreation£¬ÏÂÉèDepartment of Gender¡£Ô­ÒëÓ¦µ±ÊǾ­¹ýºËʵµÄ¡£ 2 ¡¾Ë³½Ó¿ÉÒÔÊ¡ÂÔ¹ØÁª´Ê¡¿with a view to µÈ˳½ÓÊֶΣ¬Èç¹ûÉÏÏÂÎÄÒâ˼Çå³þ£¬¿ÉÒÔÊ¡ÂÔ²»Òë¡£ 3 ¡¾ÈÊÖÇÖ®¼û¡¿Óá°ÌôÕ½¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°À§ÄÑ¡±£¬²¢ÎÞ¶Ô´íÖ®·Ö¡£ÉóУµÄÐ޸ģ¬ÓÐʱºò½ö½öÊÇÒòΪ ÓïÑÔϰ¹ßÉÔÓв»Í¬¡£¶ÔÓÚ´ËÀàÐ޸ģ¬ÒëÕß²»±ØÔÚÒâ¡£ 4 ¡¾Í¨¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎıíÊö覴á¿land allocation within Community Councils£ºµ½µ×Ë­À´ ·ÖÅäÍÁµØ£¿ÎÒÃÇÔڹȸèÖÐÊäÈëLesotho Community Council£¬²é²éÉçÇøÎ¯Ô±»áµÄÖ°Ô𣬿ÉÒÔ ¿´µ½ÆäÖ°Ôð°üÀ¨·ÖÅäÍÁµØ¡£Ã÷°×ÁËÒâ˼£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëµÃÖ±½ØÁ˵±£¨°Ñwithin Àí½âΪby£©£¬ ²»ÏñÔ­ÒëÄÇÑùÈÆÍä×Ó¡£ºÜ¶àÇé¿öÏ£¬ÒëÎÄ˵²»Çå³þ£¬¸ù±¾Ô­Òò»¹ÊÇÀí½â²»Í¸³¹¡£ 5 ¡¾×ñÑ­ÏÈÀý¡¿ ÁªºÏ¹úÍùÍù½«programme ·­ÒëΪ¡°·½°¸¡±¡°¼Æ»®¡±£»¹úÄÚͬÑùÇé¿öÏÂÍùÍù·­Òë Ϊ¡°ÏîÄ¿¡±¡£µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ò»¸ö·½°¸¿ÉÄܰüº¬ºÜ¶àprojects£¨ÏîÄ¿£©¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÁªºÏ¹úµÄÇø·ÖÒ² ÊÇÓбØÒªµÄ¡£ 6 ¡¾Àí½â¾ä×ӽṹ¡¿targeting£¨6a£©ºÍcommercial banks and fi nancial institutions£¨6b£©Ó¦¸ÃÊÓ ÎªÒ»¸öÕûÌåÀ´Àí½â£¬¼´ÒÔÉÌÒµÒøÐкͽðÈÚ»ú¹¹ÎªÐû´«¶ÔÏó£¬ÒªÇóËüÃǹØ×¢¸¾Å®È¨Àû¡£Ô­ ÒëûÓп´Í¸Õâ²ãÒâ˼£¬µ¼Ö¾ä×ӽṹ´î½¨´íÎó£¬ÒëÎÄÒâ˼²»Á¬¹á¡£ 7 ¡¾ÒëΪÉÏÒå´Ê¡¿Õⲿ·Ö³ýÁË·¨ÂÉÃû³ÆÐèÒªÐÞ¸ÄÍ⣬ÆäÓಿ·Ö²»ÐÞ¸ÄÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¡£ÐÞ¸ÄǰºóµÄÒâ ˼ûÓÐÊ²Ã´Çø±ð£¬¾¡¹Ü¾ä×ӽṹÓвîÒì¡£collateral µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£ºproperty (such as securities) pledged by a borrower to protect the interests of the lender (merriam-webster.com)£¬ÊÇ¡°µÖѺ Æ·¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£¾¡¹Ü¡°µ£±£¡±µÄ¸ÅÄ°üÀ¨±£Ö¤¡¢µÖѺ¡¢ÖÊѺ¡¢ÁôÖᢶ¨½ð£©¸ü´ó£¬µ«´Ë ´¦²¢·Ç¾«È·Çø·Ö·¨ÂɸÅÄÒÔÉÏÒå´Ê·­ÒëÏÂÒå´ÊÊdz£¼û×ö·¨¡£ ½âÎö 125 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 10. The Department of Gender conducted mobile campaigns, meetings, public gatherings and consultations1 in all the Districts to sensitize and get the views of the public on unequal inheritance rights and succession to Chieftainship. The outcome was that majority of both Basotho men and women agreed that the law should provide equal inheritance rights with reservations2 to arable land. Few3a were of the opinion that women especially girl children could only have inheritance rights where there is no male child in a family. In relation to succession to Chieftainship majority3b of both Basotho men and women were adamant4 that Chieftainship defines them as Basotho such that unmarried women whether or not born of royal blood cannot succeed to office of Chieftainship to avoid uncertainty in the line of succession5. Fewer3c agreed to unmarried women succeeding to Chieftainship only in the event that the law was amended to force them not to marry for fear that should they marry in a non-royal family the line of succession would be distorted6. Few3d understood Chieftainship7 as a form of inheritance8 that the laws of inheritance should be amended to provide for equal inheritance rights. 10. ÐÔ±ðÊÂÎñ˾ÔÚËùÓÐÐÐÕþÇø¾Ù°ì Á÷¶¯Ðû´«»î¶¯¡¢»áÒé¡¢¹«ÖÚ¼¯»áºÍ´è ÉÌ£¬Ïò¹«ÖÚÐû´«²»Æ½µÈµÄ¼Ì³ÐȨºÍÇõ³¤ ¼ÌλµÄÎÊÌ⣬²¢»ñÈ¡¹«ÖÚµÄÒâ¼û¡£½á¹û ±íÃ÷£¬´ó¶àÊý°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÐÔºÍÅ®ÐÔ¾ùͬ Ò⣬·¨ÂÉÓ¦¹æ¶¨ÄÐÅ®ÏíÓÐÆ½µÈµÄ¼Ì³Ð Ȩ£¬µ«¸ûµØ³ýÍâ¡£ÉÙÊýÈËÈÏΪ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ ¼ÒÍ¥ÖÐûÓÐÄк¢Ê±£¬Å®ÐÔÓÈÆäÊÇÅ®º¢²Å ÄÜÓµÓм̳ÐȨ¡£¹ØÓÚÇõ³¤¼ÌλµÄÎÊÌ⣬ ´ó¶àÊý°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÐÔºÍÅ®ÐÔ¾ù¼áÐÅ£¬Çõ ³¤µØÎ»¾ö¶¨ÁËËûÃǰÍË÷ÍÐ×åÈ˵ÄÉí·Ý£¬ Òò´ËΪÁ˱ÜÃâ¼Ì³ÐÐòÁеIJ»È·¶¨ÐÔ£¬Î´ »éÅ®ÐÔÎÞÂÛÊÇ·ñÓµÓÐÍõÊÒѪͳ¾ù²»µÃ¼Ì ³ÐÇõ³¤Ö°Î»¡£¼«ÉÙÊýÈËͬÒ⣬δ»éÅ®ÐÔ Ö»ÓÐÔÚÐÞ¶©·¨ÂÉ´Ó¶øÇ¿ÆÈËýÃDz»µÃ½á»é µÄÇé¿öϲÅÄܼ̳ÐÇõ³¤µØÎ»£¬Ô­ÒòÊǵ£ ÐÄÈç¹ûËýÃǼÞÈë·ÇÍõÊÒ¼ÒÍ¥½«ÈÅÂҼ̳РÐòÁС£ÉÙÊýÈ˽«Çõ³¤µØÎ»Àí½âΪһÖÖÒÅ ²ú£¬Òò´ËÓ¦µ±ÐÞ¶©¼Ì³Ð·¨£¬¶ÔƽµÈ¼Ì³Ð Ȩ×÷³ö¹æ¶¨¡£ ¸ÄÒë 10. ÐÔ±ðÊÂÎñ˾ÔÚËùÓÐÐÐÕþÇø¾Ù°ìÁ÷ ¶¯Ðû´«»î¶¯¡¢»áÒé¡¢¹«ÖÚ¼¯»áºÍ×Éѯ»î ¶¯£¬Ïò¹«ÖÚÐû´«¼Ì³ÐȨ²»Æ½µÈºÍÇõ³¤¼Ì λÎÊÌ⣬²¢ÌýÈ¡¹«ÖÚÒâ¼û¡£½á¹û±íÃ÷£¬ ´ó¶àÊý°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÐÔºÍÅ®ÐÔ¾ùͬÒ⣬·¨ ÂÉÓ¦¹æ¶¨ÄÐÅ®ÏíÓÐÆ½µÈµÄ¼Ì³ÐȨ£¬µ«¸û µØµÄ¼Ì³Ð³ýÍâ¡£ÉÙÊýÈËÈÏΪ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ¼Ò Í¥ÖÐûÓÐÄк¢Ê±£¬¸¾Å®ÓÈÆäÊÇÅ®º¢²ÅÄÜ ÓµÓм̳ÐȨ¡£¹ØÓÚÇõ³¤Éí·ÝµÄ¼Ì³ÐÎÊ Ì⣬´ó¶àÊý°ÍË÷ÍÐ×åÄÐÐÔºÍÅ®ÐÔ¾ù¼á³Ö ÈÏΪ£¬Çõ³¤Éí·Ý¾ö¶¨ÁËËûÃǰÍË÷ÍÐ×åÈË µÄÉí·Ý£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÎªÁ˱ÜÃâ¼Ì³ÐÐòλµÄ²» È·¶¨ÐÔ£¬Î´»éÅ®ÐÔÎÞÂÛÊÇ·ñÓµÓÐÍõÊÒѪ ͳ¾ù²»µÃ¼Ì³ÐÇõ³¤Éí·Ý¡£ÉÙÊýÈËͬÒ⣬ δ»éÅ®ÐÔ¿ÉÒԼ̳ÐÇõ³¤Éí·Ý£¬µ«Ç°ÌáÊÇ Í¨¹ýÐÞ¶©·¨ÂÉ£¬Ç¿ÖÆËýÃDz»µÃ½á»é£¬Ô­ ÒòÊǵ£ÐÄËýÃǼÞÈë·ÇÍõÊÒ¼ÒÍ¥ºó£¬½«Å¤ Çú¼Ì³ÐÐòλ¡£¸ö±ðÈ˰ÑÇõ³¤Éí·Ý¿´×÷Ò» ÖֲƲú¼Ì³Ð·½Ê½£¬ÈÏΪӦµ±ÐÞ¶©²Æ²ú¼Ì ³Ð·¨£¬¹æ¶¨Æ½µÈµÄ¼Ì³ÐȨ¡£ 126 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿consultation µÄº¬ÒåÊÇ£ºthe act of consulting; conference; a meeting for deliberation, discussion, or decision (the freedictionary.com)£¬¼´¡°×Éѯ¡±¡°´èÉÌ¡±¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÓï ¾³Ï£¬consultation ͨ³£ÊÇÖ¸¶ÔÖØ´óʼþµÄÉÌÌÖ£¬ËùÒÔ¾­³£·­ÒëΪ¡°´èÉÌ¡±¡£´Ë´¦ËäÈ»ÊÇÁª ºÏ¹úÎļþ£¬µ«ÄÚÈÝÊÇij¹úÕþ¸®²¿ÃÅÕ÷Çó´åÃñÒâ¼û£¬ËùÒÔ²»ÊÇ´èÉÌ£¬¶øÊÇ¡°×Éѯ¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾»ùÓÚÄÚÐÄÈ·ÐŵÄÁé»î·­Òë¡¿with reservations ×ÖÃæÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Óб£ÁôÒâ¼û¡±¡£¡°¶Ô¸ûµØ³Ö±£Áô Òâ¼û¡±ÓÖÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¿Èç¹û²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨£¬¿ÉÒÔÀûÓñ¾¾ä²éÏà¹Ø×ÊÁÏ¡£µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÆä ËûÎļþÖгöÏÖ¹ý»ù±¾ÏàͬµÄÒ»¾ä»°£¬µ«ÄÚÈݸü·á¸»£¬´Ó¶øÓÐÖúÓÚÈ·¶¨Õâ¾ä»°µÄÒâ˼£º¡°The outcome was that the majority of Basotho women and men agreed that the law should provide equal inheritance rights with reservations to arable land that has to remain with the family.¡±¡£Õ⠾仰Çå³þ±íÃ÷£¬Å®ÐÔ¿ÉÒÔ¼Ì³ÐÆäËû¼ÒÍ¥²Æ²ú£¬µ«²»Äܼ̳иûµØ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Ô­Òë¡°¸ûµØ³ýÍ⡱ ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ£»ÒëÕßÒ»¶¨×öÁ˵÷²éÑо¿¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÂß¼­ÍƶϾÀÕýÔ­ÎĵıíÊö覴á¿Õⲿ·ÖÉæ¼°few£¨3a ºÍ3c£©ÈçºÎÀí½â£ºÊǰ´Õý³£µÄ Ó¢ÎÄÓï·¨Àí½âΪ·ñ¶¨ÐÔ±í´ï£¨¡°ºÜÉÙ¡±£©£¬»¹Êǰ´Âß¼­ÍÆÀí£¬Àí½âΪ¿Ï¶¨ÐÔ±í´ï£¨¡°ÓÐÉÙÊý ÈË¡±£©£¿Óë(the) majority£¨3b£©Ïà¶ÔµÄÊÇa few£¬ËùÒÔ£¬ÓÐÀíÓÉÍÆ¶Ïfew ºÍfewer£¨3c£©¶¼ Ö¼ÔÚ±í´ï¡°ÓÐÉÙÊýÈË¡±¡£Few understood Chieftainship ÖеÄfew ×÷ΪÓëFewer agreed to ÖÐ fewer µÄ²¢Áгɷ֣¬Ò²Ó¦Àí½âΪ¿Ï¶¨±í´ï¡£ÁíÍ⣬´ÓÒâÒåÉÏÀ´¿´£¬Èç¹û³ÖÕâÖÖ¹ÛµãµÄÈË ¡°¼¸ºõûÓС±£¨few£©£¬±ãûÓбØÒª¼ÓÕâ¾ä»°£¨µ±È»£¬Ò²²»Åųýµ±Ê±²ÉÓÃÎʾíµ÷²éµÄÐÎʽ£¬ Õâ¾ä»°ÓÃÀ´ËµÃ÷ºÜÉÙÓÐÈËÑ¡ÔñÕâ¸öÑ¡Ï¡£¶ÔÓÚÔ­ÎÄ´æÔÚµÄÓïÑÔ覴ã¬ÒëÕßÓ¦¾¡Á¦Í¨¹ý¸÷ ÖÖ°ì·¨¿Ë·þ£¬²»ÓÃÓÐÒâ¸´ÖÆÔ­ÎĵÄ覴ᣵ±È»£¬Èç¹ûûÓз¢ÏÖÔ­ÎÄ覴㬵¼ÖÂÒëÎÄÒ²´æ ÔÚ覴ã¬ÒëÕßÒ²²»³Ðµ£ÔðÈΡ£ 4 ¡¾ÓôÊ׼ȷ¡¿adamant ÒâΪnot willing to change one¡¯s opinion, purpose, or principles; unyielding (dictionary.com)£¬¸ü׼ȷµÄÒë·¨Ó¦ÊÇ¡°¼á³ÖijÈ˵Ĺ۵㡱¡°¼á¶¨ÈÏΪ¡±µÈ£¬ µ«²»ÄܵÈͬÓÚ ¡°¼áÐÅ¡±¡£ 5 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ ͨ¹ýÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ¿ÉÒÔÍÆ¶Ï£¬line of succession µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°¼Ì³ÐÐòλ¡±¡°¼Ì³Ð ˳Ðò¡±»ò¡°¼Ì³ÐÐòÁС±£º The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from offi ce (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate) during their four-year term of offi ce. (Wikipedia: line of succession) ½âÎö 127 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© ÖÁÓÚuncertainty£¬²ÎÕÕÏÂÒ»¾ä£¬Ó¦¸Ã¾ÍÊÇÖ¸distort the line of succession£¬¼´Óɸ¸Ïµ´«³Ð±ä Ϊĸϵ´«³Ð¡£ 6 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿Õâ°ë¾ä»°Ô­Òë¾ä×ӽϳ¤£¬Ó¦Ïë°ì·¨²ð½â¡£ 7 ¡¾±ÈÕÕ·­ÒëChieftainship¡¿¸ù¾ÝÓ¢ÎĵĹ¹´Ê·¨£¬ ²Î¿¼ÀàËÆ¹¹³ÉµÄ´ÊÈçcitizenship ºÍ leadership ¿ÉÖª£¬Ëü¼È¿ÉÖ¸Éí·Ý£¬ÓÖ¿ÉÖ¸µØÎ»£¬¾ßÌåÈ¡ºÎÖÖº¬ÒåÒª²Î¿¼ÉÏÏÂÎĺʹÊÒå´îÅä¡£ ǰÎÄ˵Chieftainship ¾ö¶¨ÁËÉí·Ý£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÕâÀォÆäÒëΪ¡°Çõ³¤Éí·Ý¡±¸üºÏÀí¡£ 8 ¡¾Çø·Öinheritance ºÍsuccession¡¿ÉÏÃæÔÚ½²succession£¬·­ÒëΪ¡°¼Ì³Ð¡±£¬´Ë´¦Í»È»³öÏÖÒ» ¸öinheritance£¬´ÊµäÉÏÒ²·­ÒëΪ¡°¼Ì³Ð¡±¡£ÕâÊôÓÚÐÞ´ÇÉϵı任Óôʣ¬»¹ÊDz»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄ ËÑË÷¹Ø¼ü´Ê²édifference between succession and inheritance£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½succession ÊÇÖ¸Íõ λµÈµÄ¼Ì³Ð£¬¶øinheritance ÊÇÖ¸²Æ²úµÄ¼Ì³Ð¡£´Ë´¦ÎªÁËÇø·Ö£¬ÓбØÒª°ÑºóÕß·­ÒëΪ¡°²Æ ²ú¼Ì³Ð¡±£º Inheritance succession refers to the manner in which property is distributed when a person dies. In almost all cases, a person would like their estate to be distributed upon death in a very specifi c manner. Most persons leave their property to immediate family members, close relatives, and close friends. (legalmatch.com) Ô­ÎÄ 11. The Ministry of Local Government, Chieftainship and Parliamentary Affairs has also embarked on nation-wide consultations geared towards review of the Chieftainship Act as a whole and Section 10 forms part of the Sections that will be reviewed1 and this becomes a window of opportunity2 to push for amendment of Section 10 which3 differentiates between married women and unmarried women in succession thereby affording only married women the right to succeed to Chieftainship. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 11. µØ·½Õþ¸®¡¢Çõ³¤ºÍÒé»áÊÂÎñ²¿ÒÑ ×ÅÊÖÔÚÈ«¹ú¿ªÕ¹´èÉÌ£¬Ö¼ÔÚ¶Ô¡¶Çõ³¤µØÎ» ·¨¡·½øÐÐÕûÌåÉó²é²¢¶ÔÒÔµÚ10ÌõΪ´ú±íµÄ ²¿·ÖÌõ¿î½øÐÐÉó²é¡£½èÖúÕâÒ»»ú»á´°¿Ú£¬ ¿ÉÒÔÍÆ¶¯¶ÔµÚ10ÌõµÄÐÞ¶©£¬¸ÃÌõÔÚ¼ÌλÎÊ ÌâÉ϶ÔÒѻ鸾ŮºÍδ»éÅ®ÐÔÇø±ð¶Ô´ý£¬´Ó ¶ø½ö¸øÓèÒѻ鸾Ů¼Ì³ÐÇõ³¤µØÎ»µÄȨÀû¡£ 11. µØ·½ÖÎÀí¡¢Çõ³¤Éí·ÝºÍÒé»áÊÂÎñ ²¿ÒÑ×ÅÊÖÔÚÈ«¹ú¿ªÕ¹´èÉÌ£¬ÒÔ±ã¶Ô¡¶Çõ ³¤Éí·Ý·¨¡·½øÐÐÕûÌåÉó²é£¬µÚ10ÌõÊDZ» Éó²éµÄÌõ¿îÖ®Ò»¡£½èÖúÕâÒ»»ú»á£¬¿ÉÒÔ ÍÆ¶¯¶ÔµÚ10ÌõµÄÐÞ¶©£»¸ÃÌõÔÚ¼ÌλÎÊÌâ É϶ÔÒѻ鸾ŮºÍδ»é¸¾Å®Çø±ð¶Ô´ý£¬½ö ¸øÓèÒѻ鸾Ů¼Ì³ÐÇõ³¤Éí·ÝµÄȨÀû¡£ 128 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿Ô­Òë¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜ£¬µ«²»Èç¸ÄÒë¼ò½à¡£ 2 ¡¾±ÈÓ÷µÄ´¦Àí¡¿ a window of opportunity ÊǽüÄêÀ´Á÷ÐеÄÒ»ÖÖ˵·¨£¬ÈôÒ»¶¨Òª±£ÁôÐÎÏó£¬¿É ÒëΪ¡°»úÓöÖ®´°¡±¡£ÕâÖÖ±ÈÓ÷ÐÔµÄ˵·¨£¬Èç¹ûÄܹ»Òý½øººÓ²»¾õµÃÉúÓ²£¬¿ÉÒÔÖ±Òë¡£Èç ¹ûÖÐÎıȽÏÉúÓ²£¬Äþ¿É·ÅÆú±ÈÓ÷¡£ 3 ¡¾·ÖºÅµÄÓ÷¨¡¿ÕâÀïÒâ˼Ã÷ÏÔÓзֲ㣬¸ÄÒë´Ë´¦ÓÃÁ˷ֺţ¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓþäºÅ¡£ººÓïÆð²ÝµÄÎÄ ¼þÖУ¬ÍùÍùÒ»¶ºµ½µ×£¬²ã´Î²»Ç壬·­ÒëҲҪעÒâÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 12. On the 29th August, 2012 the High Court of Lesotho sitting as a Constitutional Court1 heard a Constitutional Application in which Senate G. Masupha (the only child and daughter of the late Principal Chief Masupha and Masenate) challenged2 Section 10 of the Chieftainship Act for excluding unmarried women3 from succession to Chieftainship on the basis that it is unconstitutional for being discriminatory on the basis of sex relying on Sections 18 (3) and 19 of the Constitution which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex amongst others and equality before the law and equal protection of the law. The Chieftainship Act in Section 10 (4) affords surviving wives4 of Chiefs the right to succession in their own right5 in the event that their husbands die without any male children but denies unmarried women such a right even if they are the only daughters of late Chiefs. It is on this basis that Miss. Senate challenged the Act. Ô­Òë 1 2 . 2 0 1 2Äê8ÔÂ29ÈÕ£¬À³Ë÷ÍÐ¸ß µÈ·¨ÔºÕÙ¿ªÏÜ·¨·¨Í¥£¬ÉóÀíÁËÒ»¸ö¹ØÓÚ ¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·ÊÊÓÃÎÊÌâµÄ°¸¼þ¡£°¸ÖУ¬ÈûÄÚ ÌØ¡¤G. ÂêËÕ·¨£¨ÒѹʵÄÂêËÕ·¨´óÇõ³¤Óë ÆÞ×ÓÂêÈûÄɵٵĶÀÉúÅ®£©ÒÔ¡¶Çõ³¤µØÎ» ·¨¡·µÚ10ÌõÅųýδ»éÅ®ÐԼ̳ÐÇõ³¤ÎªÓÉ ÌôÕ½ÕâÒ»Ìõ¿î¡£ÀíÓÉÊÇ£¬»ùÓÚ¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡· µÚ18ÌõµÚ£¨3£©¿îºÍµÚ19ÌõÖнûÖ¹»ùÓÚ ÐÔ±ðµÈÀíÓɽøÐÐÆçÊӵĹ涨¡¢·¨ÂÉÃæÇ° ÈËÈËÆ½µÈºÍƽµÈµÄ·¨Âɱ£»¤µÄÔ­Ôò£¬µÚ 10ÌõÒòΪ»ùÓÚÐÔ±ðµÄÆçÊÓ¶øÎ¥ÏÜ¡£¡¶Çõ ³¤µØÎ»·¨¡·µÚ10ÌõµÚ£¨4£©¿î¸øÓèÇõ³¤½¡ Ô򵀮Þ×ÓÔÚÆäÕÉ·òÍö¹Ê¶øÓÖÎÞÈκÎÄÐÐÔ ¸ÄÒë 12. 2012Äê8ÔÂ29ÈÕ£¬À³Ë÷ÍÐ¸ßµÈ ·¨Ôº×÷ΪÏÜ·¨·¨Ôº¿ªÍ¥£¬ÉóÀíÁËÒ»ÏîÎ¥ ÏÜÉó²éÉêÇë¡£¸Ã°¸ÖУ¬ÈûÄɵ١¤G. Âê ËÕ·¨ £¨ÒѹÊÂêËÕ·¨´óÇõ³¤ÓëÆÞ×ÓÂêÈû ÄɵٵĶÀÉúÅ®£©¶Ô¡¶Çõ³¤Éí·Ý·¨¡·µÚ10 Ìõ²»×¼Î´»é¸¾Å®¼Ì³ÐÇõ³¤Éí·ÝµÄ¹æ¶¨Ìá ³öÖÊÒÉ£¬ÀíÓÉÊÇ£¬»ùÓÚ¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ18Ìõ µÚ£¨3£©¿îºÍµÚ19ÌõÖнûÖ¹»ùÓÚÐÔ±ðµÈ ÀíÓɽøÐÐÆçÊÓ¡¢·¨ÂÉÃæÇ°ÈËÈËÆ½µÈºÍƽ µÈ·¨Âɱ£»¤µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬µÚ10ÌõÒò´æÔÚÐÔ±ð ÆçÊÓ¶øÎ¥ÏÜ¡£¡¶Çõ³¤Éí·Ý·¨¡·µÚ10ÌõµÚ £¨4£©¿î¹æ¶¨£¬Çõ³¤ÒÅæ×ÔÚÆäÕÉ·òÍö¹Ê ÇÒûÓÐÁôÏÂÄÐÐÔ×ÓËõÄÇé¿öÏÂÏíÓжÀÁ¢ 129 µÚ7µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨Ò»£© 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿sitting as a Constitutional Court£¬¾Í˵Ã÷high court ±¾À´²»ÊÇÏÜ·¨·¨Ôº£¬µ«ÏÖÔÚ Óöµ½ÁËÏÜ·¨ÎÊÌ⣬ÁÙʱ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨·¨ÔºÉóÀí°¸¼þ¡£Õâ¸ö²Â²âÔÚÏÂÃæµÄ¶ÎÂäÖеõ½Ö¤Êµ£º Lesotho does not have a Constitutional Court, but instead convenes a panel of judges from the high court when issues of constitutionality are raised. The verdict can now be appealed in the country¡¯s regular appeals court. (mg.co.za) ÏÜ·¨·¨ÔºÊÇרÃÅÓÃÀ´Éó²éijÏî·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñÎ¥Ïܵķ¨Ôº¡£¡° Î¥ÏÜÉó²é¡±Ò²½Ð¡°ÏÜ·¨Éó²é¡±£¬Ó¢ ÓïÊÇconstitutional review »òÕßconstitutionality review¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿application ¼ÈÓС°ÉêÇ롱µÄÒâ˼£¬Ò²ÓС°£¨·¨ÂÉ£©ÊÊÓá±µÄÒâ˼¡£ÓÉ challenged Õâ¸ö´Ê¿ÉÖª£¬Õâ¸öapplication ÊÇÒ»¸öÈËÌá³öÀ´µÄ¡£Õâ¸öÈËÊÇÔ­¸æ£¬²»ÊÇ·¨¹Ù£¬ ËùÒÔËýÌá³öÀ´µÄÖ»ÄÜÊǸö¡°ÉêÇ롱¡£´ÓÍøÉÏ×ÊÁÏ¿ÉÖª£¬´ËÈËÈÏΪijÏî·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜ£¬ÇëÇó·¨Ôº Åжϣ¬ËùÒÔConstitutional Application ÊÇ¡°Î¥ÏÜÉó²éÉêÇ롱¡£ ¡¾Óúê¹Û˼ά½â¾ö΢¹ÛÎÊÌâ¡¿Masupha and Masenate ÊÇÒ»¸öÈË»¹ÊÇÁ½¸öÈË£¿ÉÏÍøÒ»²é£¬Ç° ÕßÊÇÒ»¸öÇõ³¤£¬ºóÕßÊÇËûµÄÆÞ×Ó¡£Principal Chief Ô­ÒëΪ¡°´óÇõ³¤¡±£¬ÊÇ·ñ׼ȷ£¿»á²»»áÊÇ ¡°ÕýÇõ³¤¡±£¨Ïà¶ÔÓÚ¸±Çõ³¤¶øÑÔ£©£¿ºóÀ´±ÊÕ߲鵽ÒÔÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º The chieftaincy is composed of the king, currently King Letsie III, 22 principal chiefs, and ward and village chiefs. (mg.co.za) ¿´À´ÕæÊÇ¡°´óÇõ³¤¡±£¬Ô­ÒëÕßÒ»¶¨×öÁ˵÷²é¡£ ¡¾×¢Òâϸ΢֮´¦¡¿Senate Ô­ÒëΪ¡°ÈûÄÚÌØ¡±£¬ËýµÄĸÇ×Masenate£¬Ô­ÒëΪ¡°ÂêÈûÄɵ١±¡£µ« ×Ðϸ¹Û²ìÕâÁ½¸öÃû×Ö£¬·¢ÏÖÅ®¶ùµÄÃû×ÖÊÇĸÇ×Ãû×ÖµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬ÒëÃûÓ¦¸ÃÌåÏÖ³öÀ´¡£¡°ÂêÈû Äɵ١±ÊÇÒëÕß²é³öÀ´µÄ£¬Å®¶ùµÄÃû×Ö¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó²ÉÓúóÈý¸ö×Ö¡£×¢Ò⣬ Senate ÊÇÈËÃûµÄÒ»²¿ ·Ö£¬²»ÊÇ¡°²ÎÒéÔº¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£ ±¾ÎÄ˵the only child and daughter£¬µ«ÉÏÍø²éѯÕâ¸ö°¸¼þ£¬·¢ÏÖÐÂÎű¨µÀÖÐËý»¹ÓÐbrother£º ½âÎö Ô­Òë ×ÓËõÄÇé¿öÏ¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¼º¼ÌλµÄȨÀû£¬µ« °þ¶áÁËδ»éÅ®ÐÔµÄÕâһȨÀû£¬¼´±ãËýÃÇ ÊÇÒѹÊÇõ³¤µÄ¶ÀÉúÅ®¡£»ùÓÚ´ËÖÖÀíÓÉ£¬ ÈûÄÚÌØÅ®Ê¿ÌôÕ½Á˸÷¨ÂÉ¡£ ¸ÄÒë µÄ¼Ì³ÐȨ£¬µ«°þ¶áÁËδ»éÅ®ÐÔµÄÕâһȨ Àû£¬¼´±ãËýÃÇÊÇÒѹÊÇõ³¤µÄ¶ÀÉúÅ®¡£»ù ÓÚ´ËÖÖÀíÓÉ£¬ÈûÄɵÙС½ã¶Ô¸Ã·¨Ìá³öÖÊ ÒÉ¡£ 130 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ In the case brought by Masupha, her mother was appointed ¡°caretaker¡± of the Chieftainship when her father died. Then when her mother died, her brother and half-brother vied for the chief¡¯s position. Masupha then intervened, wanting to inherit the position as the chief¡¯s fi rstborn child. (mg.co.za) ¡¾×ðÖØÔ­ÎĹ۵㡿ÊÇÔ­ÎÄÕýÈ·£¬»¹ÊÇÐÂÎÅÖеÄÐÅϢ׼ȷ£¬ÔÚµ±Ç°µÄ·­ÒëÇ龳ϣ¬ÒëÕß²»±Ø ×·¾¿£¬°´Ô­ÎÄ·­Òë¼´¿É¡£ÒòΪ¼´Ê¹¸ø·­Ò벿ÃÅÌá³öÀ´£¬È˼ÒÒ²²»»áÀí»á¡£Èç¹û·­Ò빤×÷ ÖÐÓë×÷Õß¹µÍ¨±È½ÏÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉÒÔÇë×÷ÕߺËʵ¡£ ¡¾·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß¡¿ challenge ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÌôÕ½¡±Ò²¿ÉÒÔ£¬µ«¸ÄΪ¡°ÖÊÒÉ¡±£¬¿ÉÄܸü·ûºÏººÓï ϰ¹ß¡£ 3 ¡¾Ò§ÎĽÀ×Ö¡¿unmarried women ·­ÒëΪ¡°Î´»éÅ®ÐÔ¡±¡°Î´»é¸¾Å®¡±¶¼¿ÉÒÔ¡£µ«Ï¸ÏëÆðÀ´£¬¡°Î´ »é¸¾Å®¡±Ëµ²»Í¨£¬ ÒòΪººÓïÖС°¸¾¡±×Ö±íÃ÷ÒѾ­ÉíΪÈ˸¾ÁË£¬Òò´Ëά³ÖÔ­Ò롰δ»éÅ®ÐÔ¡±¡£ ¶øwomen ÔÚÓ¢ÓïÖÐÖ¸³ÉÄêÅ®ÐÔ£¬unmarried women ˵µÃͨ¡£ 4 ¡¾·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß¡¿ surviving wives ·­ÒëΪ¡°½¡Ô򵀮Þ×Ó¡±Òâ˼ÕýÈ·£¬µ«¼ÈÈ»ÓС°Òſס±¿ÉÒÔ Ó㬲»·ÁÄÃÀ´Ê¹Óᣠ5 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿in their own right µÄº¬ÒåÊÇby reason of one¡¯s own ability, ownership, etc.; in or of oneself, as independent of others (dictionary.com)£¬ÊÇ¡°Æ¾½èijÈ˵ÄÄÜÁ¦¡±¡°²»ÒÀ¿¿ËûÈË¡± µÄÒâ˼£¬Ô­ÒëÒâ˼²»Çå³þ¡£¸ÄΪ¡°±¾ÉíÓÐ×ʸñ¼Ìλ¡±»òÕß¡°ÏíÓжÀÁ¢µÄ¼ÌλȨ¡±¿ÉÄÜÒâ ˼±È½ÏÇå³þ¡£ ¡¾µ÷²éÊʿɶøÖ¹¡¿ÁíÍ⣬ÕâÒ»¶Î˵Çõ³¤ËÀºóÆÞ×Ó±¾Éí¾ÍÓÐȨ¼Ì³ÐÇõ³¤Éí·Ý£¬µ«ÆäËû×ÊÁÏ˵£¬ ÆÞ×ÓÖ»ÊÇÁÙʱ´úÀí£¨caretaker£©£º Customary law in Lesotho says that while wives can become ¡°caretakers¡± of the Chieftainship until a male heir takes over, or if their chief husbands become ill or die, women cannot, on the basis of their sex, inherit the role or succeed to Chieftainship. (mg.co.za) Ò²ÐíÕâ·Ý×ÊÁϽ²µÄÊÇϰ¹ß·¨£¨customary law£©£¬Chieftainship Act ×÷Ϊ³ÉÎÄ·¨£¬¿ÉÄÜÕæµÄ¹æ ¶¨ÒÅæ×ÓÐÍêÕû¼Ì³ÐȨ¡£ÒëÕßÈç¹û¸ÐÐËȤ£¬¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½µ÷²é¡£µ«ÎªÁËÍê³É·­ÒëÈÎÎñ£¬ÕâЩ ×ÊÁÏÒѾ­×ã¹»¡£ 131 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά ͨ¹ýÍⲿ×ÊÁϽâ¾ö½á¹¹ÆçÒå ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά ¿ÉÒÔÓëÉóУ¹µÍ¨ µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. substantive equality 2. formal equality 3. domestic worker 4. legal order 5. kafeel 6. custodyºÍlegal guardianship 7. ÁªºÏ¹úµÄµØÀíÇø»® ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. ¸ù¾Ý´îÅäÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå 2. ¸ù¾ÝÒâÒåÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ 3. ¸ù¾Ý³£Ê¶ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ 4. ͨ¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°È·¶¨ÐÞÊιØÏµ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ²»Ç¿µ÷²¹³äÐÔÐÅÏ¢ 2. ½÷É÷Ìí¼ÓÏÔÖø±êµã 3. ʹÓÃרҵÊõÓï 4. ±æÎö´ÊÒ壺³·Ïú¡¢³·»Ø¡¢·ÏÖ¹ 5. ×¢ÒâÓïÆø 6. mandate·­Òë±æÎö 7. Ò»¾ä»°¾¡Á¿²»³¬¹ýÁ½¸ö¡°µÄ¡±×Ö 8. ×¢Òâ˵»°µÄÓïÆø ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ²ð·Ö³¤¾ä 2. ¸ù¾ÝÖÐÐÄ´ÊÈ·¶¨´îÅä 3. Ò»¸ö´Ê·­ÒëÁ½´Î 4. ÁîÈËÍ·Í´µÄconcerned 5. ·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß ±äͨ 1. ±£Êصķ­Òë²ßÂÔ 2. ²¹³äÒþº¬ÐÅÏ¢ µÚ 8 µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛ ÐÔ Òâ¼û£¨¶þ£© 132 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×ÔÁªºÏ¹úÏû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»á¡¶¹ØÓÚ¿¨Ëþ¶û³õ´Î±¨¸æµÄ½áÂÛÒâ¼û¡· £¨CEDAW/C/QAT/CO/1£¬¿ÉÔÚÍøÉÏÏÂÔØÈ«ÎÄ£©¡£¡¶Òâ¼û¡·Ö¸³öÁË¿¨Ëþ¶û¹úÄÚÏÖ´æµÄ¸¾Å®ÎÊ Ì⣬²¢Ìá³ö¸Ä½ø½¨Òé¡£ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ 9. The Committee notes with appreciation that the Supreme Council for Family Affairs, in cooperation with the National Human Rights Committee of Qatar, has undertaken certain activities to raise public awareness of women¡¯s rights1. However, the Committee remains concerned that the State party has not taken adequate measures2 to promote the visibility3 of the Convention. It is concerned that4 there is inadequate knowledge among all branches of the Government, including the judiciary, of the rights of women under the Convention, the concept of substantive equality5 of women and men, and the Committee¡¯s general recommendations. ¸ÄÒë 9 . ίԱ»áÔÞÉ͵Ø×¢Òâµ½£¬¼ÒͥʠÎñ×î¸ßίԱ»áÓ뿨Ëþ¶û¹ú¼ÒÈËȨίԱ»á ºÏ×÷¿ªÕ¹ÁËһЩ»î¶¯£¬ÒÔÌá¸ß¹«ÖÚ¶Ô¸¾ ŮȨÀûµÄÒâʶ¡£È»¶ø£¬Î¯Ô±»áÈÔÈ»¶ÔµÞ Ô¼¹úûÓвÉÈ¡Êʵ±´ëÊ©Ìá¸ß¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Öª Ãû¶È±íʾ¹ØÇС£Î¯Ô±»á¹ØÇеØÈÏΪ£¬°ü À¨Ë¾·¨»ú¹ØÔÚÄÚµÄÕþ¸®¸÷»ú¹Ø¶Ô¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨µÄ¸¾Å®È¨Àû¡¢ÄÐŮʵÖÊÆ½µÈµÄ ¸ÅÄÒÔ¼°Î¯Ô±»áµÄÒ»°ãÐÔ½¨ÒéÁ˽ⲻ ×ã¡£ Ô­Òë 9. ίԱ»áÔÞÉ͵Ø×¢Òâµ½£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÊÂÎñ ×î¸ßίԱ»áÓ뿨Ëþ¶û¹ú¼ÒÈËȨίԱ»áÒ» µÀ¿ªÕ¹ÁËÊý¸öÖ¼ÔÚÌá¸ß¹«ÖÚ¶Ô¸¾Å®È¨Àû µÄÒâʶµÄ»î¶¯¡£È»¶ø£¬Î¯Ô±»áÈÔÈ»¶ÔµÞ Ô¼¹úûÓж¯ÓÃ×ã¹»×ÊÔ´ÒÔ´Ù½ø¡¶¹«Ô¼¡· µÄÖªÃû¶È±íʾ¹ØÇС£Î¯Ô±»á¸Ðµ½¹ØÇÐµÄ ÊÇ£¬°üÀ¨Ë¾·¨»ú¹ØÔÚÄÚµÄÕþ¸®¸÷»ú¹Ø¶Ô ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨µÄ¸¾Å®È¨Àû¡¢ÄÐÅ®ÔÚʵÖÊ ÉÏÆ½µÈµÄ¸ÅÄîºÍίԱ»áµÄÒ»°ãÐÔ½¨ÒéÁË ½â²»×ã¡£ 1 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿Ô­Ò붨Óï¹ý³¤£¬¸ÄÒëÇзÖΪÁ½¾ä¡£ 2 ¡¾¸ù¾Ý´îÅäÈ·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿ take adequate measures ÒëΪ¡°¶¯ÓÃ×ã¹»×ÊÔ´¡±²»Í×µ±¡£Ô­Òë°Ñ adequate ÒëΪ¡°×ã¹»¡±£¬ÎªÁ˱ãÓÚ´îÅ䣬ֻÄܰÑmeasures ÒëΪ¡°×ÊÔ´¡±£¬Õâô×öÊÇ¹Ë´Ë ½âÎö 133 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© ʧ±Ë¡£´Êµä¶Ôadequate µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£ºas much or as good as necessary for some requirement or purpose; fully suffi cient, suitable, or fi t (often followed by to or for) (dictionary.com)¡£¿É¼û£¬ adequate ³ýÁË¡°³ä·ÖµÄ¡±¡°×ã¹»µÄ¡±Ö®ÒâÍ⣬ »¹±íʾ¡°ºÏÊʵġ±¡°Ç¡µ±µÄ¡±£¬ºóÕßÓë¡°´ëÊ©¡± ¿ÉÒÔ´îÅä¡£ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÖУ¬³ý·ÇÌØÊâÇé¿ö£¬·ñÔò¾¡Á¿ÕÕ¹ËÔ­ÎĵÄ×ÖÃæÒâ˼¡£ ˳±ãÌáһϣ¬¼øÓÚadequate ¼ÈÓС°Á¿¡±µÄº¬Ò壬ÓÖÓС°ÖÊ¡±µÄº¬Ò壬adequate housing ÔÚ ÁªºÏ¹ú¹«Ô¼ÖÐÔøÒëΪ¡°ÊÊ×ãµÄס·¿¡±£¬ÊÔͼ°ÑÁ½¸öº¬Òå¶¼±í´ï³öÀ´£¬µ«ÔÚºóÀ´µÄ·­Òëʵ¼ù ÖУ¬ÓÖ¸ÄΪ¡°Êʵ±µÄס·¿¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÖÐÐÄ´ÊÈ·¶¨´îÅä¡¿¡°´Ù½øÖªÃû¶È¡±´îÅä²»µ±£¬¸ÄΪ¡°Ìá¸ßÖªÃû¶È¡±£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ˵¡°Ìá¸ß ¿É¼û¶È¡±¡£ ¡¾±£Êصķ­Òë²ßÂÔ¡¿Õâ¾ä»°Ò²¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°È»¶ø£¬Î¯Ô±»áÈÔÈ»¶ÔµÞÔ¼¹úûÓвÉÈ¡Êʵ±´ëÊ©Ðû ´«¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·±íʾ¹ØÇС±£¬¼´°Ñ¡°Ìá¸ßÖªÃû¶È¡±¸ÄΪ¡°Ðû´«¡±¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚÕâÊÇÏû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓ Î¯Ô±»áµÄÒâ¼û£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×ÖÕå¾ä×õĽá¹û£¬ÒëÕß×îºÃÑ¡Ôñ²»ÍÑÀëÔ­ÎÄ×Ö´Ê·­Òë¡£ 4 ¡¾ÁîÈËÍ·Í´µÄconcerned¡¿ It is concerned that ÊÇÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖг£¼ûµÄ±í´ï·½Ê½£¬²»ÈÝÒ×´¦ Àí¡£Èç¹ûthat ´Ó¾ä½Ï¶Ì£¬¿ÉÒÔÏÈ·­Òëthat ´Ó¾äÖеÄÄÚÈÝ£¬È»ºó²¹³ä¡°¡­¡­¶Ô´Ë±íʾ¹ØÇС±£» ±ÈÈ磬ÉÏÒ»¾äthe Committee remains concerned that... ¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°È»¶ø£¬µÞÔ¼¹úûÓвÉÈ¡ Êʵ±´ëÊ©Ìá¸ß¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÖªÃû¶È£¬ ίԱ»áÈÔÈ»¶Ô´Ë±íʾ¹ØÇС±¡£µ«Èç¹ûthat ´Ó¾ä¹ý³¤£¬Éæ ¼°ÄÚÈݺܶࣨÈç±¾¾ä£©£¬ÕâÖÖ´¦Àí·½Ê½²»Ò»¶¨ºÏÊÊ¡£Ô­Òë´¦ÀíΪ¡°Î¯Ô±»á¸Ðµ½¹ØÇеÄÊÇ¡±£¬ Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ³£¼ûµÄ·½Ê½£¬µ«±ÊÕ߸оõÕâÖÖÒë·¨Ôö¼ÓÁ˲»±ØÒªµÄÇ¿µ÷¡£¸ÄÒëΪ¡°Î¯Ô±»á¹ØÇÐ µØÈÏΪ¡±£¬¿ÉÄܼÈÕÕ¹ËÁËÔ­ÎĵÄ˳Ðò£¬ÓïÑÔÉÏÒ²±È½Ïͨ˳¡£ÔÚÎ޼ƿÉÊ©µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÁªºÏ¹ú ÎļþÖÐÒ²»á°Ñ¡°¹ØÇС±ÓÃ×÷¼°Îﶯ´Ê£¬È硰ίԱ»á¹ØÇУ¬µÞÔ¼¹úƵƵµ÷Õû¸ºÔðÌá¸ß¸¾Å® µØÎ»µÄ¹ú¼Ò»úÖÆµÄ±¨¸æ¹ØÏµºÍÖ°Ôð£¬Ê¹¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÖ´Ðв»Îȶ¨ÇÒÏ÷ÈõÁËÖ´ÐС¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄ ÄÜÁ¦¡±¡£ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿substantive equality ¿ÉÒÔÖ± ½ÓÒëΪ¡°ÊµÖÊÆ½µÈ¡±£¬Ïà¶ÔÓÚ¡°ÐÎʽƽ µÈ¡±£¨formal equality£©¶øÑÔ¡£ÓÐÈËÒÔÓÒ ±ßÕâ·ùͼ£¨quora.com£© ˵Ã÷Á½ÕßµÄÇø ±ð£ºformal equality ¾ÍÊÇ×ó²àµÄequality £¨¡°Æ½µÈ¡±£©£¬¼´Ã¿¸öÈËÔÚÐÎʽÉÏÊÇÆ½µÈµÄ £¨¶¼Õ¾ÔÚͬÑù¸ßµÄµÊ×ÓÉÏ£©£¬µ«½á¹ûÈ´ÊÇ ²»Æ½µÈµÄ£¨ÓеÄÄÜ¿´¼û£¬ÓеĿ´²»¼û£©£» substantive justice ¾ÍÊÇÓÒ²àµÄequity£¨¡°¹« ƽ¡±£©£¬¼´ÎªÁË´ïµ½½á¹ûƽµÈ£¬¸øÈõÊÆÈº ÌåÒÔ¸ü´óµÄ°ïÖú¡£ 134 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 10. The Committee recommends that the State party : (a) Enhance women¡¯s awareness of their rights and the remedies available at the national and local levels for women to claim1 violations of their rights under the Convention2, and ensure that information on the Convention is provided to women, including women migrant workers3 and in particular, domestic workers4, including in schools and tertiary education institutions5 and through the use of the media¡­ 10. ίԱ»á½¨ÒéµÞÔ¼¹ú£º £¨a£©Ìá¸ß¸¾Å®¶ÔÆäÔÚ¹ú¼ÒºÍµØ·½ ²ãÃæÉÏÏíÓеĸ÷ÏîȨÀû¡¢¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨ µÄ¸¾Å®È¨ÀûÔâµ½ÇÖº¦Ê±¿ÉÒªÇóµÄ¾È¼Ã´ë Ê©µÄÒâʶ£»È·±£ÔÚѧУºÍ¸ßµÈ½ÌÓý»ú¹¹ µÈ³¡Ëù£¬ÀûÓÃýÌåµÈÏò°üÀ¨Å®ÐÔÒÆá㹤 ÈË¡¢ÓÈÆäÊǼÒÍ¥Ó¶¹¤ÔÚÄÚµÄÅ®ÐÔÌṩ¹Ø ÓÚ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÐÅÏ¢¡­¡­ 10. ίԱ»á½¨ÒéµÞÔ¼¹ú£º £¨a£©Ìá¸ß¸¾Å®µÄȨÀûÒâʶ£¬¸æÖª ¸¾Å®ÔÚ¹ú¼ÒºÍµØ·½²ãÃæÉϿɻñµÃµÄ¾È¼Ã ´ëÊ©£¬Ê¹¸¾Å®Äܹ»Ö÷ÕÅÔâµ½ÇÖ·¸µÄ¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨µÄȨÀû£»È·±£ÔÚѧУºÍ¸ßµÈ½Ì Óý»ú¹¹µÈ³¡Ëù£¬²¢Í¨¹ýýÌåµÈÊֶΣ¬Ïò Å®ÐÔ¡ª¡ª°üÀ¨ÒÆÃñÅ®¹¤£¬ÓÈÆäÊǼÒÕþ¹¤ ÈË¡ª¡ªÌṩ¹ØÓÚ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ 1 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿¹ØÓÚclaim µÄ½âÊÍ£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º A claim is something that one party owes another; someone may make a legal claim for money, or property, or for social security benefi ts; to demand or assert as a right; facts that combine to give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action; demand for relief. (West¡¯s Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd ed.) ·¨ÂÉÖо­³£·­ÒëΪ¡°Ö÷ÕÅ¡±¡°Éù³Æ¡±£¨×¨ÀûÎļþÖз­ÒëΪ¡°ÒªÇó¡±£©¡£claim violations ¾ÍÊÇ¡°Éù ³ÆÊܵ½ÇÖº¦¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿³¤¾äÓ¦¾¡¿ÉÄÜÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡Éϲð·Ö¡¢ÖØ×飬ÒÔ·ûºÏººÓï¶à¶Ì¾ä¡¢ÖؽÚ×àµÄÐÐ ÎÄϰ¹ß¡£ ¡¾Ò»¸ö´Ê·­ÒëÁ½´Î¡¿ÎªÁ˶Ͼ䣬¡°¸ÄÒ롱°Ñawareness ·­ÒëÁËÁ½´Î£¬µÚÒ»´ÎÒëΪ¡°Òâʶ¡±£¬ µÚ¶þ´Î¸ÄΪ¶¯´Ê¡°¸æÖª¡±¡£ ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÒâÒåÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿available at the national and local levels Ö»ÐÞÊÎremedies£¬²»ÐÞÊÎ ½âÎö 135 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© rights¡£Èç¹ûÒªÐÞÊÎÁ½¸ö£¬¾ÍÐèҪȥµôthe remedies µ±ÖеÄthe¡£¿öÇÒȨÀûÒ²²»´æÔÚ¹ú¼ÒºÍ µØ·½²ãÃæµÄÇø±ð¡£ ¡¾Ê¹ÓÃרҵÊõÓï¡¿remedy ÔÚ·¨ÂÉÖеıê×¼Òë·¨ÊÇ¡°¾È¼Ã¡±¡£·¨ÂÉÖеġ°¾È¼Ã¡±²»ÊǸøÇîÈË µÄ¾ÈÖú£¬¶øÊǶÔȨÀûÔâµ½ÇÖº¦µÄ²¹¾È´ëÊ©£¬±ÈÈç½ðÇ®Åâ³¥¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ¸ü¶àµØ°Ñremedy ·­ÒëΪ¡°²¹¾È¡±£¬ËäȻͨË×£¬µ«²»¹»×¨Òµ¡£ 3 ¡¾·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß¡¿women migrant workers Ö±ÒëΪ¡°Å®ÐÔÒÆá㹤ÈË¡±£¬½ÏÍÏí³£¬¿É±äͨµØÒë Ϊ¡°ÒÆÃñÅ®¹¤¡±£¬¼ò½àÇÒÓнÚ×à¸Ð¡£¹ýÈ¥£¬ÔÚÁªºÏ¹ú£¨°üÀ¨À͹¤×éÖ¯£©µÄÎļþÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚÀú Ê·Ô­Òò£¬Í¨³£°Ñmigration ÒëΪ¡°ÒÆá㡱¡°Ç¨á㡱£¬migrant ÒëΪ¡°ÒÆáãÕß¡±¡°ÒÆÃñ¡±£¬migrant workers ÒëΪ¡° ÒÆá㹤ÈË¡±£» ºóÀ´ÔÚÖйú´ú±íÍŵĽ¨ÒéÏ£¬ ¸ÄΪ¹úÄÚ³£Óõġ°ÒÆÃñ¹¤ÈË¡±¡£ ÔÚÒýÓÃÀúÊ·ÎļþÌØ±ðÊǹ«Ô¼Ê±£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼ÌÐøÊ¹ÓÃÔ­À´µÄÒë·¨¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚdomestic worker£¬¿É²Î¿¼ÒÔÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º A domestic worker, domestic helper or domestic servant, also called menial, is a person who works within the employer¡¯s household. Domestic helpers perform a variety of household services for an individual or a family, from providing care for children and elderly dependents to housekeeping, including cleaning and household maintenance. Other responsibilities may include cooking, laundry and ironing, shopping for food and other household errands. (Wikipedia: domestic worker). 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The Committee recommends that the State party clarify the status of the Convention in its domestic legal order1, and ensure the precedence2 of its provisions over national laws in cases of conflict. The Committee also recommends that the State party ensure that its national laws3 are applied4 and interpreted in conformity with the provisions of the Convention. 12. ίԱ»á½¨Ò飬µÞÔ¼¹úÃ÷È·¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·ÔÚÆä¹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉ´ÎÐòÖеĵØÎ»£»²¢È· ±£Óë¹ú¼Ò·¨ÂÉ·¢Éú³åͻʱ£¬¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Ìõ ¿î´¦ÓÚÓÅÏȵØÎ»¡£Î¯Ô±»á»¹½¨Ò飬µÞÔ¼ ¹úÈ·±£ÒÔ·ûºÏ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Ìõ¿îµÄ·½Ê½Ó¦Óà ºÍ½âÊÍÆä¹ú¼Ò·¨ÂÉ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 12. ίԱ»á½¨Ò飬µÞÔ¼¹úÃ÷È·¡¶¹« Ô¼¡·ÔÚÆä¹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉÌåϵÖеĵØÎ»£»²¢È· ±£¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·Óë¹ú¼Ò·¨ÂÉ·¢Éú³åͻʱ£¬ÓÅ ÏÈÊÊÓá¶¹«Ô¼¡·Ìõ¿î¡£Î¯Ô±»á»¹½¨Ò飬 µÞÔ¼¹úÈ·±£ÒÔ·ûºÏ¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨µÄ·½Ê½ ÊÊÓúͽâÊ͹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉ¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿legal order Ö¸the set of legal norms that make up the legal system of a particular country (igi-global.com)£¬Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°·¨ÂÉÌåϵ¡±¡£ÁíÍ⣬legal order »¹¿ÉÒÔÖ¸·¨ÔºÕë¶Ôµ± ÊÂÈË·¢²¼µÄÃüÁÕâÀïÏÔÈ»²»ÊÇÕâ¸öÒâ˼¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿pre cedence µÄº¬ÒåÊÇthe condition of being dealt with before other things or of being considered more important than other things (dictionary.cambridge.org)£¬·­ÒëΪ¡°ÓÅÏÈ µØÎ»¡±Ã»ÓÐÎÊÌâ¡£¸ÄΪ¡°ÓÅÏÈÊÊÓá±Ö»ÊÇ»»Á˸ö˵·¨¡£ 3 ¡¾ÁªºÏ¹úµÄµØÀíÇø»®¡¿ national laws ·­ÒëΪ¡°¹ú¼Ò·¨ÂÉ¡±Ò²Ã»ÎÊÌ⣬ÐÞ¸ÄΪ¡°¹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉ¡±£¬ ½âÎö 137 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© Òâ˼¿ÉÄܸü¼ÓÃ÷È·¡£ÁªºÏ¹ú°ÑÈ«ÊÀ½ç·ÖΪ¼¸¸ö²ã¼¶£ºglobal¡¢regional¡¢sub-regional¡¢ national¡¢sub-national¡¢local¡£global ÊÇָȫÇò£¬½ÓÏÂÀ´ÊÇregional¡£°´µØÀíÇøÓò£¬È«Çò »®·ÖΪÎå¸ö¹ú¼Ò¼¯ÍÅ£¨regional groups£©£¬·Ö±ðÊÇthe African Group£¨·ÇÖÞ¼¯ÍÅ£©¡¢the Asia- Pacifi c Group£¨ÑÇÌ«¼¯ÍÅ£©¡¢the Eastern European Group£¨¶«Å·¼¯ÍÅ£©¡¢the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC)£¨ À­¶¡ÃÀÖ޺ͼÓÀձȼ¯ÍÅ£©¡¢the Western European and Others Group (WEOG)£¨Î÷Å·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼Ò¼¯ÍÅ£©¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÌáµ½region£¬ ¾ÍÊÇÖ¸±È¹ú¼Ò´óµÄµØÇø£¨µ«ÔÚ̸µ½¹úÄÚÇøÓò¾ùºâ·¢Õ¹Ê±£¬region ÊÇÖ¸¹úÄڵĵØÇø£©¡£ national ÊÇÖ¸¹ú¼ÒÒ»¼¶£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖо­³£°ÑÕâ¸ö´Ê·­ÒëΪ¡°¹ú¼Ò¡±£¬µ«ÓÐʱҲ¸ù¾ÝÇé¿ö ·­ÒëΪ¡°¹úÄÚ¡±£¬ÒÔ±ãºÍ¡°¹ú¼Ê¡±ÐγɶԱȡ£sub-national Ï൱ÓÚÎÒ¹úµÄÊ¡¡¢ÊС¢×ÔÖÎÇøÒ» ¼¶£¬µ«²»ÄÜÕâô·­Ò룬²»µÃÒÑÒëΪ¡°¹ú¼ÒÒÔÏ¡±¡£local ÊÇָʡ¼¶ÒÔϵĵط½£¨±ÈÈçÏØ¡¢ÊУ©£¬ ûÓÐÔÙÍùÏ»®·Ö¡£¶ÔÓÚ¶àÊý¹ú¼ÒÀ´Ëµ£¬local ÒѾ­ÊÇ×îµÍµÄÐÐÕþ¼¶±ðÁË£¬µ«Öйú»¹ÓÐÏçÕò£¬ ÊǸü¼Ólocal µÄ¼¶±ð¡£ 4 ¡¾Ê¹ÓÃרҵÊõÓï¡¿applied ÔÚ·¨ÂÉÖÐͨ³£ÒëΪ¡°ÊÊÓᱡ£·­ÒëΪ¡°Ó¦Óá±Òâ˼û´í£¬µ«¿´ ÉÏÈ¥±È½ÏÍâÐС£·¨ÂɵÄÊÊÓ㬾ÍÊǰѳéÏóµÄ·¨Âɹ涨ÔËÓõ½¾ßÌåµÄ°¸¼þÖУ¬½â¾ö·¨ÂÉ ¾À·×¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 15. While welcoming the State party¡¯s efforts to review and repeal1 or amend2 discriminatory legislation, including the Family Law, the Committee notes with concern the many discriminatory provisions3 in laws, such as the minimum age of marriage for girls in the Family Law, the non-permissibility for women to transmit their Qatari citizenship to their children under the Nationality Act, the Human Resources Law, the Criminal Code, which are contrary to the Convention and other international human rights instruments4. ¸ÄÒë1 15. ίԱ»á»¶Ó­µÞÔ¼¹ú Éó²é¡¢·ÏÖ¹»òÐÞ¶©¡¶¼ÒÍ¥ ·¨¡·µÈÆçÊÓÐÔÁ¢·¨µÄŬÁ¦£¬ µ«ÈÔÈ»¹ØÇеØ×¢Òâµ½·¨ÂÉÖÐ ´æÔÚÖî¶àÆçÊÓÐԹ涨£¬ Àý È磬¡¶¼ÒÍ¥·¨¡·ÖйØÓÚŮͯ ×îµÍ½á»éÄêÁäµÄ¹æ¶¨£¬¡¶¹ú ¼®·¨¡·¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ ·¨¡·²»ÔÊÐí¸¾Å®½«Æä¿¨Ëþ¶û ¸ÄÒë2 15. ίԱ»á»¶Ó­µÞÔ¼¹úÉó ²é¡¢·ÏÖ¹»òÐÞ¶©¡¶¼ÒÍ¥·¨¡·µÈ ÆçÊÓÐÔÁ¢·¨µÄŬÁ¦£¬µ«ÈÔÈ»¹Ø ÇеØ×¢Òâµ½·¨ÂÉÖдæÔÚÖî¶àÆç ÊÓÐԹ涨£¬ÀýÈ磬¡¶¼ÒÍ¥·¨¡· ÖйØÓÚÅ®×Ó×îµÍ½á»éÄêÁäµÄ¹æ ¶¨£¬¡¶¹ú¼®·¨¡·²»ÔÊÐí¸¾Å®½« ¿¨Ëþ¶û¹ú¼®´«¸ø×ÓÅ®µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ ÒÔ¼°¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·ºÍ¡¶ÐÌ Ô­Òë 15. ίԱ»áËäÈ»»¶Ó­µÞÔ¼ ¹úÉó²éºÍ³·Ïú£¨»òÐÞ¶©£©¡¶¼Ò Í¥·¨¡·µÈµÄÆçÊÓÐÔÁ¢·¨µÄ¸÷Ïî ŬÁ¦£¬µ«ÈÔÈ»¹ØÇеØ×¢Òâµ½·¨ ÂÉÖдæÔÚÖî¶àÆçÊÓÐÔÌõ¿î¡£Àý È磬¡¶¼ÒÍ¥·¨¡·¹æ¶¨ÁËŮͯµÄ ×îµÍ½á»éÄêÁ䣻¸ù¾Ý¡¶¹ú¼® ·¨¡·£¬¸¾Å®²»ÔÊÐí½«Æä¿¨Ëþ ¶û¹ú¼®´«¸ø×ÓÅ®£»ÕâЩ¹æ¶¨ºÍ 138 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾±æÎö´ÊÒ壺³·Ïú¡¢³·»Ø¡¢·ÏÖ¹¡¿ merriam-webster.com ¶Ôrepeal µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£ºto rescind or annul by authoritative act, especially to revoke or abrogate by legislative enactment£¬ ÊÇ¡° ·Ï ³ý¡±¡°·ÏÖ¹¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£´ËÍ⣬·¨Âɳ·Ïú¡¢³·»ØºÍ·ÏÖ¹ÊDz»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄî¡£·¨Âɵij·ÏúÊÇָϼ¶ »ú¹Ø°ä²¼µÄ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ´¥·¸Éϼ¶»ú¹Ø°ä²¼µÄ·¨Âɹ淶ʱ£¬»òÔÚûÓÐÁ¢·¨È¨»ò³¬³öÁ¢·¨È¨ÏÞ ¶ø°ä²¼·¨Âɹ淶ʱ£¬×ö³·Ïú´¦Àí¡£³·ÏúµÄ Ä¿µÄÔÚÓÚ»Ö¸´Ô­·¨ÂɹØÏµ£¬Õë¶ÔµÄÊÇÎ¥·¨»òÕß ²»µ±µÄÐÐÕþÐÐΪ¡£³·»Ø£¬¼òµ¥µØËµ¾ÍÊÇÊջء¢È¡ÏûÔ­¾ö¶¨¡£¶ø·ÏÖ¹ÊÇÖ¸ÓÐÁ¢·¨È¨µÄ»ú¹Ø£¬ ÔÚ°ä²¼µÄ·¨Âɲ»ÊÊÒË»·¾³Ê±½øÐзÏÖ¹£»»ò°ä²¼Ð·¨ÂÉʱ£¬ÔÚз¨ÂÉÖÐÃ÷ÎĹ涨£¬×Ô±¾·¨ ÉúЧ֮ÈÕÆð£¬Ö®Ç°Ä³Ä³·¨ÂÉ·ÏÖ¹£¨ÕâÖÖÊÇÃ÷ʾ·ÏÖ¹£©£¬ÈôÔÚ·¨ÂÉÖÐûÓÐÃ÷ÎĹ涨£¬ÔòÊôĬ ÈÏ·ÏÖ¹¡£ 2 ¡¾½÷É÷Ìí¼ÓÏÔÖø±êµã¡¿or amend Ö¸·¨ÂɵÄÐÞ¶©£¬Ô­ÒëÎÞÎ󣬵«²»ÐèÒª·ÅÔÚÀ¨ºÅÄÚ¡£Ô­ÎÄû ÓмÓÀ¨ºÅÖ®´¦£¬ÒëÎĽ÷É÷Ìí¼Ó£¬³ý·Ç²»µÃÒÑ¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿provision µÄº¬ÒåÊÇ a particular requirement in a law, rule, agreement, or document; for example, the constitutional provision concerned with due process (thefreedictionary.com)£¬ÊÇ ¡°Ìõ¿î¡±µÄÒâ˼£¬Í¨³£ÒëΪ¡°¹æ¶¨¡±¡£¡°Ìõ¿î¡±ÊÇ¡°¹æ¶¨¡±µÄÍâÔÚÐÎʽ£¬Ó¢ÎÄ¿ÉÒÔ˵clauses »ò articles¡£ 4 ¡¾Í¨¹ýÍⲿ×ÊÁϽâ¾ö½á¹¹ÆçÒ塿бÌ岿·Ö£¨such as ¶ÌÓԭÒëÒâ˼´óÖÂÕýÈ·£¬Ö»ÊÇ´ë´Ç ÓÐЩ²»µ±¡£¸ÄÒë1 ·´µ¹¸Ä´íÁË£¬Õâ¸ö¶ÌÓïµÄÄѵãÊǽṹ¡£such as ºóÃæµÄÃû´Ê¶ÌÓï¿ÉÒÔÓÐ Á½ÖֶϾ䷽ʽ¡£µÚÒ»ÖÖÊÇ£ºthe minimum age of marriage for girls in the Family Law, [and] ||the non-permissibility for women to transmit their Qatari citizenship to their children under the Nationality Act, |the Human Resources Law, |the Criminal Code£¬¼´such asºóÓÐÁ½¸ö²¢Áгɷ֣¬ Ò»ÊÇage ¶ÌÓ¶þÊÇnon-permissibility ¶ÌÓï¡£ºóÕßÓÖ°üº¬Èý¸ö²¢ÁУ¨¡¶¹ú¼®·¨¡·¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´ ·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ·¨¡·£©¡£ÕâÊǸÄÒë1 µÄÀí½â¡£Õâ¸öÀí½âÓÐÁ½¸öÎÊÌ⣺һÊÇÓ¦¸ÃÔÚnon-permissibility Ç°Ãæ¼ÓÉÏand£¬²Å·ûºÏÓ¢ÓïÓï·¨£»¶þÊÇ¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ·¨¡·µ±Öй涨¹«Ãñ×ʸñ£¬²»ºÏ Âß¼­¡£ ½âÎö ¸ÄÒë1 ¹ú¼®´«¸ø×ÓÅ®µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬¶¼Î¥ ·´ÁË¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼ÊÈË È¨ÎÄÊé¡£ ¸ÄÒë2 ·¨¡·Î¥·´¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼Ê ÈËȨÎÄÊéµÄ¹æ¶¨¡£ Ô­Òë ¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ·¨¡·µÈ¶¼ Óë¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼ÊÈËȨÎÄ Êé±³µÀ¶ø³Û¡£ 139 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© ¾­µ÷²é£¬·¢ÏÖ¿¨Ëþ¶û¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·ÖÐȷʵûÓйØÓÚ¹ú¼®µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬µ«¾ÍÒµÉÏÈ´ÆçÊÓ¼Þ¸ø Íâ¹úÈ˵ĸ¾Å®ËùÉú×ÓÅ®£¨ÒòΪËûÃÇûÓп¨Ëþ¶û¹ú¼®£©¡£¶Ô¸Ã·¨µÄÏà¹Ø½éÉÜ˵£º The first priority for appointment to Government and public jobs will be given to Qatari nationals, followed by children of Qatari women married to non-Qataris, then non-Qatari spouses of Qatari citizens, then citizens of GCC countries and Arab expats and lastly nationals of all the other countries. (the-wau.com) ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÒÔÍÆ¶Ï£¬¸ÄÒë1 µÄÀí½â·½Ê½²»ÕýÈ·¡£Ó¦µ±¶ÏΪ£ºthe minimum age of marriage for girls in the Family Law, || the non-permissibility for women to transmit their Qatari citizenship to their children under the Nationality Act, || [the discriminatory provisions in] the Human Resources Law, || [and the discriminatory provisions in] the Criminal Code, ¼´such as ºóÓÐËĸö ²¢Áгɷ֡£·½À¨ºÅÌí¼ÓÁËÔ­ÎıíÊö²»ÍêÕûÖ®´¦¡£ËæºóµÄwhich are contrary...µ±ÖеÄwhich£¬ ÊÇÖ¸the discriminatory provisions¡£ °´´ËÀí½â£¬Ó¦¸Ã·­ÒëΪ¡°¡¶¼ÒÍ¥·¨¡·ÖйØÓÚÅ®×Ó×îµÍ½á»éÄêÁäµÄ¹æ¶¨£¬¡¶¹ú¼®·¨¡·²»ÔÊÐí ¸¾Å®½«¿¨Ëþ¶û¹ú¼®´«¸ø×ÓÅ®µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ÒÔ¼°¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ·¨¡·ÖÐµÄÆçÊÓÐԹ涨£¬¶¼Î¥ ·´ÁË¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼ÊÈËȨÎÄÊ顱£¨¸ÄÒë2£©¡£ ¡¾×¢Òâ˵»°µÄÓïÆø¡¿Ô­ÒëÖС°¡¶ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´·¨¡·¡¶ÐÌ·¨¡·µÈ¶¼Óë¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍÆäËû¹ú¼ÊÈËȨÎÄÊé ±³µÀ¶ø³Û¡±£¬»°ËµµÃÓеãÖØ¡£Óë¡¶¹«Ô¼¡·ºÍ¹ú¼ÊÎÄÊéÏà㣵ÄÖ»ÊÇijЩ¹æ¶¨£¬²»ÊÇÈ«²¿·¨ÂÉ¡£ ÔÙÕߣ¬Î¯Ô±»áµÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇÌá³ö½¨ÉèÐÔÒâ¼û£¬²»ÊÇÖ¸ÔðÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÕþ¸®¡£ Õâ¸öÀý×Ó˵Ã÷£ºÔ­ÎĵÄÓï·¨²»Ò»¶¨Õ¾µÃס½Å£¬²»ÄÜ´¿´â»ùÓÚÓï·¨À´Àí½âÔ­ÎÄ£»µ±Ô­ÎijöÏÖ ½á¹¹ÆçÒåʱ£¬ÒªÍ¨¹ýµ÷²éÑо¿£¬´ÓÒâÒåÉÏÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ£»·­ÒëÊDz»¶ÏÍêÉÆµÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÈκÎÈË ¶¼¿ÉÄܳö´í£¬¼´Ê¹ÒѾ­·¢²¼µÄÒëÎÄÒ²²»ÀýÍâ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 17. The Committee notes that the Supreme Council for Family Affairs is responsible for the advancement of women and the formulation of policies on women and family affairs. However, it is concerned about its limited mandate1, authority2 and capacity to ensure that gender equality legislation and policies are properly developed and fully implemented in the work of all Ministries and Government offices. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned about the absence of a centralized government unit coordinating the national machinery3 on women¡¯s empowerment4. 140 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 17. ίԱ»á×¢Òâµ½£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÊÂÎñ×î¸ßί Ô±»á¸ºÔðÌá¸ßÅ®ÐÔµØÎ»£¬Öƶ¨¹ØÓÚ¸¾Å® ºÍ¼ÒÍ¥ÊÂÎñµÄÕþ²ß¡£È»¶ø£¬Î¯Ô±»á¹ØÇÐ µÄÊÇ£¬ÆäÊÚȨ¡¢È¨Á¦ºÍÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÎÞ·¨ È·±£¹ØÓÚÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈµÄ·¨ÂÉÄÜÇ¡µ±Öƶ¨£¬ ÇÒÔÚËùÓв¿Î¯ºÍÕþ¸®»ú¹¹µÄ¹¤×÷ÖÐÄÜÍê ȫִÐС£´ËÍ⣬ȱ·¦Ð­µ÷Å®ÐÔ¸³È¨¹ú¼Ò »ú¹¹µÄÒ»¸öÖÐÑëͳһµÄÕþ¸®µ¥Î»£¬Î¯Ô± »á¶Ô´Ë±íʾµ£ÓÇ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 17. ίԱ»á×¢Òâµ½£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÊÂÎñ×î¸ßί Ô±»á¸ºÔðÌá¸ßÅ®ÐÔµØÎ»£¬Öƶ¨¹ØÓÚ¸¾Å® ºÍ¼ÒÍ¥ÊÂÎñµÄÕþ²ß¡£È»¶ø£¬ÁîίԱ»á¹Ø ÇеÄÊÇ£¬¸Ã×î¸ßίԱ»áµÄȨÏÞ¡¢È¨ÍþºÍ ÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÎÞ·¨È·±£Êʵ±Öƶ¨²¢ÔÚËùÓÐ ²¿Î¯ºÍÕþ¸®»ú¹¹µÄ¹¤×÷Öгä·Öʵʩ¹ØÓÚ ÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈµÄ·¨ÂÉ¡£´ËÍ⣬µÞÔ¼¹úȱ·¦Ò» ¸öÖÐÑë²ãÃæµÄ»ú¹¹£¬¸ºÔðЭµ÷È«¹úµÄÅ® ÐÔ¸³È¨ÏµÍ³£¬Î¯Ô±»á¶Ô´Ë±íʾ¹ØÇС£ 1 ¡¾mandate ·­Òë±æÎö¡¿¸ù¾Ýdictionary.cambridge.org µÄ½âÊÍ£¬mandate µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£º ÓÉ´Ë¿´À´£¬mandate Ï൱ÓÚººÓïµÄ¡°ÊÜȨ¡±¡£¸ù¾Ý¡¶ÏÖ´úººÓï´Êµä¡·µÚ6 °æ£¬¡°ÊÜȨ¡±ÊÇ¡°½Ó ÊÜίÍÐÐÐʹ×öijʵÄȨÁ¦£¬ ÈçÍâ½»²¿ÊÜȨ·¢²¼ÉùÃ÷¡±¡£µ«Òź¶µÄÊÇ£¬ ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖС°ÊÜ È¨¡±Ê¹Óò»¶à£¬¶øÊǸü¶àʹÓá°ÈÎÎñ¡±¡°ÈÎÎñÊÚȨ¡±¡£ mandate ȷʵÊÇËûÈ˽»°ìµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ËùÒÔʹÓá°ÈÎÎñ¡±Ã»´í¡£µ«Ò²²»Ò»¶¨¾ÐÄàÓÚÕâ¸öÒë·¨¡£ ¸ù¾ÝÇé¿ö¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°Ö°Ô𡱡°Ö°È¨¡±¡°È¨ÏÞ¡±¡£¡°ÈÎÎñÊÚȨ¡±µÄ˵·¨ÓеãÂß¼­ÎÊÌâ¡£ÒòΪ mandate ʵÖÊÉÏÊÇ¡°ÊÚÓèÈÎÎñ¡±£¬²»ÊÇ¡°ÊÚÓèȨÁ¦¡±¡£¡°ÈÎÎñ¡±ºÍ¡°È¨¡±Ö®¼ä£¬Òâ˼ÓÐì¶Ü¡£ ÁíÍ⣬¡°ÊÚȨ¡±ºÍ¡°ÊÜȨ¡±²»Í¬£º ´Ó¸³ÓèȨÁ¦µÄÒ»·½À´¿´£¬ ÊÇ¡°ÊÚȨ¡±£» ´ÓµÃµ½È¨Á¦µÄÒ» ·½À´¿´£¬ÊÇ¡°ÊÜȨ¡±¡£Èç¹ûºÏÊÊ£¬²»·Á·­ÒëΪ¡°ÊÜȨ¡±¡£ ËäÈ»ÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÊµÖÊÉÏÊÇ´ÓÊÂijÏî »î¶¯µÄÖ°Ôð¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿¹ØÓÚauthority£¬Çë²ÎÔÄÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Authority is a concept used to indicate the foundational right to exercise power, which can be formalized by the State and exercised by way of judges, monarchs, rulers, police offi cers or other appointed executives of government, or the ecclesiastical or priestly appointed representatives of a higher spiritual power (God or other deities). (Wikipedia: authority) ½âÎö 141 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© Óɴ˿ɼû£¬authority ±¾ÉíµÄº¬Òå²»ÊÇȨÁ¦£¨power£©»òȨÀû£¨right£©£¬¶øÊÇÄܹ»ÐÐʹȨÁ¦µÄ Ò»ÖÖȨÀû£¬¼´È¨Íþ¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ Machinery refers to the means or system by which something is kept in action or a desired result is obtained; for example, the machinery of government. (merriam-webster.com) ËùÒÔ£¬²»ÊÇÒ»¸öµ¥Ò»»ú¹¹£¬¶øÊÇÒ»¸öϵͳ¡£ 4 ¡¾Ò»¾ä»°¾¡Á¿²»³¬¹ýÁ½¸ö¡°µÄ¡±×Ö¡¿centralized ÒëΪ¡°ÖÐÑëͳһ¡±Ã»ÓÐʲô´í¡£Õâ¾ä»°µÄ Ö÷ÒªÎÊÌâÊdzöÏÖÁ½¸ö¡°µÄ¡±×Ö£¬µ¼Ö¶¨Óï¹ý³¤¡£¸ÄÒëµ÷ÕûÁ˾ä×ӽṹ£¬È¥µôÒ»¸ö¡°µÄ¡± ×Ö¡£¡°ÖÐÑë²ãÃæµÄ»ú¹¹¡±Ò²¿ÉÒÔ¸ÄΪ¡°ÖÐÑëͳһµÄ»ú¹¹¡±¡£ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 37. The Committee is deeply concerned about reports of various forms of exploitation and abuses of women migrant workers, including forced labour, physical and sexual violence1, inhuman or degrading treatment, unpaid wages, excessive working hours, confiscation of passports, restrictions on freedom of movement and communication in particular under the sponsorship system (kafeel)2. The Committee is also concerned that:¡­ 37. ίԱ»á¶ÔÒÆáãÅ®¹¤ÔâÊܶàÖÖÐÎʽ µÄ°þÏ÷ºÍŰ´ýµÄ±¨¸æÉî±í¹ØÇУ¬°üÀ¨Ç¿ ÆÈÀͶ¯¡¢Ö«Ì屩Á¦ºÍÐÔ±©Á¦¡¢²»È˵ÀºÍ ÎêÈèÈ˸ñµÄ´ýÓö¡¢²»¸¶¹¤×Ê¡¢³¬³¤¹¤×÷ ʱ¼ä¡¢Ã»ÊÕ»¤ÕÕ£¬ÓÈÆäÊǰ´ÕÕÔÞÖúÌåϵ £¨¿¨·Ñ¶û£©ÏÞÖÆÐж¯ºÍͨÐÅ×ÔÓÉ¡£Î¯Ô± »á»¹¹ØÇеÄÊÇ£º¡­¡­ ¸ÄÒë 37. Óб¨¸æ³ÆÒÆÃñÅ®¹¤ÔâÊܶàÖÖÐÎʽ µÄ°þÏ÷ºÍŰ´ý£¬°üÀ¨Ç¿ÆÈÀͶ¯¡¢ÉíÌ屩Á¦ ºÍÐÔ±©Á¦¡¢²»È˵ÀºÍÓÐÈèÈ˸ñµÄ´ýÓö¡¢²» ¸¶¹¤×Ê¡¢¹¤×÷ʱ¼ä¹ý³¤¡¢Ã»ÊÕ»¤ÕÕ¡¢ÏÞÖÆ Ðж¯ºÍͨÐÅ×ÔÓɵȣ¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚÔÞÖú£¨¿¨·Ñ ¶û£©ÖƶÈ֮ϣ»Î¯Ô±»á¶Ô´Ë±íʾ¹ØÇС£Î¯ Ô±»á»¹¸Ðµ½¹ØÇеÄÊÇ£º¡­¡­ 1 ¡¾ÓëÉóУ¹µÍ¨¡¿physical µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ£ºrelating to the body as opposed to the mind; involving bodily contact or activity (en.oxforddictionaries.com)¡£ ¹ØÓÚphysical violence£¬²Î¼ûÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Physical violence occurs when someone uses a part of their body or an object to control a person¡¯s actions. Physical violence includes, but is not limited to: ½âÎö 142 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ? Using physical force which results in pain, discomfort or injury; ? Hitting, pinching, hair-pulling, arm-twisting, strangling, burning, stabbing, punching, pushing, slapping, beating, shoving, kicking, choking, biting, force-feeding, or any other rough treatment; ? Assault with a weapon or other objects; ? Threats with a weapon or object; ? Deliberate exposure to severe weather or inappropriate room temperatures; and, ? Murder. (gov.nl.ca) ººÓïʹÓá°Ö«Ì屩Á¦¡±¡°ÉíÌ屩Á¦¡±¡°ÈËÉí±©Á¦¡±¶¼¿ÉÒÔ¡£ÉóУ¸ÄΪ¡°ÉíÌ屩Á¦¡±£¬²»ÊÇ·ñ ¶¨¡°Ö«Ì屩Á¦¡±£¬ ÊÇÁ½¸öÈ˵ıí´ïϰ¹ß²»Í¬¡£Èç¹û·¢ÏÖÉóУÓÐÒâ˼´íÎó£¬ Òª¼°Ê±ÓëÉóУ¹µ ͨ¡£ÒëÕߺÍÉóУ¹²Í¬³Ðµ£ÔðÈΡ£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¹ØÓÚkafeel ÖÆ¶È£¬ÒÔÏÂÊÇWikipedia µÄ½âÊÍ£º The kafala system (also spelled ¡°kefala system¡±, meaning ¡°sponsorship system¡±) is a system used to monitor migrant labourers, working primarily in the construction and domestic sectors, in Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. The system requires all unskilled labourers to have an in-country sponsor, usually their employer, who is responsible for their visa and legal status. This practice has been criticized by human rights organizations for creating easy opportunities for the exploitation of workers, as many employers take away passports and abuse their workers with little chance of legal repercussions. (Wikipedia: kafala system) ¡¾Í¨¹ýµ÷²é±³¾°È·¶¨ÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿Óɴ˿ɼû£¬±¾¶ÎËùÊöµÄ¸÷ÖÖÇÖȨÐÐΪ£¬¶¼¿ÉÄÜÊÇÔÞÖúÖÆ ¶ÈÔì³ÉµÄ£¬ËùÒÔ£¬¾¡¹Üin particular Ç°ÃæÃ»ÓжººÅ£¬¿´ËÆÖ»ÐÞÊÎÒ»¸öÃû´Ê¶ÌÓʵÔòÐÞ ÊÎËùÓжÌÓï¡£¸ÄÒëµ¥¶ÀÒë³ö£¬ÖÃÓÚ¾ä×Óĩβ£¬È±µãÊÇÖÐÎÄÓÐЩŷ»¯¡£Ò²¿ÉÒÔǰÖã¬ÒëΪ£º ¡°Î¯Ô±»á¶ÔÒÆÃñÅ®¹¤ÔâÊܶàÖÖÐÎʽµÄ°þÏ÷ºÍŰ´ýµÄ±¨¸æÉî±í¹ØÇУ¬ÌرðÊÇÔÞÖúÖÆ¶È´øÀ´ µÄ¡­¡­¡±£¬Ê¡ÂÔ¡°°üÀ¨¡±£¬ÒòΪ¡°°üÀ¨ÌرðÊÇ¡­¡­¡±Ò²Óеã±ðŤ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 41. (b) The permissibility of polygamy and unequal and/or limited rights for women related to divorce, inheritance, custody and legal guardianship of children1; and women¡¯s loss of child custody2 upon remarriage;¡­ 143 µÚ8µ¥Ôª Ïû³ý¶Ô¸¾Å®ÆçÊÓίԱ»áµÄ½áÂÛÐÔÒâ¼û£¨¶þ£© Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 41. £¨b£©ÔÊÐíÒ»·ò¶àÆÞ£¬¸¾Å®Ïí ÓеÄÓëÀë»é¡¢¼Ì³Ð¡¢¶Ô×ÓÅ®µÄ¹ÜÑøºÍ·¨ ¶¨¼à»¤È¨µÈȨÀû²»Æ½µÈÇÒ£¨»ò£©Êܵ½ÏÞ ÖÆ£¬¸¾Å®Ò»µ©Ôٻ鼴ɥʧ¶Ôº¢×ÓµÄ¹Ü Ñø£»¡­¡­ 41. £¨b£©ÔÊÐíÒ»·ò¶àÆÞ£¬ÔÚÀë»é¡¢ ¼Ì³Ð¡¢¶Ô×ÓÅ®µÄ¸§ÑøÈ¨ºÍ·¨¶¨¼à»¤È¨µÈ ·½Ã棬¸¾Å®ÏíÓеÄȨÀûÓëÄÐ×Ó²»Æ½µÈÇÒ £¨»ò£©Êܵ½ÏÞÖÆ£¬¸¾Å®Ò»µ©Ôٻ鼴ɥʧ ¶Ôº¢×ӵĸ§ÑøÈ¨£»¡­¡­ 1 ¡¾²¹³äÒþº¬ÐÅÏ¢¡¿Ê×ÏÈ£¬Ð±Ì岿·ÖµÄÒëÎ͍Óï¹ý¶à¡¢¹ý³¤¡£Æä´Î£¬¡°ÓëÀë»é¡¢¼Ì³Ð¡­¡­µÈ ȨÀû¡±±íÊö²»ÍêÕû£¬ÖÁÉÙÓ¦¸Ä³É¡°µÈÏà¹ØÈ¨Àû¡±¡£µÚÈý£¬unequal Òë³ÉÁË¡°²»Æ½µÈ¡±£¬ÓïÒå ÕýÈ·£¬µ«²»ÖªµÀÓëË­Ïà±È²»Æ½µÈ¡£½áºÏÉÏÏÂÎÄ£¬¸¾Å®È¨Àû²»Æ½µÈָȺÌå¼ä²»Æ½µÈ£¬¼´Ïà ¶ÔÓÚÄÐÐÔ¶øÑԵIJ»Æ½µÈ¡£¸ÄÒëÔö²¹¡°ÄÐ×Ó¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾custody ºÍlegal guardianship¡¿custody ºÍlegal guardianship ÓкÎÇø±ð£¿Ó¢ºº´Êµä¸ø³öµÄ¿É Äܶ¼ÊÇ¡°¼à»¤¡±¡£²éÖйú·¨ÂÉ£¬ ·¢ÏÖÓС°¸§ÑøÈ¨¡±ºÍ¡°¼à»¤È¨¡±Ö®·Ö¡£·òÆÞÀëÒ죬˫·½µÄ ¼à»¤È¨²»ÊÜÓ°Ï죬µ«»áÕù¶á¸§ÑøÈ¨¡£ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÔòÓÐcustody ºÍguardianship Ö®·Ö¡£Á½Ïà¶Ô ÕÕ£¬ÖйúµÄ¸§ÑøÈ¨´óÖÂÏ൱ÓÚÃÀ¹úµÄphysical custody£»ÖйúµÄ¼à»¤È¨¿ÉÄÜÏ൱ÓÚÃÀ¹úµÄ legal guardianship¡£Ôٲ鿨Ëþ¶ûµÄ·¨ÂÉ£º Qatari law applies the Sharia law concept of a sharp division between the physical custody of a child and the legal guardianship of a child. The mother is given an express statutory preference for physical custody, up to a certain age of the children. The father is given an express statutory preference for guardianship. It is extremely rare for that right to be taken away from him. It is deemed the ¡°natural right¡± of the father to assert such rights to the exclusion of the mother. Guardianship is akin to legal custody. It provides the father with the exclusive right to make decisions concerning the child. (international-divorce.com) ´ÓÕâÒ»¶ÎÃèÊöÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¿´µ½¡°¸§ÑøÈ¨¡±ºÍ¡°¼à»¤È¨¡±µÄÇø±ð¡£¾Ý²é£¬Ô­Òë¡°¹ÜÑø¡± ÊÇÏã¸Û·¨ÂɵÄÓ÷¨¡£µ«¼ÈÈ»Äڵط¨ÂÉÌåϵÖÐÓÐÏÖ³É˵·¨£¬²»·Á²ÉÓᣠ½âÎö 144 µÚ 9 µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨÀíÊ»áÓÉÁªºÏ¹ú´ó»áÑ¡³öÀ´µÄ47 ¸ö»áÔ±¹ú×é³É£¬¶¨ÆÚÉóÒé¸÷¹úµÄÈËȨ ×´¿ö¡£È«ÊÀ½ç192 ¸ö¹ú¼Ò£¬4.5 ÄêÆÕ²éÒ»±é£¬Òò´Ë½Ð¡°ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ顱£¨Universal Periodic Review, UPR£©¡£ÉóÒéÓÉÈËȨÀíÊ»áÏÂÉèµÄÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éÍê³É¡£¹¤×÷×éÓÉÈËȨÀíÊ»á È«²¿³ÉÔ±×é³É£¬Ã¿ÄêÕÙ¿ª3 ÆÚ»áÒ飬ÿÆÚ2 ÖÜ£¬ÉóÒé14 ¸ö¹ú¼Ò£¬Ã¿¸ö¹ú¼Ò·ÖÅä3.5 Сʱ¡£ ¶Ô¸÷¹úµÄÉóÒé»ùÓÚÈý·Ý²ÄÁÏ£º¹ú¼ÒÌá½»µÄ±¨¸æ£¨20 Ò³£©¡¢ÈËȨ¸ßר°ì»ã±àµÄ¸÷ÈËȨÌõ Ô¼»ú¹¹×î½ü¶Ô¸Ã¹úÉóÒéµÄÇé¿ö£¨10 Ò³£©¡¢ÈËȨ¸ßר°ì»ã±àµÄÆäËû²ÄÁÏ£¨10 Ò³£¬À´×Ô¸÷¹úÈËȨ »ú¹¹¡¢·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯µÈ£©¡£ÕâЩ²ÄÁÏÌáǰ6 ÖÜ·ÅÔÚÈËȨ¸ßר°ìµÄÍøÕ¾ÉÏ¡£ÔÚ3.5 СʱµÄÉóÒé¹ý ³ÌÖУ¬±»ÉóÒé¹ú¼ÒÓÃ70 ·ÖÖÓ½éÉÜÇé¿ö£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÆäËû»áÔ±¹úÓÐ140 ·ÖÖÓµÄÌáÎÊʱ¼ä¡£ ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. ͨ¹ý±³¾°Àí½â´ÓÊô¹ØÏµ 2. Óúê¹Û˼ά½â¾öÀí½âÎÊÌâ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ ºÏÀíÍÆ¶Ï Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 2. restorative justice 3. retributive justice 4. pretrial detention 5. special procedure mandate holders ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ ÓôÊ׼ȷ ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à 2. ͳһרÓÐÃû´ÊµÄÒë·¨ 3. ²»¸Ä±ä²¹³äÐÅÏ¢µÄµØÎ» 4. ÓëÆäËûÎļþ±£³ÖÒ»Ö 5. ·ûºÏϰ¹ßÒë·¨ 6. µ÷Õû¾ä×ӽṹ 7. ±ÜÃâÒâ˼Èõ»¯ ±äͨ 1. µ÷ÕûÓ¢ÎÄ»áÒé¼Ç¼µÄʱ̬ 2. ÊʶÈÁé»î 145 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ ÉóÒéÿ¸ö¹ú¼Ò֮ǰ£¬¶¼»á×é³ÉÒ»¸ö¡°Èý¹úС×顱£¨troika£©£¬×÷Ϊ±¨¸æÔ±£¬¸ºÔðÔÚÉóÒéǰ ½ÓÊÕÁªºÏ¹ú»áÔ±¹úÕë¶Ô±»ÉóÒé¹ú¼ÒµÄÊéÃæÌáÎÊ£¬²¢ÔÚÉóÒé½áÊøºóÆð²ÝÉóÒ鱨¸æ¡£ÉóÒ鱨¸æ °üÀ¨ÉóÒé¹ý³Ì×ܽᡢÁªºÏ¹ú»áÔ±¹úÌá³öµÄ½¨Òé¡¢½áÂۺͱ»ÉóÒé¹ú¼ÒµÄ×ÔÔ¸³Ðŵ¡£ Õâ·Ý±¨¸æ½»¸ø¹¤×÷×éÔÚͬһ»áÆÚÍíЩʱºòͨ¹ý£¨³ÌÐòÐԵģ¬Ã¿¸ö¹ú¼Ò°ëСʱ£©¡£Í¨¹ý Ö®ºó£¬×ª¸øÈËȨÀíÊ»ᣬÔÚÈËȨÀíÊ»áϸö»áÆÚµÄÈ«»áÉÏÉóÒéͨ¹ý¡£Õâ´ÎÉóÒé³ÖÐø1 Сʱ£¬ Ö»ÓÐÕâ´Î»áÒéÔÊÐí·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯ÏòÕþ¸®·¢ÑÔÌáÎÊ¡£ÈËȨÀíÊ»áÒ²ÊÇÿÄêÕÙ¿ª3 ÆÚ»áÒ飬µ«Ã¿ ÆÚ3 ÖÜ£¬ÓëUPR ¹¤×÷×éµÄ»áÆÚ²»Öغϡ£ ±¾µ¥ÔªÁ·Ï°Ñ¡×ÔUPR ¹¤×÷×鹨ÓÚÃØÂ³µÄ±¨¸æ£¬ ÎĺÅΪA/HRC/37/8£¬Êǹ¤×÷×é2017 Äê11 ÔÂ10 ÈÕͨ ¹ýµÄ£¬°²ÅÅÔÚÈËȨÀíÊ»áÓÚ2018 Äê2 ÔÂ26 ÈÕÖÁ3 Ô 23 ÈÕ¾ÙÐеĵÚÈýÊ®Æß½ì»áÒ飨ʱ¼äÉÏ×î½Ó½üµÄÒ»´Î»á Ò飩ÆÚ¼äÉóÒéͨ¹ý¡£Êµ¼ÊÉóÒé·¢ÉúÔÚ3 ÔÂ15 ÈÕ£¬¼ûÈÕ ³Ì½ØÍ¼£º Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ 5. The head of the delegation noted that Peru was a country that in recent years had developed important efforts to guarantee to its citizens the widest and most effective enjoyment of their fundamental human rights1 and rec ognized the political and ethical need to continue to deepen and improve those efforts to ove rcome the di fferences and social gaps that still existed in the country2. Ô­Òë 5. ´ú±íÍÅÍų¤Ö¸³ö£¬ÃØÂ³½üÄêÀ´ÒÑ ¾­×÷³öÖØ´óŬÁ¦£¬È·±£¹«ÃñÏíÓÐ×î¹ã·º ºÍ×îÓÐЧµÄ»ù±¾ÈËȨ£¬²¢Îª¿Ë·þ¹úÄÚÈÔ ´æÔÚµÄ·ÖÆçºÍÉç»á²î¾à¶ø¼ÌÐøÉºÍ¸Ä ÉÆÕâЩŬÁ¦µÄÕþÖκ͵ÀµÂÐèÒª¡£ ¸ÄÒë 5. ´ú±íÍÅÍų¤Ö¸³ö£¬ÃØÂ³½üÄêÀ´ÒÑ ¾­×÷³öÖØ´óŬÁ¦£¬È·±£¹«Ãñ×î¹ã·ººÍ×î ÓÐЧµØÏíÊÜ»ù±¾ÈËȨ£¬²¢È·ÈÏÔÚÕþÖÎºÍ µÀµÂ²ãÃæÓбØÒª¼ÌÐøÉºÍÀ©´óÕâЩŬ Á¦£¬ÒÔ¿Ë·þ¹úÄÚÈÔ´æÔÚµÄ·ÖÆçºÍÉç»á²î ¾à¡£ 146 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿Ô­Òë¶Ôthe widest and most effective enjoyment of their fundamental human rights µÄÐÞÊιØÏµÀí½â´íÎ󡣡°×î¹ã·ººÍ×îÓÐЧ¡±ÐÞÊεÄÊÇ¡°ÏíÊÜ¡±¶ø·Ç¡°»ù±¾ÈËȨ¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾µ÷Õû¾ä×ӽṹ¡¿Èç¹û°´ÕÕÔ­ÎĽṹ·­Òë»áµ¼ÖÂÒëÎIJ»Í¨Ë³£¬¿ÉÒÔ´òÆÆÔ­ÎĽṹ¡£Ô­Òë ¡°Îª¿Ë·þ¹úÄÚÈÔ´æÔÚµÄ·ÖÆçºÍÉç»á²î¾à¶ø¼ÌÐøÉºÍ¸ÄÉÆÕâЩŬÁ¦µÄÕþÖκ͵ÀµÂÐèÒª¡±Ì« ³¤£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚÒëÕßÍü¼ÇÁËǰºó´îÅ䣬µ¼Ö¾ä×ÓÓï·¨½á¹¹²»ÍêÕû¡£¸ÄΪ¡°²¢ÈÏʶµ½Îª¿Ë·þ¹ú ÄÚÈÔ´æÔÚµÄ·ÖÆçºÍÉç»á²î¾à¶ø¼ÌÐøÉºÍ¸ÄÉÆÕâЩŬÁ¦µÄÕþÖκ͵ÀµÂÐèÒª¡±Óï·¨ÉÏÍêÕû ÁË£¬µ«¶¨ÓïÌ«³¤£¬²»·ûºÏººÓïϰ¹ß¡£¸ÄÒ뽫the political and ethical need Áé»î´¦Àí£¬Ë³Ó¦ Ô­ÎÄ´ÊÐò£¬´î½¨¿ª·ÅÐÔ¾ä×ӽṹ£¬ÓÐЧ»¯½âÁ˶¨Óï¹ý³¤´øÀ´µÄÔĶÁÀ§ÄÑ¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 6. The human rights policy of Peru was a State policy that tra nscended the temporal scope of its Governments1. He noted that the Government of President Ped ro Pablo Kuczynski, which had taken office in July 2016, had2 focused on giving continuity to those pol icies that had been working3 and improving policies or formulating new ones where necessary. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 6 . ÃØÂ³µÄÈËȨÕþ²ßÊÇÒ»ÏԽÕþ ¸®µ±Õþʱ¼ä·¶Î§µÄ¹ú¼ÒÕþ²ß¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£¬ 2016Äê7Ô¾ÍÈεÄÅåµÂÂÞ¡¤°Í²ªÂÞ¡¤¿â ÇÙ˹»ù×ÜͳËùÁìµ¼µÄÕþ¸®ÒÑ×ÅÖØ¼ÌÐø¹á ³¹ÓÐЧÕþ²ß£¬²¢ÔÚ±ØÒªÊ±½øÐиĽø»òÖÆ ¶¨ÐµÄÕþ²ß¡£ 6 . ÃØÂ³µÄÈËȨÕþ²ßÊÇÒ»ÏԽÕþ ¸®ÈÎÆÚµÄ¹ú¼ÒÕþ²ß¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£¬2016Äê7 Ô¾ÍÈεÄÅåµÂÂÞ¡¤°Í²ªÂÞ¡¤¿âÇÙ˹»ù×Ü Í³ËùÁìµ¼µÄÕþ¸®¼ÌÐøÖ´ÐÐÐÐÖ®ÓÐЧµÄÕþ ²ß£¬²¢ÔÚ±ØÒªÊ±¸Ä½øÏÖÓÐÕþ²ß»òÖÆ¶¨Ð Õþ²ß¡£ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿temporal scope of its Governments ÒëΪ¡°Õþ¸®µ±Õþʱ¼ä·¶Î§¡±ÓÐЩ·Ñ½â¡£Æäʵ ¡°Õþ¸®µ±Õþʱ¼ä·¶Î§¡±¿ÉÒÔÓá°ÈÎÆÚ¡±¶þ×ÖÀ´¸ÅÀ¨¡£ 2 ¡¾µ÷ÕûÓ¢ÎÄ»áÒé¼Ç¼µÄʱ̬¡¿Ô­Òë°Ñhad focused µÄ¹ýÈ¥Íê³ÉʱҲÌåÏÖ³öÀ´£¬´¦Àí²»µ±¡£ ÁªºÏ¹úÔÚ×ö»áÒé¼Ç¼ʱ»á°Ñ·¢ÑÔÕßʹÓõÄÒ»°ãÏÖÔÚʱ±äΪһ°ã¹ýȥʱ£»°ÑÒ»°ã½«À´Ê±±ä Ϊ¹ýÈ¥½«À´Ê±£»°Ñ¹ýȥʱºÍÏÖÔÚÍê³Éʱ±äΪ¹ýÈ¥Íê³Éʱ¡£·­ÒëʱÐèÒª»¹Ô­Îª·¢ÑÔÕßµ±Ê± ½âÎö 147 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 6. Footnote 1. At the 25th meeting of the Human Rights Council, held on 22 September 2017, during the thirty-sixth session1, under agenda item 6 entitled ¡°Universal periodic review¡±, the President of the Council asked the Council to consider the agreement reached by the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Peru, Sri Lanka and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, as outlined in a letter2 from the Plurinational State of Bolivia dated 20 September 2017, that the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela would exchange places in the ir respective troikas3. The Council approved the change in the composition of the troikas of Peru and Sri Lanka, which had initially been selected at the organizational meeting of the Council, held on 13 February 2017. 6. ½Å×¢1. ÔÚ2017Äê9ÔÂ22ÈÕ¾ÙÐÐ µÄÈËȨÀíÊ»áµÚ25´Î»áÒéµÚÈýÊ®Áù½ì»á ÒéÉÏ£¬ÀíÊ»áÖ÷ϯÔÚÌâΪ¡°ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉó Ò顱µÄÒé³ÌÏîÄ¿6ÏÂÒªÇóÀíÊ»áÉóÒé¶àÃñ ×å²£ÀûάÑǹú¡¢ÃØÂ³¡¢Ë¹ÀïÀ¼¿¨ºÍίÄÚ ÈðÀ­²£ÀûÍß¶û¹²ºÍ¹úÖ®¼ä´ï³ÉµÄЭÒé¡£ ЭÒéÄÚÈÝÔÚ¶àÃñ×å²£ÀûάÑǹú2017Äê9 ÔÂ20ÈÕµÄÒ»·âÐÅÖÐÓÐËù¸ÅÊö£¬¼´¶àÃñ×å ²£ÀûάÑǹúºÍίÄÚÈðÀ­²£ÀûÍß¶û¹²ºÍ¹ú ½«ÔÚ¸÷×ÔµÄÈý¹úС×éÖл¥»»Î»Öá£ÀíÊ »áÅú×¼ÁËÃØÂ³ºÍ˹ÀïÀ¼¿¨Èý¹úС×é½á¹¹ µÄ±ä»¯£¬Æä³ÉÔ±×î³õÊÇÔÚ2017Äê2ÔÂ13 ÈÕ¾ÙÐеÄÀíÊ»á×éÖ¯»áÒéÉÏÑ¡¶¨µÄ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 6. ½Å×¢1. 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It stated that, for the first time, Peru had planned to adopt public policies for groups that had previously been neglected, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons and dom estic workers. The plan also aimed to implement international standards on business3 and human rights. Ô­Òë 8. ÂǼ°¹«¹²ÊµÌåºÍÃñ¼äÉç»áµÄÒâ¼û ÓëÒªÇóÌØ±ð±£»¤µÄ13¸öÉç»áÍÅÌå£¬ÃØÂ³ ÕýÔÚ×îºóÈ·¶¨¡¶2017¡ª2021ÄêµÚÈý¸ö¹ú ¼ÒÈËȨÐж¯¼Æ»®¡·¡£ÃØÂ³±íʾ£¬ÕâÊǸùú Ê״μƻ®Îª´Ëǰ±»ºöÊÓµÄȺÌ壨ÈçÄÐŮͬ ÐÔÁµ¡¢Ë«ÐÔÁµ¡¢¿çÐÔ±ðÕߺÍË«ÐÔÕßÒÔ¼°¼Ò Õþ¹¤È˵ȣ©Öƶ¨¹«¹²Õþ²ß¡£¸Ã¼Æ»®»¹Ö¼ÔÚ ÊµÊ©¹ú¼ÊÉÌÒµ±ê×¼ºÍÈËȨ±ê×¼¡£ ¸ÄÒë 8. ÃØÂ³ÕýÔÚ×îºóÈ·¶¨µÚÈý¸ö¡¶¹ú¼Ò ÈËȨ¼Æ»®£¨2017¡ª2021Ä꣩¡·£¬ÆäÖп¼ Âǵ½¹«¹²ÊµÌåºÍÃñ¼äÉç»áµÄÒâ¼ûÓëÐèÒªÌØ ±ð±£»¤µÄ13¸öÉç»áȺÌå¡£ÃØÂ³±íʾ£¬Õâ ÊǸùúÊ״μƻ®Îª´Ëǰ±»ºöÊÓµÄȺÌ壨Èç ÄÐŮͬÐÔÁµ¡¢Ë«ÐÔÁµ¡¢¿çÐÔ±ðÕߺÍË«ÐÔÕß ÒÔ¼°¼ÒÕþ¹¤È˵ȣ©Öƶ¨¹«¹²Õþ²ß¡£¸Ã¼Æ»® »¹Ö¼ÔÚʵʩ¹ú¼Ê¹¤ÉÌÆóÒµÓëÈËȨ±ê×¼¡£ 149 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ 1 ¡¾Í³Ò»×¨ÓÐÃû´ÊµÄÒë·¨¡¿ÁªºÏ¹úÓÐרÃŵĴʻãרԱ£¬¸ºÔðͳһÊõÓïµÄ·­Òë¡£Óöµ½²»È·¶¨µÄ רÓÐÃû´Ê£¬¿ÉÒÔ²éÕÒÁªºÏ¹úµÄÊõÓï¿â¡£National Human Rights Plan ÔÚ´Ê»ã±íÖÐûÓУ¬µ«ÓÐ National Human Rights Action Plan£¨¹ú¼ÒÈËȨÐж¯¼Æ»®£©£¬¿ÉÒÔ±ÈÕÕ·­Ò루ȥµô¡°Ðж¯¡±£©¡£ ×¢Òâ°Ñʱ¼ä¿ç¶ÈÖÃÓÚĩ⣬Èç¡°¡®Ê®ÈýÎ塯¹æ»®£¨2016¡ª 2020 Ä꣩¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²»¸Ä±ä²¹³äÐÅÏ¢µÄµØÎ»¡¿taking into account...ÊôÓÚ²¹³äÐÅÏ¢£¬²»ÒËǰÖóÉΪ±³¾°ÐÅÏ¢¡£°´ ÕÕÔ­ÎÄ˳Ðò·­Ò룬Ҳ±ãÓÚºÍÏÂÒ»¾äÏνӡ£ÏÂÒ»¾ä¾ÍרÃŽ²Ãñ¼äÉç»á¡£ 3 ¡¾ÓëÆäËûÎļþ±£³ÖÒ»Ö¡¿ ÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨÀíÊ»á2011 Äê6 ÔÂ16 ÈÕͨ¹ýµÚ17/4 ºÅ¾öÒ飬ºË¿É £¨ÁªºÏ¹ú°Ñapprove ·­ÒëΪ¡°ºË¿É¡±£©ÁËÁªºÏ¹úÃØÊ鳤ÈËȨÓë¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾ºÍÆäËû¹¤ÉÌÆóÒµÎÊ ÌâÌØ±ð´ú±í±àдµÄ¡°Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ¡®Protect, Respect and Remedy¡¯ Framework¡±£¨¡¶¹¤ÉÌÆóÒµÓëÈËȨ£ºÊµÊ©ÁªºÏ ¹ú¡°±£»¤¡¢×ðÖØºÍ²¹¾È¡±¿ò¼ÜÖ¸µ¼Ô­Ôò¡·£©¡£Õâ·ÝÎļþûÓаÑbusiness ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÉÌÒµ¡±£¬¶ø ÊÇ·­ÒëΪ¡°¹¤ÉÌÆóÒµ¡±¡£ÎªÁ˱£³Ö¸÷ÎļþÖ®¼äµÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ£¬´Ë´¦Ò²ÐèÒªÒëΪ¡°¹¤ÉÌÆóÒµ¡±¡£ ½âÎö Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 31. Portugal welcomed the adoption of legislation that prohibited corporal punishment of children and cri minalized forced labour. It requested1 information on the mea sures being implemented to enable victims of forced sterilization to have acc ess to res torative justice2. 31. ÆÏÌÑÑÀ»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³Í¨¹ý½ûÖ¹Ìå·£¶ù ͯºÍ½«Ç¿ÆÈÀͶ¯¶¨Îª·¸×ïµÄÁ¢·¨¡£ÆÏÌÑ ÑÀÇëÇóÃØÂ³ÌṩÁîÇ¿ÆÈ¾øÓýÊܺ¦Õß»ñµÃ »Ö¸´ÐÔÕýÒåµÄµ±Ç°´ëÊ©Ïà¹ØÐÅÏ¢¡£ 31. ÆÏÌÑÑÀ»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³Í¨¹ý½ûÖ¹Ìå·£¶ù ͯºÍ½«Ç¿ÆÈÀͶ¯Èë×ïµÄÁ¢·¨¡£ÆÏÌÑÑÀÇë ÃØÂ³Ìṩ°ïÖúÇ¿ÆÈ¾øÓýÊܺ¦Õß»ñµÃ»Ö¸´ ÐÔÕýÒåµÄ´ëÊ©¡£ 150 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾ÓôÊ׼ȷ¡¿µÚ¶þ¾äÖУ¬requested ±»ÒëΪ¡°ÇëÇó¡±£¬Ëä¡°ÇëÇó¡±Óë¡°Ç롱¶¼°üº¬Ï£Íû¶Ô·½ ×öijʵĺ¬Ò壬µ«Ç°Õß°µº¬Ï¼¶¶ÔÉϼ¶Ö®Ò⣬¶øºóÕßÔòÊǾ´´Ç¡£ÆÏÌÑÑÀÓëÃØÂ³Á½¹úƽÆð Æ½×ø£¬²»´æÔÚ϶ÔÉϵĹØÏµ£¬Óá°Ç롱×Ö¼´¿É¡£´ËÍ⣬ԭÒëÖеġ°Á×ÖÒþº¬ÃüÁîµÄÒâ ˼£¬¶ø´Ë´¦enable ÊǸ³ÓèÄÜÁ¦£¬²»ÊÇÃüÁî¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿restorative justice£¨»Ö¸´ÐÔÕýÒå/ ÐÞ¸´Ê½ÕýÒ壩¾ÍÊÇÖ¼ÔÚÐÞ¸´±»ÆÆ»µµÄÉç»á¹Ø ϵµÄÕýÒåʵÏÖÐÎʽ£º Restorative justice is an approach to justice in which the response to a crime is to organize a meeting between the victim and the offender, and sometimes with representatives of the wider community as well. The goal is for them to share their experience of what happened, to discuss who was harmed by the crime and how, and to create a consensus for what the offender can do to repair the harm from the offence. This may include a payment of money given from the offender to the victim, apologies and other amends, and other actions to make things as right as possible for those affected and to prevent the offender from causing future harm. (Wikipedia: retributive justice) ¡°»Ö¸´ÐÔÕýÒ塱ÊÇÏà¶ÔÓÚÒԳͷ£ÎªÄ¿µÄµÄ¡° ±¨¸´ÐÔÕýÒ塱£¨retributive justice£©¶øÑԵģº Ret ributive justice is a theory of justice that considers punishment, if proportionate, to be a morally acceptable response to crime, by providing satisfaction and psychological benefi ts to the victim, the offender and society. (kintera.org) ½âÎö Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 32. The Republic of Korea commended Peru for the establishment of the Nat ional Commission Against Discrimination1 and the ¡°Racism Warning¡± platform. It welcomed the Act and National Plan on the search for disappeared persons and the national mechanism for the prevention of torture in the Office of the Ombudsman2. 32. ´óº«Ãñ¹úÔÞÑïÃØÂ³ÉèÁ¢È«¹ú·´Æç ÊÓίԱ»áºÍ¡°¾¯ÌèÖÖ×åÖ÷Ò塱ƽ̨¡£´ó º«Ãñ¹ú»¶Ó­¼à²ìÔ±°ì¹«ÊÒ¹ØÓÚѰÕÒʧ×Ù ÈËÔ±µÄ·¨°¸ºÍ¹ú¼Ò¼Æ»®ÒÔ¼°¹ú¼ÒÔ¤·À¿á ÐÌ»úÖÆ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 32. ´óº«Ãñ¹úÔÞÑïÃØÂ³ÉèÁ¢¹ú¼ÒÏû³ý ÆçÊÓίԱ»áºÍ¡°¾¯ÌèÖÖ×åÖ÷Ò塱ƽ̨¡£ ´óº«Ãñ¹ú»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³¹ØÓÚѰÕÒʧ×ÙÈËÔ±µÄ Á¢·¨ºÍ¹ú¼Ò¼Æ»®ÒÔ¼°¼à²ìÔ±°ì¹«ÊÒ³ÉÁ¢ ¹ú¼ÒÔ¤·À¿áÐÌ»úÖÆ¡£ 151 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ 1 ¡¾·á¸» ´Ê»ã±í¡¿National Commission Against Discrimination ÔÚ´Ê»ã±íÖÐûÓгöÏÖ£¬ÒëÕᨐ ÒÔ×ÔÓÉ·­Ò룬Ҳ¿ÉÏò´Ê»ãרԱÌá³ö½«Õâ¸ö˵·¨ÄÉÈë´Ê»ã±í¡£Ô­ÒëÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¡£ 2 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿ in the Offi ce of the Ombudsman ÐÞÊεĽöÊÇthe national mechanism for the prevention of torture£¬¶ø²»ÊÇthe Act and National Plan on the search for disappeared persons¡£¾­²éÖ¤£¬·ÆÂɱö¡¢°Ä´óÀûÑǵȹú¼Ò¾ùÉèÓÐOffi ce of the Ombudsman£¬ÆäÖ÷ÒªÖ°Ôð Êǵ÷²éÕë¶ÔÕþ¸®²¿ÃźÍÊÂÒµµ¥Î»µÈµÄͶËߣ¬ÊÇÕþ¸®¼°ÆäÏà¹Ø²¿Ãŵļල»ú¹¹£¬²»¾ßÓÐÁ¢ ·¨È¨¡£ÁíÒ»¸ö²éÕÒ˼·ÊÇ£¬°ÑOffi ce of the Ombudsman Peru ÊäÈë¹È¸è£¬²éÒ»ÏÂÏà¹ØÇé¿ö¡£ ·­Òëʱ×îÖ÷ÒªµÄÊÇÌá¸ß¾¯Ì裬 ʱ¿Ìµ±ÐĽṹÆçÒå¡£Ö»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½½á¹¹ÆçÒ壬²Å¿ÉÄÜÈ¥²éÖ¤¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 45. The delegation stated that there were 55 ind igenous peoples1 and 47 indigenous languages in Peru, which represented around 4 million indigenous peoples. Pursuant to the law on the ri ght to prior consultation of indigenous peoples, between 2014 and 2017, 36 prior consultation processes involving 43 indigenous peoples had been2 carried out and, in all the consultation processes carried out, agreements had been reached. It also stated that there were indigenous people in is olation and initial contact in Peru and that, in 2016, it had categorized three reserves for their protection. In 2016, the intercultural health sectoral policy had been approved and, in 2017, a working group to promote the rights of indigenous women had been created. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 45. ´ú±íÍųƣ¬ÃØÂ³ÓÐ55¸öÍÁÖøÃñ×å ºÍ47ÖÖÍÁÖøÓïÑÔ£¬ÍÁÖøÈË¿Ú×ÜÊýÔ¼400 Íò¡£¸ù¾Ý¹ØÓÚÍÁÖøÈËÃñÊÂÏÈЭÉÌȨµÄ·¨ ÂÉ£¬2014ÖÁ2017Äê¼ä£¬ÒѾ­½øÐÐÁË36´Î ¹²Éæ¼°43ÃûÍÁÖøÈËÃñµÄÊÂÏÈЭÉ̳ÌÐò£¬²¢ ÇÒÔÚËùÓÐЭÉ̽ø³ÌÖж¼´ï³ÉÁËЭÒé¡£´ú±í ÍÅ»¹Ö¸³ö£¬ÃØÂ³¹úÄÚ´æÔÚÓëÊÀ¸ô¾øºÍ³õ²½ ÓëÍâ½ç½Ó´¥µÄÍÁÖøÈËÃñ£¬ÎªÁË¶ÔÆä½øÐб£ »¤£¬ÃØÂ³ÓÚ2016Äê»®·ÖÁËÈý¸ö±£»¤Çø¡£ 2016Äêͨ¹ýÁË¿çÎÄ»¯µÄÎÀÉú²¿ÃÅÕþ²ß£¬ 2017Äê³ÉÁ¢ÁË´Ù½øÍÁÖø¸¾Å®È¨Àû¹¤×÷×é¡£ 45. ´ú±íÍųƣ¬ÃØÂ³ÓÐ55¸öÍÁÖøÃñ×å ºÍ47ÖÖÍÁÖøÓïÑÔ£¬ÍÁÖøÈË¿Ú×ÜÊýÔ¼400 Íò¡£¸ù¾ÝÍÁÖøÈËÊÂÏÈЭÉÌȨÏà¹ØÁ¢·¨£¬ 2014ÖÁ2017Äê¼ä£¬¹²Æô¶¯ÁË36¸öÉæ¼° 43¸öÍÁÖøÃñ×åµÄÊÂÏÈЭÉ̽ø³Ì£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚ ËùÓÐЭÉ̽ø³ÌÖж¼´ï³ÉÁËЭÒé¡£´ú±íÍÅ»¹ Ö¸³ö£¬ÃØÂ³¹úÄÚ´æÔÚÓëÊÀ¸ô¾øºÍ¸Õ¸ÕÓëÍâ ½ç½Ó´¥µÄÍÁÖø£¬ÎªÁ˱£»¤ÕâЩÈË£¬ÃØÂ³ÓÚ 2016Äê»®¶¨ÁËÈý¸ö±£»¤Çø¡£2016Äêͨ¹ý ÁË¿çÎÄ»¯µÄÎÀÉú²¿ÃÅÕþ²ß£¬2017Äê³ÉÁ¢ ÁË´Ù½øÍÁÖø¸¾Å®È¨Àû¹¤×÷×é¡£ 152 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾·ûºÏϰ¹ßÒë·¨¡¿Ã÷È·´ÊÒå¡£people ±íʾ¡°ÈË£¬ÈËÃñ¡±£¬¶øpeoples ÔòΪ¡°Ãñ×塱֮Òâ¡£µ« ÔÚÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖУ¬ÓÐʱ³öÓÚÌØ±ð¿¼ÂÇ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄܰÑpeoples ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÈËÃñ¡±¡£ÒëÕßÄò»×¼Ê±£¬ ÐèÒª²éÕÒÁªºÏ¹úµÄÊõÓï¿â¡£ 2 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿ ¡°ÒѾ­¡±Óë¡°ÁË¡±¾ùÊDZíÍê³ÉµÄʱ¼ä¸±´Ê£¬ ±íʾ¶¯×÷»ò±ä»¯µÄ½áÊø£¬ ÓÃÆäÒ»¼´ ¿É¡£Í¬Ñù£¬¡°³ÉΪ¡±Ò²ÊDZíʾÍê³ÉµÄ¶¯×÷£¬²»ÐèҪ˵¡°³ÉΪÁË¡±¡£ ½âÎö Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 68. Costa Rica highlighted the progress made in legislation policies on human rights. However, it was concerned that1 the death penalty had not yet been abolished and the legal capacity of persons with disabilities had been limited, and at the excessive use of the policing during social protests.2 68. ˹´ïÀè¼Ó¸ß¶ÈÔÞÑïÃØÂ³ÔÚÈËȨÁ¢ ·¨Õþ²ß·½ÃæÈ¡µÃµÄ½øÕ¹¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Áî¸ç˹ ´ïÀè¼Ó¸Ðµ½¹ØÇеÄÊÇ£¬ÃØÂ³ÉÐδ·Ï³ýËÀ ÐÌ£¬²Ð¼²È˵ķ¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÏÞ£¬Éç»á¿¹Òé »î¶¯Öйý¶ÈʹÓþ¯Á¦¡£ 68. ¸ç˹´ïÀè¼ÓÔÞÑïÃØÂ³ÔÚÈËȨÁ¢·¨ Õþ²ß·½ÃæÈ¡µÃµÄ½øÕ¹£¬µ«¹Ø×¢ÃØÂ³ÉÐδ ·Ï³ýËÀÐÌ¡¢ÏÞÖÆ²Ð¼²È˵ķ¨ÂÉÄÜÁ¦£¬ÒÔ ¼°¶ÔÉç»á¿¹Òé»î¶¯¹ý¶ÈʹÓþ¯Á¦ÎÊÌâ¡£ 1 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ be concerned ºÜÄÑ·­Ò룬ÊÓÇé¿ö¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°¹ØÐÄ¡±¡°¹ØÇС±¡°¹Ø×¢¡±¡£Èç¹û concerned that ºóÃæºÜ³¤£¬¾¡Á¿²»²ÉÓá°¶Ô¡­¡­±íʾ¹ØÇС±µÄ˵·¨¡£Ô­Ò뽫it was concerned that Ö±ÒëΪ¡°Áî¸ç˹´ïÀè¼Ó¸Ðµ½¹ØÇеÄÊÇ¡±£¬ÕâÒ»±í´ïÐÎʽÔÚººÓïÖбȽÏÉÙ¼û£¬¶øÇÒÈß³¤¡£ ¸ÄÒ뽫±»¶¯Óï̬±äΪÖ÷¶¯Óï̬£¬Áé»îÒëΪ¡°¹Ø×¢¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾Í³Ò»Ö÷Óï¡¿ ¸ÄÒëͳһÁ˱¾¾äÈý¸ö²¢ÁжÌÓïµÄÂß¼­Ö÷ÓͳһΪ¡°ÃØÂ³¡±£©¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 85. France noted the adoption of the law on the search for disappeared persons during the period of violence from 1980 to 2000, the law on the right of indigenous peoples to prior consultation, the implementation of which should be encouraged1, and the ongoing development of the new National Human Rights Plan (2017¨C2021)2. 153 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 88. Ghana welcomed the establishment of a national preventive mechanism within the Office of the Ombudsman. It expressed concern over the high number of detainees in pretrial detention1, representing 55 percent of the prison population. It noted the measures taken regarding the use of pre trial detention and the establishment of pretrial detention hearings by courts of second instance2. 85. ·¨¹ú×¢Òâµ½£¬ÃØÂ³Í¨¹ýÁ˹ØÓÚѰ ÕÒ1980ÖÁ2000Ä걩Á¦Ê±ÆÚʧ×ÙÈËÔ±µÄ ·¨ÂÉ¡¢Ó¦¹ÄÀøÊµÊ©µÄ¹ØÓÚÍÁÖøÈËÃñÊÂÏÈ Ð­ÉÌȨµÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ð¡¶¹ú¼ÒÈËȨ¼Æ»® £¨2017¡ª2021Ä꣩¡·È¡µÃ³ÖÐø½øÕ¹¡£ 85. ·¨¹ú×¢Òâµ½£¬ÃØÂ³Í¨¹ýÁ˹ØÓÚѰ ÕÒ1980ÖÁ2000Ä걩Á¦Ê±ÆÚʧ×ÙÈËÔ±µÄ·¨ ÂÉ¡¢¹ØÓÚÍÁÖøÈËÊÂÏÈЭÉÌȨµÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÈÏ Îª¸Ã¹úÓ¦µ±¹ÄÀøÕâЩ·¨ÂɵÄÂäʵ£»»¹×¢ Òâµ½¸Ã¹ú²»¶ÏÍêÉÆÐµġ¶¹ú¼ÒÈËȨ¼Æ»® £¨2017¡ª2021Ä꣩¡·¡£ 88. ¼ÓÄÉ»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³ÔÚ¼à²ìÔ±°ì¹«ÊÒ ÏÂÉè¹ú¼ÒÔ¤·À»úÖÆ¡£Áî¼ÓÄɱíʾ¹ØÇÐµÄ ÊÇ£¬Éóǰ¾ÐÁôÆÚ¼ä±»¾ÐÁôÕßÖڶ࣬ռ¼à ÓüÈ˿ڵÄ55%¡£¼ÓÄÉ×¢Òâµ½ÃØÂ³¶Ô¶þÉó ·¨ÔºÊµÊ©Éóǰ¾ÐÁôºÍÉèÁ¢Éóǰ¾ÐÁôÌýѶ ÖÆ¶È²ÉÈ¡ÁË´ëÊ©¡£ 1 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿ the implementation of which should be encouraged Õë¶ÔǰÊöÁ½Ïî·¨ÂÉ£¬ ¼´¡°Ñ°ÕÒ1980 ÖÁ2000 Ä걩Á¦Ê±ÆÚʧ×ÙÈËÔ±µÄ·¨ÂÉ¡±Óë¡°¹ØÓÚÍÁÖøÈËÊÂÏÈЭÉÌȨµÄ·¨ÂÉ¡±¡£ ´ÓÂß¼­ÉϽ²£¬ËùÓз¨Âɶ¼Ó¦¹ÄÀøÂäʵ¡£ 2 ¡¾Óúê¹Û˼ά½â¾öÀí½âÎÊÌâ¡¿¸Ã¾äÖÐµÄ development Óëthe new National Human Rights Plan ´îÅ䣬Ӧµ±ÊÇ¡°Öƶ¨¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£µ«¿´¿´Õâ·ÝÎļþµÄÈÕÆÚ£¬ÊÇ2018 Äê2 ÔÂͨ¹ýµÄ£¬¶øÈËȨ ¼Æ»®ÊÇ2017 Ä꿪ʼµÄ£¬ËùÒÔ£¬Ó¦µ±ÒѾ­Öƶ¨Í¨¹ý£¬¶øºó²»¶ÏÐÞ¶©ÍêÉÆ¡£ ½âÎö ¸ÄÒë 88. ¼ÓÄÉ»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³ÔÚ¼à²ìÔ±°ì¹«ÊÒ ÉèÁ¢¹ú¼ÒÔ¤·À»úÖÆ¡£¼ÓÄɸе½¹ØÇÐµÄ ÊÇ£¬Éóǰî¿ÑºÊýÁ¿¹ý´ó£¬Õ¼ÔÚѺÈË¿ÚµÄ 55%¡£¼ÓÄÉ×¢Òâµ½ÃØÂ³Õë¶ÔÉóǰî¿Ñº²É È¡µÄ´ëÊ©ÒÔ¼°¶þÉó·¨Ôº½¨Á¢µÄÉóǰî¿Ñº ÌýÖ¤ÖÆ¶È¡£ 154 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿pretrial detention ÒëΪ¡°Éóǰ¾ÐÁô¡±£¨ÕâÒ²¿ÉÄÜÊǺܶàÎļþÖеÄÒë·¨£©£¬Æäʵ ²»Ì«×¼È·¡£¡°¾ÐÁô¡±Óë¡°î¿Ñº¡±ÔÚ·¨ÂÉÉÏÊÇÁ½¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄî¡£ÔÚÖйú·¨ÂÉÌåϵÏ£¬¡°¾ÐÁô ÊÇÔÚδÅú×¼´þ²¶ÒÔǰ£¬ÔÚ·¨¶¨µÄÌõ¼þÏ£¬¶ÔÐèÒª½øÐÐÕì²éµÄÈ˲ÉÈ¡µÄÒ»ÖÖ½ô¼±´ëÊ©£¬¶ø ÇÒÖ»Óй«°²»ú¹Ø²ÅÄܽøÐоÐÁô¡£î¿ÑºÔòÊÇÔÚÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨´þ²¶»òÕßÈËÃñ¼ì²ìÔºÅú×¼´þ²¶£¬ ²¢ÇÒʵʩ´þ²¶ÒÔºó°ÑÈË·¸¹ØÑºÆðÀ´¡£Ö´Ðдþ²¶µÄ»ú¹Ø£¬¼´ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¡¢ÈËÃñ¼ì²ìÔººÍ¹«°² »ú¹Ø£¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔÔÚ´þ²¶ÈË·¸ºóʵʩî¿Ñº¡±¡££¨»ªÂÉÍø£©´ÓÉÏÏÂÎÄ¿´£¬´Ë´¦½²µÄÊÇ¡°Éóǰî¿Ñº¡±£¬ ²»ÊÇ´þ²¶Ö®Ç°µÄ¶Ìʱ¼ä¾ÐÁô£¨custody£©¡£Õâ¾ä±³ºóÒþº¬µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÊÇÃØÂ³µÄÈ¡±£ºòÉóÊÊÓÃÂÊ Ì«µÍ£¬Ì«¶àµÄÈËÔÚÉóǰ±»¹ØÑº¡£ËäÈ»custody£¨¾ÐÁô£©Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖdetention£¬µ«¾ÐÁôÒ»°ãºÜ¶Ì£¬ ²»ÊÇÕùÒéµÄ½¹µã¡£·­Òë·¨ÂÉÎļþ£¨»òÈκÎרҵÁìÓòµÄÎļþ£©ÐèÒª¾ß±¸Ïà¹ØÖªÊ¶£¬·ñÔò¾Í Òª×öºÜ¶àµ÷²é£¬ÓÐʱ²é²»Ê¤²é¡£×îºÃÍê³ÉºóÓÐר¼Ò°ïæÐ޸ġ£ Ô­Òë¡°¼àÓüÈ˿ڡ±µÄ˵·¨Ò²²»Í×µ±¡£¼àÓüÊǹØÑºÒÑÅоö·¸È˵ij¡Ëù¡£Éóǰî¿ÑºÔÚ¿´ÊØËù¡£ ÎÞÂÛÊÇÉóǰî¿Ñº£¬»¹ÊÇÔÚ¼àÓü·þÐÌ£¬¶¼¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊÇ¡°¹ØÑº¡±¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Óá°ÔÚѺÈ˿ڡ±¿ÉÒÔ±í ʾÁ½ÖÖÇéÐÎÏµĹØÑº¡£ 2 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿ÒëÕß¶ÔÔ­ÎĵÄÐÞÊιØÏµ·ÖÎö²»µ½Î»Ôì³É´íÒë¡£by courts of second instance ´ÓÓï·¨ÉÏ¿´£¬¿ÉÒÔÐÞÊÎÁ½¸ö³É·Ö£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉϽöÐÞÊÎthe establishment of pretrial detention hearings¡£the use of pretrial detention by courts of second instance Òâ˼˵²»Í¨¡£Éó ǰî¿Ñº·¢ÉúÔÚÒ»Éó֮ǰ£¬¶þÉó·¨Ôº²»´æÔÚÉóǰî¿Ñº¡£ÔÚÖйú£¬Éóǰî¿ÑºÊǼì²ìÔº¾ö¶¨µÄ¡£ ¸Ã¹úÔ­À´¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒ»Éó·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬ÏÖÔÚ¸ÄΪ¶þÉó·¨Ôº¡£Èç¹ûÎÞ·¨Í¨¹ýÒëÕߵı³¾°ÖªÊ¶½â ¾ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ²éÔÄÏà¹Ø×ÊÁÏ£º In recent years, the State of Peru has undertaken many efforts to adopt measures related to the use of pretrial detention. These include the following: modifying the maximum duration for pretrial detention, through Legislative Decree No. 1307 of January 2017; establishing that pretrial detention hearings are handled by courts of second instance, through Legislative Decree No. 1206 of September 2015; expanding the scope of implementation of expedited or summary proceedings, through Legislative Decree No. 1194 of November 2015; approving guidelines for the use of videoconferencing in criminal cases; expanding the list of alternative measures available; regulating electronic monitoring mechanisms; and promoting training programs on the New Code of Criminal Procedure that cover the exceptional use of pretrial detention and alternative measures. (oas.org) Õâ¶Î»°Ëƺõ¿ÉÒÔ֤ʵ±ÊÕߵIJ²⡣ ½âÎö 155 µÚ9µ¥Ôª ÆÕ±é¶¨ÆÚÉóÒ鹤×÷×éµÄ±¨¸æ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 106. Morocco congratulated Peru for its ongoing commitment to human rights, manifested in the ratification of many international conventions1. It welcomes its cooperation with the human rights mechanisms and special procedure mandate holders2, in particular the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances. It noted with satisfaction the efforts to realize human rights commitments. 106. ĦÂå¸ç×£ºØÃØÂ³¶ÔÈËȨ×÷³öµÄ ³ÖÐø¹±Ï×£¬ÕâЩ¹±Ï×±íÏÖΪÅú×¼Öî¶à¹ú ¼Ê¹«Ô¼¡£Ä¦Âå¸ç»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³ÓëÈËȨ»úÖÆºÍ ÌØ±ð³ÌÐòÈÎÎñ¸ºÔðÈË£¬ÌرðÊÇÓ뱻ǿÆÈ »ò·Ç×ÔԸʧ×ÙÎÊÌ⹤×÷×éµÄºÏ×÷¡£Ä¦Âå ¸çÂúÒâµØ×¢Òâµ½ÃØÂ³ÎªÊµÏÖÈËȨ³ÐŵËù ×÷µÄŬÁ¦¡£ ¸ÄÒë 106. ĦÂå¸ç×£ºØÃØÂ³Åú×¼Öî¶à¹ú¼Ê ¹«Ô¼£¬ÒÔ´ËÕ¹ÏÖ¶ÔÈËȨµÄ³ÖÐø³Ðŵ¡£Ä¦ Âå¸ç»¶Ó­ÃØÂ³ÓëÈËȨ»úÖÆºÍÌØ±ð³ÌÐò¸º ÔðÈË£¬ÌرðÊÇÓ뱻ǿÆÈ»ò·Ç×ÔԸʧ×ÙÎÊ Ì⹤×÷×éµÄºÏ×÷¡£Ä¦Âå¸çÂúÒâµØ×¢Òâµ½ ÃØÂ³ÎªÊµÏÖÈËȨ³ÐŵËù×÷µÄŬÁ¦¡£ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿Õâ¾ä»°ÈÔÈ»Óз­ÒëºÛ¼£¡£¿ÉÒÔ°´ÕÕ¡°ÏÈ·¢ÉúµÄÏÈ˵¡¢ºó·¢ÉúµÄºó˵¡±µÄ¹æÔò£¬ ÖØÐÂ×éÖ¯ÒëÎÄ¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä ֪ʶ¡¿special procedure mandate holders ÁªºÏ¹ú¶àÊýÎļþ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìرð³ÌÐòÈÎÎñ¸ºÔð ÈË¡±£¬ ±È½Ï·³Ëö¡£ Ò²ÓÐÎļþ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ìرð³ÌÐò¸ºÔðÈË¡±£¬ ±È½Ï¼ò½à£¬¸ÄÒë²ÉÓÃÕâ¸öÒë·¨¡£ mandate µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Ö°Ô𡱣¬mandate holder Ö¸¡°µ£µ±Ö°ÔðµÄÈË¡±£¬¾ÍÊÇ¡°¸ºÔðÈË¡±¡£ÒÔÏÂÊÇ Ò»Ð©¹ØÓÚ¡°Ìرð³ÌÐò¡±£¨special procedure£©µÄ×ÊÁÏ£º The Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council are independent human rights experts with mandates to report and advise on human rights from a thematic or country-specifi c perspective. ... Special Procedures are either an individual (called ¡°Special Rapporteur¡± or ¡°Independent Expert¡±) or a working group composed of five members, one from each of the five United Nations regional groupings: Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and the Western Europe and others. The Special Rapporteurs, Independent Experts and members of the Working Groups are appointed by the Human Rights Council and serve in their personal capacities. They undertake to uphold independence, effi ciency, competence and integrity through probity, impartiality, honesty and good faith. They are not United Nations staff members and do ½âÎö 156 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ not receive fi nancial remuneration. The independent status of the mandate holders is crucial for them to be able to fulfi l their functions in all impartiality. A mandate holder¡¯s tenure in a given function, whether it is a thematic or country mandate, is limited to a maximum of six years. With the support of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Special Procedures undertake country visits; act on individual cases of alleged violations and concerns of a broader, structural nature by sending communications to States; conduct thematic studies and convene expert consultations, contributing to the development of international human rights standards; engage in advocacy and raise public awareness; and provide advice for technical cooperation. Special Procedures report annually to the Human Rights Council and the majority of the mandates also report to the General Assembly. As of 1 August 2017, there are 44 thematic and 12 country mandates. (ohchr.org) ÕâÀïÊǼ¸¸öÌØ±ð³ÌÐò£º ? Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation ? Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Belarus ? Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia ? Working Group of experts on people of African descent ? Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises ÍêÕûÃûµ¥¼ûohchr.org¡£ 157 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά ¸ù¾Ýºê¹Û±³¾°È·¶¨´ÊÒå ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ ÒÔÁÚÈ¡Òå ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά 1. ¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎÄ覴à 2. ͨ¹ýµ÷²éÏû³ýÒÉÎÊ µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. national government 2. encumbrance 3. excise duty 4. value-added tax 5. social protectionºÍsocial security 6. social welfare 7. police prefectures 8. supreme²»Ò»¶¨×î¸ß 9. prosecutor¡¯s offi ce 10. ¡°ÖÐÑë˰¡±ºÍ¡°µØ·½Ë°¡± 11. ¡°¹ú»á¡±ºÍ¡°Òé»á¡±µÄÇø±ð 12. ¡°ÌáÆð¹«Ëß¡±ºÍ¡°Ö§³Ö¹«Ëß¡± 13. Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå 14. ÑøÀϱ£ÕÏÌåϵ¡°Èý´óÖ§Öù¡± ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÏÂÎÄÅжϴÊÒå 2. ¸ù¾Ý´ÊÔ´È·¶¨´ÊÒå 3. È·¶¨Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ 4. Àí½â½á¹¹ 5. ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ 2. freedom of conscienceÒë·¨±æÎö 3. ´ÊÒ屿Îö£º¡°Ë°¡±ºÍ¡°Ë°ÊÕ¡± 4. É÷Óá°ÓÐÈË¡± 5. ¡°·¨Ôº¡±ºÍ¡°·¨Í¥¡± 6. ÒëÎĹËÃû˼Òå 7. ¡°¿ÉÒÔ¡±ºÍ¡°±ØÐ롱 8. ±ÜÃâÆçÒå ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ×¢Òâ½Ú×à 2. ͨ¹ýÍøÂçÈ·ÈÏÒë·¨ 3. Ãû´Ê¾¡Á¿Ö±Òë 4. ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à 5. ×¢Òâ´îÅä 6. ×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨ 7. ±ÜÃâ©Òë 8. ²ð·Ö³¤¾ä 9. ʹÓÃÆ½Ðнṹ 10. רÓÐÃû´ÊµÄ·­Òë 11. ±ÜÃâÅ·»¯±í´ï ±äͨ 1. ±ÜÃâ¹ý¶È·­Òë 2. ÊʶÈÁé»î µÚ 10 µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ ºËÐÄÎļþ 158 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÑ¡×Ô°®É³ÄáÑÇÏòÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨ¸ß¼¶×¨Ô±°ìÊ´¦Ìá½»µÄ¡°¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ¡±£¨ÎĺÅΪ HRI/CORE/EST/2015£©£¬¸ßר°ì»á°ÑÕâ·ÝÎļþ·ÖÏí¸ø¼à²â°®É³ÄáÑÇÌõÔ¼ÂäʵÇé¿öµÄËùÓÐÌõ Ô¼»ú¹¹¡£¹ØÓÚ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþºÍÁªºÏ¹úÈËȨÌõÔ¼¼à²â»ú¹¹±¨¸æ»úÖÆµÄ±ä»¯£¬¼ûÒÔÏÂ˵Ã÷£º The New Structure of Reports to United Nations Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Bodies: Governments that have ratifi ed United Nations human rights treaties (States parties) are required to submit written reports for review by the treaty monitoring bodies. A State party report to any treaty monitoring body is composed of two documents. The fi rst, the core document, containing an overview of the State party¡¯s demographic, economic, legal and political structure, is submitted to the Offi ce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to be used by all treaty monitoring bodies in all their reviews of that State party. Until 2006, this ¡°core document¡± submission was voluntary, and therefore inconsistent. The second part of States parties¡¯ reports, which historically have been the focus of attention by both the treaty bodies and NGOs, is the treaty-specifi c document, addressing the implementation of a particular treaty the State has ratifi ed. In 2006, after considerable discussion by the treaty bodies, the Chairpersons of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies endorsed a new set of guidelines for the core document that significantly expands its content and importance. The core document, now known as the Common Core Document (CCD), is intended to be a significant part of the State party¡¯s review. Governments are to provide information in the CCD. (hrlibrary.umn.edu) Õâ·ÝÎļþ´ÓµØÀí¡¢ÀúÊ·¡¢È˿ڡ¢¾­¼Ã¡¢ÎÄ»¯¡¢·¨ÂÉ¡¢ÈËȨ±£»¤µÈ¶à·½Ãæ½éÉÜÁ˰®É³ÄáÑÇ µÄÇé¿ö£¬±¾µ¥ÔªÉæ¼°ÆäÖеĽÌÓý¡¢Éç»á±£ÕÏ¡¢Ë°ÊÕ¡¢·¨Âɵȷ½Ãæ¡£ 159 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 19. Everyone has the right1 to education. Basic education is compulsory for children between 7 to 17 years and is free of charge in general schools established by the national government and by local authorities. In order to make education accessible2, the national government and local authorities maintain a requisite number of educational institutions. Other educational institutions, including private schools, may also be established and maintained pursuant to the law. Parents have the deciding say in the choice of education for their children. The provision of education is overseen by the national government3. Everyone has the right to be taught in Estonian4. The language of teaching in national minority educational institutions5 is chosen by the educational institution. 19. ÿ¸öÈËÓÐÊܽÌÓýµÄȨÀû¡£7ÖÁ 17ËêµÄ¶ùͯÓÐÒåÎñ½ÓÊÜ»ù´¡½ÌÓý£¬²¢ÇÒ ¿ÉÒÔÈë¶Á¹ú¼ÒºÍµØ·½Õþ¸®ÉèÁ¢µÄÆÕͨѧ У¡£ÎªÁËʵÏÖÆÕ±é½ÌÓý£¬¹ú¼ÒºÍµØ·½Õþ ¸®¿ª°ìÁËÒ»¶¨ÊýÁ¿µÄ½ÌÓý»ú¹¹¡£¿ÉÒÀ·¨ ¿ª°ì˽Á¢Ñ§Ð£µÈÆäËû½ÌÓý»ú¹¹¡£¼Ò³¤ÓРΪ×Ô¼º×ÓŮѡÔñ½ÌÓý·½Ê½µÄȨÀû¡£½ÌÓý »î¶¯µÄ¿ªÕ¹Êܵ½¹ú¼ÒÕþ¸®µÄ¼à¶½¡£Ã¿¸ö È˶¼±ØÐëÒÔ°®É³ÄáÑÇÓï½ÓÊܽÌÓý¡£ÉÙÊý Ãñ×åѧУ¿ÉÒÔÈ·¶¨×Ô¼ºµÄ½ÌѧÓïÑÔ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 19. 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At the beginning of the academic year 2014/20151, there were 222,966 persons enrolled in formal education. 142,515 of them were enrolled in general education2, 25,237 in vocational education and 55,214 in higher education. 161 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ Ô­Òë 21. 2014ÄêÖÁ2015ѧÄê³õ£¬°®É³Äá ÑÇÕý¹æ½ÌÓýÈëѧÈËÊýΪ222,966ÈË¡£ÆäÖÐ 142,515È˾ͶÁÆÕͨ½ÌÓý£¬25,237ÈË¾Í ¶ÁÖ°Òµ½ÌÓý£¬55,214È˾ͶÁ¸ßµÈ½ÌÓý¡£ ¸ÄÒë 21. 2014¡ª2015ѧÄ꣬°®É³ÄáÑÇ Õý¹æ½ÌÓýÈëѧÈËÊýΪ222,966ÈË¡£ÆäÖÐ 142,515È˾ͶÁÆÕͨÖÐСѧ£¬25,237ÈË¾Í ¶ÁְҵѧУ£¬55,214È˾ͶÁ¸ßµÈѧУ¡£ 1 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿ Ô­Òë°Ñat the beginning of the academic year ·­ÒëΪ¡°Ñ§Äê³õ¡±£¬ Òâ˼ÕýÈ·£¬ µ« Èç¹û´Ë´¦Ëµ¡°³õ¡±£¬¾ÍÒâζןóÃæÒª½éÉÜ¡°Ñ§ÆÚÖС±»ò¡°Ñ§ÆÚÄ©¡±¡£µ«ºóÃæ²¢ÎÞ´ËÀàÐÅÏ¢¡£ ÁíÍ⣬¡°Ñ§Äê³õ¡±ºÍ¡°Èëѧ¡±ÓïÒåÖØ¸´¡£¡°Èëѧ¡±¿Ï¶¨ÊÇÔÚ¡°Ñ§Äê³õ¡±¡£ËùÒÔ£¬¸ÄÒë¸É´àɾ ³ýÁË¡°³õ¡±×Ö£¬ÓïÑÔ¸ü¼Óͨ˳£¬Òâ˼Ҳ²»±ä¡£Èç¹ûÊ¡ÂÔÒ»¸ö×ÖÒâ˼²»±ä£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔÊ¡ÂÔ¡£ 2 ¡¾×¢Òâ´îÅä¡¿ Ô­Òë´îÅä²»µ±¡£¡° ¾Í¶Á¡±ÎÞ·¨Óë¡°½ÌÓý¡±´îÅ䣬 Ҫô˵¡°¾Í¶Á¡­¡­Ñ§Ð£¡±£¬ Òª ô˵¡°½ÓÊÜ¡­¡­½ÌÓý¡±¡£¾ßÌåÑ¡ÔñÄÄÖÖ´îÅ䣬ȡ¾öÓÚ¾äÖеÄenroll¡£enroll µÄº¬ÒåÊÇto enter or register in a roll, list, or record (collinsdictionary.com)£¬¸ü·ûºÏ¡°¾Í¶Á¡­¡­Ñ§Ð£¡±µÄº¬Òå¡£ ¡¾ÒÔÁÚÈ¡Òå¡¿ÁíÍ⣬general education ÓÐÁ½²ãº¬Ò壺һ¸öÊÇsecondary education£»ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ a basic coursework program for post-secondary schools, i.e. university, college, etc. (Wikipedia: general education)¡£µÚÒ»¸öÒâ˼¼´¡°ÖеȽÌÓý¡±£¬µÚ¶þ¸öÒâ˼ÊǸߵȽÌÓý»ú¹¹µÄ¡°Í¨Ê¶½Ì Óý¡±¡£¼øÓÚÔ­ÎÄgeneral education Óëhigher education ²¢ÁУ¬¸ù¾ÝÂß¼­£¬Ó¦Àí½âΪ¡°ÆÕͨÖРСѧ½ÌÓý¡±¡£Ôö¼ÓÁË¡°Ð¡Ñ§¡±£¬ÊÇÒòΪ°´Âß¼­£¬²»Ó¦°Ñ¡°Ð¡Ñ§¡±ÅųýÔÚÆÕͨÕý¹æ½ÌÓýÖ®Íâ¡£ ±¾¾ä²ÉÓõÄÀí½â·½Ê½½Ð×÷¡°ÒÔÁÚÈ¡Ò塱£¬¼´ÒÔÁÙ½üµÄ´ÊÈ·¶¨Ò»¸ö´ÊµÄº¬Òå¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 22. Estonian public sector relies extensively1a on information systems and electronic services. All public sector offices have had Internet access1b since the end of 1990s. Since 2000, all government meetings have been paperless with a web-based document and session management system called e-Cabinet. No paper documents are exchanged between the agencies during legislative drafting and consultations, consultation with the public2 also takes place online. Estonian legal acts are published online only, in electronic official gazette (Riigi Teataja, www.riigiteataja.ee). 162 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 22. °®É³ÄáÑǹ«¹²²¿ÃŵÄÐÅÏ¢»¯Æ½Ì¨ ºÍµç×Ó·þÎñÊ®·Ö·¢´ï¡£×Ô20ÊÀ¼Í90Äê´ú ÒÔÀ´£¬ËùÓеÄÕþ¸®²¿ÃŶ¼½¨Á¢ÁËÍøÕ¾¡£ ×Ô2000ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬ËùÓеÄÕþ¸®»áÒ鶼ʵ ÏÖÁËÎÞÖ½»¯°ì¹«ºÍ»áÒéÎļþµÄµç×Ó»¯£¬ ½¨Á¢ÆðÁË»áÒé¹ÜÀíϵͳ¡°µç×ÓÄڸ󡱡£ ÔÚ·¨Âɵįð²ÝºÍÌÖÂ۽׶Σ¬¸÷²¿ÃŲ»ÔÙ ½»»»Ö½ÖÊÎļþ£¬¹«ÖÚÒâ¼ûµÄÕ÷ѯҲͨ¹ý »¥ÁªÍø½øÐС£°®É³ÄáÑǵķ¨ÂÉÎļþ½öÒÔ µç×Ó¹«±¨µÄÐÎʽÔÚÏß·¢²¼£¨¡¶¹ú¼Ò¹« ±¨¡·£ºwww.riigiteataja.ee£©¡£ ¸ÄÒë 22. °®É³ÄáÑǹ«¹²²¿ÃŹ㷺ʹÓÃÐÅÏ¢ »¯ÏµÍ³ºÍµç×Ó·þÎñ¡£×Ô20ÊÀ¼Í90Äê´úÄ© ÒÔÀ´£¬ËùÓеÄÕþ¸®²¿ÃŶ¼ÒÑÁªÍø¡£2000 ÄêÒÔÀ´£¬ËùÓеÄÕþ¸®»áÒ鶼ʵÏÖÁËÎÞÖ½ »¯£¬½¨Á¢ÁË»ùÓÚÍøÂçµÄÎļþºÍ»áÒé¹ÜÀí ϵͳ¡ª¡ª¡°µç×ÓÄڸ󡱡£ÔÚ·¨Âɵįð²Ý ºÍ´èÉ̽׶Σ¬¸÷²¿ÃŲ»ÔÙ½»»»Ö½ÖÊÎÄ ¼þ£»Õ÷Çó¹«ÖÚÒâ¼ûҲͨ¹ý»¥ÁªÍø½øÐС£ °®É³ÄáÑǵķ¨ÂÉÎļþ½öÒÔ¹Ù·½µç×Ó¹«±¨ µÄÐÎʽÔÚÏß·¢²¼£¨¡¶¹ú¼Ò¹«±¨¡·£ºwww. riigiteataja.ee£©¡£ 1 ¡¾±ÜÃâ¹ý¶È·­Òë¡¿Ô­Òë¶Ôextensively£¨1a£©ºÍ had Internet access£¨1b£©¶¼Óйý¶È·­Òë µÄÇãÏò¡£¿ÂÁÖ˹´Êµä¶Ôextensively µÄ½âÊÍÊÇon a large scale¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬extensively Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸ö³Ì¶È¸±´Ê£¬Ã»ÓмÛÖµÅжϣ¨¡°·¢´ï¡±»¹ÊÇ¡°Âäºó¡±£©¡£Í¬Àí£¬Internet access °´ ×ÖÃæÒëΪ¡°½ÓÈ뻥ÁªÍø¡±»ò¡°ÁªÍø¡±ÒѿɴïÒ⣬±ã²»±Ø¸Ä±ä˵·¨£¬ÒëΪ¡°½¨Á¢ÁË×Ô¼º µÄÍøÕ¾¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿consultation µÄº¬ÒåÊÇ£º ? the act of consulting or conference; ? a meeting for deliberation or discussion; ? a meeting of physicians to evaluate a patient¡¯s case and treatment. legislative consultation È¡µÚ¶þÖÖº¬Ò壬consultation with the public È¡µÚÒ»ÖÖº¬Òå¡£ ¡¾±ÜÃâÅ·»¯±í´ï¡¿¡°¹«¹²Òâ¼ûµÄÕ÷ѯ¡±½«¶¯´ÊÃû´Ê»¯£¬ÊÇÅ·»¯ººÓïµÄÌåÏÖ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¼òµ¥Ëµ¡°Õ÷ Çó¹«ÖÚÒâ¼û¡±¡£´ËÍ⣬¡°Õ÷ѯ¡±µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Õ÷ÇóѯÎÊ¡±£¬¶àÓÃÓÚÃæ¶ÔÃæµÄÇéÐΣ¬¹Ê´Ë´¦Óá°Õ÷ Ç󡱸üΪºÏÀí¡£ ½âÎö 163 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ Ô­Òë 38. ¡¶°®É³ÄáÑÇÏÜ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨Á¼ÐÄ×Ô ÓÉ¡¢×Ú½Ì×ÔÓɺÍ˼Ïë×ÔÓÉÊܵ½±£»¤¡£Ã¿ ¸öÈ˶¼ÏíÓÐÕâÈýÖÖ×ÔÓÉ¡£³ý·Ç¶Ô¹«¹²ÖÈ Ðò¡¢¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µºÍ¹«¹²µÀµÂÓк¦£¬Ã¿¸öÈË ¶¼ÓÐÔÚ¹«¹²³¡Ëù»òÔÚ˽ϵ¥¶À»ò¼¯ÌåµÄ ×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉ£¨¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ40Ìõ£©¡£Ã¿¸ö È˶¼ÓÐȨ¼á³Ö×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼ûºÍÐÅÑö¡£²»µÃ Ç¿ÆÈ¸öÈËÔÚÉÏÊö·½Ãæ×÷³ö¸Ä±ä¡££¨¡¶ÏÜ ·¨¡·µÚ41Ìõ£© ¸ÄÒë 3 8 . ¡¶°®É³ÄáÑÇÏÜ·¨¡·±£ÕÏÓëÁ¼ ÐÄ¡¢×ڽ̺Í˼ÏëÏà¹ØµÄȨÀûºÍ×ÔÓÉ¡£ÈË ÈËÏíÓÐÁ¼ÐÄ¡¢×ڽ̺Í˼Ïë×ÔÓÉ¡£ÈËÈË¿É ×ÔÓɲμӽ̻áºÍ×Ú½ÌÍÅÌ塣ûÓйú½Ì¡£ ³ý·Ç¶Ô¹«¹²ÖÈÐò¡¢¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µºÍ¹«¹²µÀµÂ Óк¦£¬ÈËÈ˶¼¿ÉÒÔµ¥¶À»ò¼¯Ìå¡¢¹«¿ª»ò ÃØÃܵØÐÐʹ×Ú½ÌÐÅÑö×ÔÓÉ£¨¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ 40Ìõ£©¡£ÈËÈËÓÐȨ¼á³Ö×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼ûºÍÐÅ Ñö¡£²»µÃÇ¿ÆÈÈκÎÈ˸ıä×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û»ò ÐÅÑö¡££¨¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ41Ìõ£© 1 ¡¾¾ÀÕýÔ­ÎÄ覴á¿provides guarantees for the protection of Ö±ÒëΪ¡°Ìṩ¹ØÓÚ±£»¤¡­¡­µÄ±£ Ö¤¡±£¬Òâ˼º¬»ì²»Çå¡£ ²é¿´³ö´¦£¨¡¶°®É³ÄáÑÇÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ40 Ìõ£©£¬·¢ÏÖ±¾¶ÎÖ±½ÓÕª×ÔÏÜ·¨ÌõÎÄ£º¡°40. Everyone is entitled to freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and freedom of thought...¡±¡£ÕâÌõ¹æ¶¨Öв¢ ûÓÐguarantee Õâ¸ö´Ê¡£³öÏÖguarantee Ò»´ÊµÄÊǵÚ14 Ìõ£º¡°14. It is the duty of the legislature, the executive, the judiciary, and of local authorities, to guarantee the rights and freedoms provided in the Constitution.¡±¡£Òò´Ë£¬´Ë´¦¿ÉÒÔ²»Òëguarantee£¬£¬Ö±½Ó°´ÏÜ·¨ÌõÎÄ·­ÒëΪ¡°¡¶ °®É³ÄáÑÇ ÏÜ·¨¡·±£»¤ÓëÁ¼ÐÄ¡¢×ڽ̺Í˼ÏëÏà¹ØµÄȨÀûºÍ×ÔÓÉ¡±¡£µ±È»£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ¡°±£»¤¡±¸ÄΪ¡°±£ ÕÏ¡±£¬·´Ó³Ô­ÎĵÄÓôʡ£µ«²»±Ø°Ñguarantee ºÍprotection ¶¼·­Òë³öÀ´£¬ÒòΪ¶¼·­Òë³öÀ´±× ´óÓÚÀû¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 38. The Constitution provides g u arantees for the protection of the rights and freedoms associated with conscience, religion and thought1. Everyone has freedom of conscience2, religion and thought. Everyone may freely belong to churches and religious societies. There is no state church3. Everyone has the freedom to exercise his or her religion, both alone and in community with others, in public or in private4, unless this is detrimental to public order, health or morals (Section 40 of the Constitution). Everyone has the right to remain faithful to his or her opinions and beliefs. No one shall be compelled to change them5 (Section 41 of the Constitution). 164 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 2 ¡¾Òë·¨±æÎö¡¿ freedom of conscience ÁªºÏ¹úÊõÓï¿â·­ÒëΪ¡°Á¼ÐÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±¡£×÷Ϊ¸Ã¶ÌÓï³ö´¦µÄ ¡¶¹«ÃñȨÀûºÍÕþÖÎȨÀû¹ú¼Ê¹«Ô¼¡·µÚ18 ÌõµÚ1 ¿îÒ²ÊÇÕâô·­ÒëµÄ£º Ô­ÎÄ£ºEveryone shall have the right to fr eedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of his choice, and freedom, either individually or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching. ÒëÎÄ£ºÈËÈËÓÐȨÏíÊÜ˼Ïë¡¢Á¼ÐĺÍ×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉ¡£´ËÏîȨÀû°üÀ¨Î¬³Ö»ò¸Ä±äËûµÄ×ڽ̻òÐÅÑö µÄ×ÔÓÉ£¬ÒÔ¼°µ¥¶À»ò¼¯Ìå¡¢¹«¿ª»òÃØÃܵØÒÔÀñ°Ý¡¢½äÂÉ¡¢Êµ¼ùºÍ½ÌÒåÀ´±íÃ÷ËûµÄ×ڽ̻ò ÐÅÑöµÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£ ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖУ¬Ò²ÓÐÈ˳¢ÊÔÆäËû°ì·¨£¬±ÈÈçÒëΪ¡°Á¼Öª×ÔÓÉ¡±¡°ÐÅÑö×ÔÓÉ¡±¡£µ¥´ÓººÓïÀ´ ¿´£¬¡°ÐÅÑö×ÔÓÉ¡±ÊÇÓÐÒâÒåµÄ¡£¡°Á¼ÐÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±ºÍ¡°Á¼Öª×ÔÓÉ¡±Ëƺõ²»ºÃÀí½â¡£freedom of conscience µÄ¶¨ÒåÈçÏ£º the right to follow one¡¯s own beliefs in matters of religion and morality (en.oxforddictionaries.com)¡£ ÓÐÐ©ÍøÕ¾µÄÄÚÈÝÒ²Ö§³ÖÕâÒ»µã£º Freedom of conscience¡ªsometimes called ¡°freedom of worship¡± or ¡°religious freedom¡±¡ª means simply the freedom to worship in one¡¯s own way, including the right not to worship. (findingrogerwilliams.com) Óɴ˿ɼû£¬freedom of conscience ÒëΪ¡°ÐÅÑö×ÔÓÉ¡±ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£µ«Èç¹ûÒëΪ¡°ÐÅÑö×ÔÓÉ¡±£¬ ¾ÍÕ¼ÓÃÁËfreedom of belief µÄÒëÎÄ£¬Óöµ½ÈËȨÊÂÎñίԱ»áÏÂÃæµÄ»°£¬¾Í»áÏÝÈëÞÏÞξ³µØ£º The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (which includes the freedom to hold beliefs) in Article 18.1 is far-reaching and profound; it encompasses freedom of thought on all matters, personal conviction and the commitment to religion or belief, whether manifested individually or in community with others. The Committee draws the attention of States parties to the fact that the freedom of thought and the freedom of conscience are protected equally with the freedom of religion and belief. ¡¾¸ù¾Ý´ÊÔ´È·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿¿´À´»¹ÊÇÓбØÒªÎªfreedom of conscience ÕÒµ½¶ÀÌØµÄ·­Òë·½·¨¡£¿¼ ²ìconscience ±¾ÉíµÄÒâ˼£º a person¡¯s moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as a guide to one¡¯s behaviour (en.oxforddictionaries.com)£¬ ¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡° ÊǷǹÛÄ¡£Òò´Ë£¬freedom of conscience Ò²Ðí¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°¹ÛÄî×ÔÓÉ¡±¡£ ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿¼øÓÚ¡°Á¼ÐÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±µÄÒë·¨ÒѾ­±»¹ã·º½ÓÊÜ£¬ÏÖÔÚ¸ü¸Ä£¬¿ÖÅÂ»á´øÀ´¸ü¶à »ìÂÒ¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ¼ÌÐøÓá°Á¼ÐÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±£¬µ«ÒªÖªµÀÕâ¸ö´ÊµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°Ë¼Ïë¹ÛÄîµÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±¡°ÅÐ ¶ÏÊǷǵÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±¡£ 165 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ 3 ¡¾±ÜÃâ©Òë¡¿ÕâÁ½¾ä»°Ô­ÒëÒÅ©¡£ÊÖ¹¤·­ÒëºÜÈÝÒש´Ê¡¢Â©ÐÐÉõÖÁÕû¶ÎÒÅ©£¬ËùÒÔÍê³É³õ ¸åºóÐèÒªÖð×Ö¼ì²é¡£ÔÚʹÓûúÆ÷¸¨Öú·­ÒëµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Õâ¸öÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄÜ»áµÃµ½»º½â¡£ 4 ¡¾×ðÖØÔ¼¶¨Òë·¨¡¿Õâ¾ä»°À´×Ô¡¶¹«ÃñȨÀûºÍÕþÖÎȨÀû¹ú¼Ê¹«Ô¼¡·¡£¹«Ô¼ÒѾ­ÓÐÖÐÎı¾£¬Òë Õß¾¡Á¿×ñ´ÓÖÐÎı¾µÄÒë·¨¡£³ý·ÇÖÐÎı¾Òë·¨´íÎó»òÔÚÓï·¨ÉÏÎÞ·¨Ç¶Èë¡£ 5 ¡¾È·¶¨Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ¡¿ ×îºóÒ»¾äÖеÄthem Ö¸´úÉÏÒ»¾äÖеÄopinions and beliefs£»Ô­ÒëÎÄ¡°ÉÏÊö ·½Ã桱ָ´ú²»Ç壬²»È绹ԭΪËùÖ¸´úµÄÃû´ÊÒë³ö¡£ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 46. National taxes1a, encumbrances2, fees, fines and compulsory insurance payments are established by law. State taxes1b include personal income tax, corporate income tax, social tax, land tax, value added tax, gambling tax, various excise duties3, heavy goods vehicle tax. The procedure for possession, use and dispositions of public assets is provided by law. Local taxes are imposed according to the Local Taxes Act, available in English at https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/506112013012/consolide/current. 46. °®É³ÄáÑÇÕþ¸®¸ù¾Ý·¨ÂÉÊÕÈ¡¸÷ Ïî¹ú¼Ò˰ÊÕ¡¢µÖѺȨ˰¡¢·£¿îºÍÇ¿ÖÆ ÐÔ±£ÏÕ·Ñ¡£¹ú¼Ò˰ÊÕ°üÀ¨¸öÈËËùµÃ˰¡¢ ÆóÒµËùµÃ˰¡¢Éç»á˰¡¢ÍÁµØË°¡¢ÔöÖµ ˰¡¢²©²Ê˰¡¢¸÷ÏîÔöֵ˰ºÍÖØÐÍ»ú¶¯³µ ˰¡£·¨ÂɶԹ«¹²×ʲúµÄÕ¼ÓС¢Ê¹Óúʹ¦ ÖõijÌÐò×÷³öÁ˹涨¡£µØ·½Ë°ÊÕ¸ù¾Ý ¡¶µØ·½Ë°·¨¡·£¨Ó¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www. riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/506112013012/ consolide/current£©¡£ 4 6 . ÖÐÑë˰¡¢¸÷ÖÖ²úȨ¸ºµ£¡¢ÊÕ ·Ñ¡¢·£¿îºÍÇ¿ÖÆÐÔ±£ÏÕ·ÑÒÀ·¨È·¶¨¡£ÖÐ Ñë˰°üÀ¨¸öÈËËùµÃ˰¡¢ÆóÒµËùµÃ˰¡¢ Éç»á˰¡¢ÍÁµØË°¡¢Ôöֵ˰¡¢²©²Ê˰¡¢ ¸÷ÏîÏû·Ñ˰ºÍÖØÐÍ»ú¶¯³µË°¡£¹«¹²²Æ ²úµÄÕ¼ÓС¢Ê¹Óúʹ¦ÖóÌÐòÓÉ·¨ÂÉ ×÷³ö¹æ¶¨¡£µØ·½Ë°¸ù¾Ý¡¶µØ·½Ë°·¨¡· £¨Ó¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www.riigiteataja. ee/en/eli/506112013012/consolide/ current£©Õ÷ÊÕ¡£ 1 ¡¾¡°Ë°¡±ºÍ¡°Ë°ÊÕ¡±¡¿¡°Ë°¡±ºÍ¡°Ë°ÊÕ¡±ÊÇÁ½¸öÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄ˰ÊÕÖ¸¡°¹ú¼ÒΪÁËÏòÉç»á Ìṩ¹«¹²²úÆ·¡¢Âú×ãÉç»á¹²Í¬ÐèÒª£¬°´ÕÕ·¨ÂɵĹ涨£¬²ÎÓëÉç»á²úÆ·µÄ·ÖÅä£¬Ç¿ÖÆ¡¢ÎÞ ³¥È¡µÃ²ÆÕþÊÕÈëµÄÒ»Öֹ淶ÐÎʽ¡±¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºË°ÊÕ£©Ë°Êյı¾ÖÊÊÇÊÕÈ룬¶ÔÓ¦µÄÓ¢ÎÄ ÊÇtax revenue¡£¶øË°Ö¸Õþ¸®ÎªÁËά³ÖÆäÔËתÒÔ¼°ÎªÉç»áÌṩ¹«¹²·þÎñ£¬¶Ô¸öÈ˺ͷ¨ÈËÇ¿ÖÆ ºÍÎÞ³¥Õ÷ÊÕʵÎï»ò»õ±ÒµÄ×ܳƣ¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºË°£©£¬¶ÔÓ¦µÄÓ¢ÎÄÓ¦ÊÇtax¡£ ½âÎö 166 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ national tax£¨1a£©ÊÇ¡°ÖÐÑë˰¡±»ò¡°¹ú¼Ò˰¡±£¬ ÊÇÓëlocal tax£¨¡°µØ·½Ë°¡±£©Ïà ¶ÔµÄ¸ÅÄî¡£ÖÐÑë˰ÊÇÓÉÒ»¹úÖÐÑëÕþ¸®Õ÷ÊÕ¡¢¹ÜÀíºÍÖ§ÅäµÄÒ»Àà˰¡£ÔÚʵÐÐÖÐÑëÓëµØ·½·Ö Ë°ÖÆµÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬Í¨³£Êǽ«Ò»Ð©ÊÕÈë³ä×ãºÍÎȶ¨µÄ˰ÖÖ×÷ΪÖÐÑë˰¡£ÓÉÓÚ¸÷¹ú˰ÊÕ¹ÜÀíÌåÖÆ ²»Í¬£¬ÖÐÑë˰µÄ»®·ÖºÍ¹æÄ£¸÷Óв»Í¬µÄÌØµã¡£ ¡¾¸ù¾Ýºê¹Û±³¾°È·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿±¾¶ÎµÄstate tax£¨1b£©¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁ½ÖÖÀí½â£º¹ú¼Ò£¨ÖÐÑ룩˰»òÕßÖÝ˰¡£ µ«¸ù¾ÝÍøÂç×ÊÁÏ£¬°®É³ÄáÑDz»ÊÇÁª°îÖÆ¹ú¼Ò£¬ËùÒÔstate ²»¿ÉÄÜÊÇÖÝ£¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬¸Ã¹úÖÐÑë ֮ϵÄÒ»¼¶Çø»®½Ð×÷county£¬ÖйúÍâ½»²¿ÍøÕ¾³ÆÖ®Îª¡°Ê¡¡±£©¡£ÓÖ¸ù¾ÝÖйúפ°®É³ÄáÑÇʹ ¹ÝµÄÍøÕ¾£¬¡°¸öÈËËùµÃ˰¡±¡°ÆóÒµËùµÃ˰¡±µÈ˰ÖÖÊôÓÚÖÐÑë˰£¬ËùÒÔ£¬´Ë´¦µÄstate tax ºÍ national tax ΪͬÒ壬¶¼¿ÉÒëΪ¡°ÖÐÑë˰¡±¡£±¾¾äÕûÌåµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬¸Ã¹ú¸÷ÖÖ˰·Ñ²ÉÈ¡·¨¶¨Ô­ Ôò£¬Ã»ÓÐÂÒÊÕ·ÑÏÖÏó¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿encumbrance ͨ³£ÒëΪ¡°²úȨ¸ºµ£¡±£¬¼ûÏã¸ÛµØÇøÄ³·¨ÂÉ£¨×¢Ò⣺ÒýÎÄÖеÄÖÐ ÎÄΪԭÎÄËùÓУ©£º Conveyancing and Property Ordinance: ¡°encumbrance¡± ( ²úȨ¸ºµ£) includes a legal and equitable mortgage, a trust for securing money, a lien, a charge of a portion, annuity, or other capital or annual sum; and ¡°encumbrancer¡± ( ²úȨ¸ºµ£ÈË) has a meaning corresponding with that of ¡°encumbrance¡± and includes every person entitled to the benefi t of an encumbrance, or to require payment and discharge thereof. (blis.gov.hk) 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿excise duty ÊÇÏû·Ñ˰£¬Ô­ÒëÕßÎóÒë³ÉÁËÔöֵ˰£¨value added tax£©¡£Excise duty refers to the tax that is levied upon production of an item and the manufacturer has to pay it when the fi nished good goes out of the factory. Thus it is also called as production tax or manufacture tax. (Wikipedia: excise duty) Óë¹ØË°£¨tariff£©ÀàËÆ£¬Ïû·Ñ˰µÄÕ÷ÊÕ¶ÔÏóÒ²ÊÇÖÆÔìÉ̶ø·ÇÏû·Ñ Õߣ¬µ«Óë¹ØË°²»Í¬µÄÊÇ£¬Ïû·Ñ˰ÊǶԱ¾µØÉú²úÖÆÔìµÄ²úÆ·Õ÷ÊÕµÄ˰·Ñ£¬¶ø¹ØË°ÊǶÔÔÚº£ ÍâÉú²úÖÆÔ죬ÇÒ½øÈëijһ¹úÏúÊ۵IJúÆ·ËùÕ÷ÊÕµÄ˰·Ñ¡£Ïû·Ñ˰ÊôÓÚ¼ä½Ó˰£¬ÒòΪ²»ÊÇÏû ·ÑÕßÖ±½ÓÖ§¸¶£¬¶øÊÇÏÈÓÉÉú²úÉÌÖ§¸¶£¬È»ºóͨ¹ý¶¨¼Ûת¼Þµ½Ïû·ÑÕßÉíÉÏ¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 49. On the proposal1 of the Government of the Republic, the Riigikogu2 may, during the financial year, pass a supplementary3 budget. If an amendment proposal to the national budget or to a Bill for the budget has the effect of decreasing estimated revenue or increasing expenditure or reallocating expenditure4, the maker of the proposal5 must append to the amendment financial calculations which demonstrate the sources of revenue necessary to cover the expenditure. 167 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ Ô­Òë 49. ÔÚÕþ¸®µÄÒªÇóÏ£¬¹ú»á¿ÉÒÔÔÚij ¸ö²ÆÕþÄê¶ÈÄÚͨ¹ýÒ»¸ö¸½¼ÓµÄÔ¤Ëã°¸¡£ Èç¹ûÒ»·Ý¹ú¼ÒÔ¤ËãµÄÐÞÕý°¸»òÔ¤Ëã°¸»á ¼õÉÙ¹ÀËãµÄ˰ÊÕ»òÔö¼Ó¿ªÖ§ÒÖ»ò¶Ô¿ªÖ§ ½øÐÐÖØÐ·ÖÅ䣬ԤËã°¸µÄ±àÖÆÈ˱ØÐ븽 ÉÏ¿ÉÓÃÓÚ¸ÃÏîÖ§³öµÄ˰ÊÕÀ´Ô´µÄ¼ÆËã¡£ ¸ÄÒë 49. ÔÚÕþ¸®µÄ½¨ÒéÏ£¬Òé»á¿ÉÒÔÔÚ²Æ ÕþÄê¶ÈÄÚͨ¹ý²¹³äÔ¤Ëã¡£Èç¹ûÕþ¸®Ìá³ö ÐÞÕý¹ú¼ÒÔ¤Ëã»òÔ¤ËãÌá°¸£¬¶ø´ËÐÞÕý»á ¼õÉÙÔ¤¼ÆÊÕÈë¡¢Ôö¼Ó¿ªÖ§»òµ¼Ö¿ªÖ§µÄ ÖØÐ·ÖÅ䣬ÔòÌá³öÐÞÕýµÄ»ú¹Ø±ØÐëÔÚÐÞ Õý°¸ºó¸½ÉÏÖ§³öËùÐè²ÆÔ´µÄºËËã·½·¨¡£ 1 ¡¾¸ù¾Ýºê¹Û±³¾°È·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿proposal µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°½¨Ò顱¡°Ìá°¸¡±£¬²»ÊÇ¡°ÒªÇ󡱡£Î÷·½¹ú¼Òʵ ÐÐÈýȨ·ÖÁ¢£¬ÐÐÕþ»ú¹ØÎÞȨÃüÁҪÇó£©Á¢·¨»ú¹Ø×öÊ¡£ÖйúµÄÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÒ²ÊÇ×î¸ßȨÁ¦ »ú¹Ø£¬Õþ¸®Ã¿ÄêÏòÈ«¹úÈ˴󱨸湤×÷Çé¿ö£¬½ÓÊÜÈË´ó¼à¶½£¬²»»á³öÏÖÕþ¸®ÒªÇóÈË´ó°ìÊ µÄÇé¿ö¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ Riigikogu is the unicameral parliament of Estonia (Wikipedia: riigikogu)£¬ÓÉ´Ë¿É ¼û£¬Riigikogu ӦΪÒé»á¶ø·Ç¹ú»á¡£ÔÚ×ÜÍ³ÖÆ¹ú¼Ò£¬ÈçÃÀ¹ú£¬³ÆÎª¹ú»á£¬ÔÚÕâЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬×Ü Í³ÓÉ´óѡѡ³ö£¬×Üͳ×÷ΪÕþ¸®Ê×ÄԺ͹ú¼ÒÔªÊ×£¬ÓÐʵȨ£»¹ú»áÔòͨ¹ýÁíÍâµÄÑ¡¾ÙÑ¡³ö¡£ ÔÚÒé»áÖÆ»ò¾ýÖ÷Á¢ÏÜÖÆ¹ú¼Ò£¬ÈçÓ¢¹ú£¬Ôò³ÆÎªÒé»á¡£ÔÚÕâЩ¹ú¼Ò£¬Í¨¹ý´óѡѡ³öÒé»áϯ λºó£¬ÓÉÕ¼¶àÊýϯλµÄµ³ÅÉ»ò¼¯ÍÅ×é¸ó£¬È·¶¨×ÜÀí»òÊ×ÏàÈËÑ¡×÷ΪÕþ¸®Ê×ÄÔ¡£¾¡¹ÜÖÐÎÄ ÍøÂç×ÊÔ´¶à´¦°Ñ°®É³ÄáÑÇÁ¢·¨»ú¹Ø³ÆÎª¡°¹ú»á¡±£¬°üÀ¨Wikipedia£¬µ«ÖйúÍâ½»²¿ÍøÕ¾¡¢Ð »ªÉç¡¢ÁªºÏ¹ú´Ê»ã±í¶¼Ê¹Óá°Òé»á¡±µÄ³Æºô£¬ËùÒÔ¸ÄÒëΪ¡°Òé»á¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿supplementary ÒëΪ¡°¸½¼ÓµÄ¡±²»ÈçÒëΪ¡°²¹³ä¡±Í¨Ë³¡£ 4 ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿±¾´¦Éæ¼°³¤¾äµÄ·­Òë¡£Óöµ½³¤¾ä£¬¿ÉÒÔÏÈÕÒµ½ÆäÖе͝´ÊºÍÃû´Ê»¯¶¯´Ê £¨Èçproposal£©£¬È»ºó¸øÕâЩ¶¯´Ê¼ÓÉÏÂß¼­Ö÷ÓÕâÑù±ã¿ÉÒÔ½«Õû¸ö¾ä×Ó²ð·ÖΪºÜ¶à¶Ì ¾ä¡£±ÈÈ磬proposal µÄÂß¼­Ö÷ÓïÊÇÕþ¸®£¨¸ù¾ÝÉϾäÅжϣ©£¬±ã¿ÉÒÔÉú³ÉÒ»¸ö¶Ì¾ä£ºif the government proposes amendments£¬ÒÀ´Î·­ÒëÕâЩ¶Ì¾ä£¬È»ºóÖØ×飬±ã¿É˳Àû»¯½â³¤¾äµÄÀ§ ÈÅ¡£ ¡¾Àí½â½á¹¹¡¿±¾¾äÖÐÁíÒ»¸öÎÊÌâÊÇproposal to...or to...£¬proposal Ö¸ÏòÁ½¸ö³É·Ö£º£¨ÒѾ­Í¨¹ý µÄ£©Ô¤ËãºÍ£¨ÉÐδͨ¹ýµÄ£©Ô¤ËãÌá°¸£¨Bill for the budget£©¡£ 5 ¡¾É÷Óá°ÓÐÈË¡±¡¿the maker of the proposal ÊÇÖ¸¡°Ìá³öÐÞÕýµÄ»ú¹Ø¡±£¬ ËäÈ»Óë¡°Ô¤Ëã°¸µÄ±à ÖÆÈË¡±¿ÉÄÜÏàͬ¡£´ÓÉÏÎÄ¿´£¬Ìá³öºÍÐÞ¶©Ô¤ËãµÄÓ¦µ±ÊÇÕþ¸®»ú¹Ø£¬²»ÊǸöÈË£¬Ò²²»ÊÇ¡°ÓÐ ÈË¡±£¨ÓÐʱÕÒ²»µ½¶¯´ÊÖ÷Óïʱ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓá°ÓÐÈË¡±´úÌæ£¬µ«²»Êʺϴ˴¦£©¡£ ½âÎö 168 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­ÎÄ 59. The Estonian social protection system is made up of two pillars¡ªthe social security system that comprises pension insurance, health insurance, child benefits and unemployment benefits; and the social welfare pillar that consists of social assistance cash benefits and social welfare services1. The pension and health insurance schemes are contributory social security schemes that are financed principally by the social tax. The Estonian social tax of 33% (comprising 20% social security contributions and 13% health insurance contributions) must be paid by employers on top of the gross salary2. The unemployment insurance contributions must be paid both by the employer and the employee; the current rates are respectively 1.6% and 0.8%. Child benefits, social assistance cash benefits and social welfare services are financed from general taxes. There are also voluntary social insurance schemes in use (e.g. III pillar of pension insurance, health insurance3). Social security schemes are administered by National Social Insurance Board, Health Insurance Fund and Unemployment Insurance Fund. Social assistance and most of the social welfare services (except for rehabilitation, technical assistance, special care and substitute care) are administered at local level. 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As social support, welfare is realized by providing poor people with a minimal level of well-being, usually either a free or a subsidized-supply of certain goods and social services, such as universal healthcare, education, and vocational training. (Wikipedia: social welfare) Òò´Ë£¬Éç»á¸£ÀûÊÇΪÁ˱£ÕÏ ÈËÃÇ×î»ù±¾µÄÉú»î¶øÌṩµÄ£¬ÒÔÌṩ·þÎñºÍ²úƷΪÖ÷£¬ÓëÎÄÖÐÌá¼°µÄÉç»á¸£Àû·þÎñºÍÉç »áÔ®ÖúÏÖ½ð½òÌùÏà·û¡£ ¡¾Í¨¹ýµ÷²éÏû³ýÒÉÎÊ¡¿¹ØÓÚsocial assistance cash benefi ts£¬±ÊÕßÔø»³ÒÉÊÇ·ñsocial assistance ºÍcash benefi ts ÊÇÁ½¸ö¸ÅÄÖмäÉÙÁ˸ö¶ººÅ£¬µ«¿´µ½ºóÃæ»¹ÓÐÒ»´¦ÏàͬµÄ±í´ï£¬¾õµÃÔ­ Îijö´íµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ²»´ó¡£ÓÚÊÇÉÏÍøµ÷²é£¬·¢ÏÖ¾­¼ÃºÏ×÷Óë·¢Õ¹×éÖ¯¹ú¼Ò¸ü³£ÓõÄÊÇsocial assistance benefi ts in cash£¬Ç¿µ÷ÖØµãÔÚÖ§¸¶µÄÐÎʽΪcash£¬ÕýºÃÓësocial welfare services µ±ÖеÄserviceÏà¶Ô¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ó¦·­ÒëΪ¡°Éç»áÔ®ÖúÏÖ½ð½òÌù¡±£¬¶ø·ÇÁýͳµÄ¡°Éç»á¾È¼Ã½ð¡±¡£ ½âÎö 170 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 2 ¡¾Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå¡¿Ô­ÒëÀí½â²»µ½Î»£¬Ôì³ÉÁËÎóÒë¡£on top of Òâ˼ÊÇin addition to¡£Ô­ÎÄ µÄº¬ÒåÊÇÆóÒµ±ØÐëÔÚÖ§¸¶¹¤È˹¤×ÊÖ®Í⣬½ÉÄÉÏ൱ÓÚ¹¤×Ê×ܶî33% µÄÉç»á˰£¬ÆäÖÐ20% ÊÇ Éç»á±£ÕϽɷѣ¬13% ÊÇÒ½ÁƱ£Ïսɷѡ£ÐèҪǿµ÷µÄÊÇ£¬Õâ33%Ö»ÊÇÏ൱ÓÚ¹¤×Ê×ܶîµÄ33%£¬ ²¢²»ÊÇ´Ó¹¤×ÊÖÐÖ§³ö¡£Èç¹û¹¤ÈË»¹ÐèÒª×Ô¼º½É·Ñ£¬¹¤È˽ÉÄɵIJ¿·ÖÐèÒª´Ó×Ô¼º¹¤×ÊÖÐÖ§³ö¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ III pillar ÊÇÖ¸µÚÈýÖ§Öù¡£ ¾¡¹ÜÇ°Ãæ½²Á½¸öÖ§Öù£¬ µ«Æäʵ»¹ÓÐÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÑøÀÏ ±£ÏÕ¡¢½¡¿µ±£ÏÕ£¬¿ÉÒÔ³ÆÖ®ÎªµÚÈýÖ§Öù¡£Ô­Òë¿´À´¶ÔÑøÀϱ£ÏÕÁ˽ⲻ¹»£¬Ëù²é×ÊÁÏ»¹ ²»³ä·Ö¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 89. County and city courts and administrative courts1 are courts of first instance. Circuit courts are higher courts which review rulings of the courts of first instance on appeal. The Supreme Court is the highest court of Estonia2 which reviews rulings of other courts pursuant to a quashing procedure3. The Supreme Court is also the court of constitutional review4. The organization of the courts and their rules of procedure are to be5 established by law. Courts Act6 is available in English at https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/511072014010/consolide/current. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 89. ÏØ¼¶¡¢Êм¶ºÍÐÐÕþ·¨Í¥ÊÇÒ»Éó ·¨Í¥¡£Ñ²»Ø·¨Í¥ÊǸߵȷ¨Í¥£¬¸ºÔðÉóÀí Ò»Éó·¨Í¥µÄÉÏËß°¸¼þ¡£×î¸ß·¨ÔºÊǰ® ɳÄáÑǵÄÖÕ¼«·¨Í¥£¬¸ºÔð°´ÕÕ³ÌÐòÍÆ ·­ÆäËû·¨Í¥µÄÅоö¡£×î¸ß·¨Ôº»¹ÊǸº ÔðÏÜ·¨Éó²éµÄ·¨Ôº¡£¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý·¨Âɹ涨 ·¨ÔºµÄ×é³ÉºÍÒéʹæÔò¡£¹ØÓÚ·¨ÔºµÄ·¨ ÂÉÓ¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www.riigiteataja. ee/en/eli/511072014010/consolide/ current¡£ 89. ÏØ·¨Ôº¡¢Êз¨ÔººÍÐÐÕþ·¨ÔºÊÇ Ò»Éó·¨Ôº¡£Ñ²»Ø·¨ÔºÊǸߵȷ¨Ôº£¬¸ºÔð ÉóÀíÒ»Éó·¨ÔºµÄÉÏËß°¸¼þ¡£×î¸ß·¨ÔºÊÇ °®É³ÄáÑÇ×î¸ß¼¶±ðµÄ·¨Ôº£¬¿É°´ÕÕ³ÌÐò ³·ÏúÆäËû·¨ÔºµÄÅоö¡£×î¸ß·¨Ôº»¹ÊǸº ÔðºÏÏÜÐÔÉó²éµÄ·¨Ôº¡£·¨ÔºµÄ×éÖ¯ºÍ³Ì Ðò¹æÔòÓÉ·¨ÂÉ×÷³ö¹æ¶¨¡£¡¶·¨Ôº·¨¡· µÄÓ¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www.riigiteataja. ee/en/eli/511072014010/consolide/ current¡£ 171 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ 1 ¡¾¡°·¨Ôº¡±ºÍ¡°·¨Í¥¡±¡¿courts ͨ³£ÒëΪ¡°·¨Ôº¡±£¬²»ÊÇ¡°·¨Í¥¡±¡£ÔÚÖйúµÄÓᄈϣ¬¡°·¨Í¥¡± £¨courtroom£©ÊÇÉóÅеij¡Ëù¡£µ«ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÓᄈϣ¬Ò²°Ñtribunal ÒëΪ¡°·¨Í¥¡±£¬±ÈÈ磬ǰÄÏ Ë¹À­·òÎÊÌâ¹ú¼ÊÐÌÊ·¨Í¥£¨International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia£©¡¢¹ú ¼Êº£Ñó·¨·¨Í¥£¨International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea£©¡£Öйú·¨ÔºµÄÃñÊÂÉóÅÐÍ¥¡¢ÐÌ ÊÂÉóÅÐÍ¥¡¢ÐÐÕþÉóÅÐÍ¥Êǰ´×¨Òµ»®·ÖµÄÉóÅлú¹¹£¬Ó¢ÎÄͨ³£·­ÒëΪthe civil division¡¢the criminal division ºÍthe administrative division¡£Ôڵ¹ú£¬²»Ëµdivision£¬Ëµchamber¡£ 2 ¡¾supreme ²»Ò»¶¨×î¸ß¡¿Ô­Ò뽫the highest court of Estonia ´¦ÀíΪ¡°ÖÕ¼«·¨Í¥¡±£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇ ÎªÁ˱ÜÃâ¡°×î¸ß·¨ÔºÊǰ®É³ÄáÑÇ×î¸ßµÄ·¨Ôº¡±ÕâÑùµÄ·Ï»°¡£µ«Õâ¾ä»°È·ÊµÓÐÒâ˼¡£ÓРЩµØ·½µÄsupreme court ÃûΪ×î¸ß·¨Ôº£¬ÊÂʵÉÏÈ´ÊÇÒ»Éó·¨Ôº£¬±ÈÈçŦԼÖݵġ°×î¸ß·¨ Ôº¡±£¨Supreme Court of the State of New York£©¡£Å¦Ô¼ÖÝ×î¸ß¼¶±ðµÄ·¨Ôº½Ð¡°ÉÏËß·¨Ôº¡± £¨Court of Appeals£©¡£ÎªÁËÇø·Ösupreme ºÍthe highest µÄÒëÎÄ£¬¿ÉÒ԰ѺóÕß·­ÒëΪ¡°×î ¸ß¼¶±ðµÄ¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾Ýºê¹Û±³¾°È·¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿collinsdictionary.com ¶Ôquashing µÄ½âÊÍÊÇto annul or put an end to (a court order, indictment, or court proceedings)£¬ÒëΪ¡°³·Ïú¡±¿ÉÄܱȽÏ׼ȷ¡£¡°ÍÆ·­¡± Ò²²»Ëã´í¡£½øÒ»²½µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£º¡°The Supreme Court of Estonia is the court of last resort in Estonia. It is both a court of cassation and a constitutional court.¡±(Wikipedia: Supreme Court of Estonia)£¬ÆäÖÐËù˵µÄcourt of cassation ÊÇÖ¸¡°¾À´í·¨Ôº¡±¡°ÔÙÉó·¨Ôº¡±£©£¬¼´¶ÔÒѾ­·¢ ÉúЧÁ¦µÄÅоö£¨ ͨ³£ÊǵڶþÉóÖ®ºó£© ½øÐи´²é£¬²»ÊÇÆÕͨµÄ¶þÉ󸴲顣ÎÞÂÛÒëΪ¡°³·Ïú¡± »¹ÊÇ¡°ÍÆ·­¡±£¬¶¼¿ÉÕë¶ÔÉúЧÅоö¡£ 4 ¡¾ÒëÎĹËÃû˼Òå¡¿constitutional review ÒëΪ¡°ÏÜ·¨Éó²é¡±Ã»ÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÒëΪ¡°ºÏÏÜÐÔÉó²é¡± ¸ü±ãÓÚ¡° ¹ËÃû˼Ò塱¡£¸ù¾ÝWikipedia µÄ½âÊÍ£¬Constitutional review, or constitutionality review or constitutional control, is the evaluation, in some countries, of the constitutionality of the laws (Wikipedia: constitutional review)£¬¼´·¨Ôº¶Ô·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨½øÐÐÉó²é¡£ºÏ ÏÜÐÔÉó²éÊÇÎ÷·½¸ÅÄÎÒ¹úµÄ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÎ޴˹¦ÄÜ¡£ÎÒ¹ú¸ºÔðºÏÏÜÐÔÉó²éµÄ»ú¹¹ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË ´ó£¬µ«´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÆô¶¯¹ýÉó²é³ÌÐò¡£µ³µÄÊ®¾Å´ó±¨¸æÌá³ö£º¡°¼ÓÇ¿ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ºÍ¼à¶½£¬ÍƽøºÏ ÏÜÐÔÉó²é¹¤×÷£¬Î¬»¤ÏÜ·¨È¨Íþ¡£¡±ÕâÊÇ¡°ºÏÏÜÐÔÉó²é¡±Ê״γöÏÖÔÚµ³µÄÎļþÖС£ 5 ¡¾¡°¿ÉÒÔ¡±ºÍ¡°±ØÐ롱¡¿Ô­Òë¡°¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý·¨Âɹ涨·¨ÔºµÄ×é³ÉºÍÒéʹæÔò¡±Àí½â´íÎó¡£²» ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý·¨ÂÉ×÷³ö¹æ¶¨£¬¶øÊDZØÐëͨ¹ý·¨ÂÉ×÷³ö¹æ¶¨¡£are to be Ó¦µ±Àí½âΪare¡£ 6 ¡¾×¨ÓÐÃû´ÊµÄ·­Òë¡¿Courts Act Ã÷ÏÔÊÇרÓÐÃû´Ê£¬Òò´ËÒªÒëΪ¡°¡¶·¨Ôº·¨¡·¡±¡£ ½âÎö 172 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 94. The Prosecutor¡¯s Office1, www.prokuratuur.ee, is a government agency in the area of government of the Ministry of Justice. The Prosecutor¡¯s Office is independent upon performance of its duties assigned by the law, and its actions are based on laws and on legal acts adopted on their basis. The Prosecutor¡¯s Office directs pre-trial criminal proceedings2, ensuring lawfulness and effectiveness thereof; represents public prosecution in court3, participates in planning surveillance activities4 necessary for prevention and identification of crimes, and performs other duties assigned to the Prosecutor¡¯s Office by the law5. The text of the law is available in English at https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/513112013015/consolide/current. The Prosecutor¡¯s Office is a two-tier body, consisting of the Office of the Prosecutor General as the higher tier6a and four district prosecutor¡¯s offices as the lower tier6b. The jurisdiction of the Office of the Prosecutor General is the entire Estonia; the jurisdictions of the district prosecutor¡¯s offices are identical to those of police prefectures7. The Prosecutor¡¯s Office is directed by the Prosecutor General who is appointed to office for a term of five years. A district prosecutor¡¯s office is directed by a chief prosecutor who is also appointed to office for a term of five years. 9 4 . ¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒ£¨ w w w . prokuratuur.ee£©Á¥ÊôÓÚ˾·¨²¿¡£¼ì ²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒÒÀ·¨¶ÀÁ¢ÂÄÐÐÖ°Ô𣬸ù¾Ý¸÷ Ïî·¨Âɺ͸ù¾Ý·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶¨µÄ·¨¹æ²ÉÈ¡´ë Ê©¡£¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒ¸ºÔðÁìµ¼ÐÌʰ¸¼þµÄ Éóǰ³ÌÐò£¬È·±£Éóǰ³ÌÐòµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔºÍ ÓÐЧÐÔ£»ÌáÆð¹«Ëߣ»ÎªÔ¤·ÀºÍÕì²é·¸ ×ï²ÎÓëÕì²é»î¶¯µÄ²ß»®£»ÒÀ·¨Ö´ÐÐ¼ì ²ì³¤°ì¹«Ê񵀮äËûÖ°Ôð¡£ÕâÏî·¨ÂÉµÄ Ó¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www.riigiteataja.ee/ en/eli/ee/513112013015/consolide/ current¡£¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒÓÉÁ½¼¶µ¥Î»×é ³É£¬Ò»¼¶µ¥Î»Îª×ܼì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒ£¬¶þ¼¶ µ¥Î»Îª4¸öÇøÓò¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒ¡£×ܼì²ì³¤ °ì¹«ÊҵŤ×÷·¶Î§Êǰ®É³ÄáÑÇÈ«¹ú£»¸÷ ÇøÓò¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒÓ뾯²ì×ܾÖÖØµþ¡£¼ì ²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒÓÉ×ܼì²ì³¤Áìµ¼£¬ÈÎÆÚ5Äê¡£ ÇøÓò¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒÓɼì²ì×ܼàÁìµ¼£¬ÈÎ ÆÚͬÑùÊÇ5Äê¡£ 94. ¼ì²ìÔº£¨www.prokuratuur. ee£©Á¥ÊôÓÚ˾·¨²¿¡£¼ì²ìÔº¶ÀÁ¢ÂÄÐÐ ¡¶¼ì²ìÔº·¨¡·¸³ÓèµÄÖ°Ôð£¬ÆäÐÐΪµÄÒÀ ¾ÝΪ¸÷Ïî·¨Âɺ͸ù¾ÝÕâЩ·¨ÂÉͨ¹ýµÄÁ¢ ·¨¡£¼ì²ìÔºµÄÖ°Ôð°üÀ¨£ºÖ¸µ¼ÐÌʰ¸¼þ µÄÉóǰ³ÌÐò£¬È·±£Éóǰ³ÌÐòµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔºÍ ÓÐЧÐÔ£»³öÍ¥Ö§³Ö¹«Ëߣ»ÎªÔ¤·ÀºÍÕì²é ·¸×ï²ÎÓë¼à¿Ø»î¶¯µÄ²ß»®£»Íê³É·¨Âɸ³ Óè¼ì²ìÔºµÄÆäËûÖ°Ô𡣡¶¼ì²ìÔº·¨¡·µÄ Ó¢Îİæ¼ûhttps://www.riigiteataja.ee/ en/eli/ee/513112013015/consolide/ current¡£¼ì²ìÔºÓÉÁ½¼¶µ¥Î»×é³É£¬¸ß¼¶ µ¥Î»Îª×ܼì²ìÔº£¬µÍ¼¶µ¥Î»Îª4¸öÇø¼ì²ì Ôº¡£×ܼì²ìÔºµÄ¹ÜϽ·¶Î§Êǰ®É³ÄáÑÇÈ« ¹ú£»¸÷Çø¼ì²ìÔºÓ뾯ÎñÇøÖØºÏ¡£¼ì²ìÔº ÓÉ×ܼì²ì³¤Áìµ¼£¬×ܼì²ì³¤ÈÎÆÚ5Äê¡£Çø ¼ì²ìÔºÓɼì²ì³¤Áìµ¼£¬¼ì²ì³¤ÈÎÆÚͬÑù ÊÇ5Äê¡£ 173 µÚ10µ¥Ôª ×÷ΪµÞÔ¼¹ú±¨¸æ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ¹²Í¬ºËÐÄÎļþ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ Prosecutor¡¯s Offi ce ͨ³£ÒëΪ¡°¼ì²ì¹Ù°ì¹«ÊÒ¡±£¬Òë³É¡°¼ì²ì³¤°ì¹«ÊÒ¡±ÏÔÈ» ÊÇÎóÒë¡£±¾ÎĽ²Êö°®É³ÄáÑǵÄÇé¿ö¡£°®É³ÄáÑÇÔø¾­ÊôÓÚËÕÁª£¬Æä˾·¨ÌåÖÆÓ¦¸Ã²»»áÍêÈ« Åׯú¹ýÈ¥µÄÌåÖÆ£¬ËùÒÔ£¬²ÉÓÃÖйú³£Óõġ°¼ì²ìÔº¡±Ó¦¸Ã·ûºÏÇéÀí¡£ ÐèҪעÒâµÄÊÇ£¬¹úÄÚ¶Ô¡°¼ì²ìÔº¡±µÄ·­ÒëÀ´×ÔËÕÁªµÄprocuratorate (the offi ce or functions of a procurator£¬merriam-webster.com)£¬¸Ã´ÊÓ¢ÎÄÖкÜÉÙÓã¬Ò²ºÜÉÙÓÐÈËÄܶÁ³öÀ´¡£¶íÂÞ Ë¹µÄÏà¹ØÓ¢ÎIJÄÁÏÖÐÒѾ­·ÅÆúʹÓÃÕâ¸ö´Ê£¬¸ÄÓÃprosecutors¡¯ offi ce¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎªÁ˱ãÓÚ¹ú¼Ê ½»Íù£¬±ÊÕßÒ²½¨ÒéÒëÕßÓÃprosecutors¡¯ offi ce ·­ÒëÖйúµÄ¡°¼ì²ìÔº¡±¡£Èç¹ûȷʵϣÍûÌåÏÖÖÐ ¹úÌØÉ«£¬¿ÉÒÔÓøü¼òµ¥µÄprocuracy Ò»´Ê¡£¸Ã´Ê±È½Ï¶Ì£¬Òâ˼ºÍprocuratorate Ïàͬ¡£ 2 ¡¾×¢Òâ´îÅä¡¿½«direct ÒëΪ¡°Áìµ¼¡±Óë±öÓï¡°ÐÌʰ¸¼þµÄÉóǰ³ÌÐò¡±£¨pre-trial criminal proceedings£©´îÅä²»µ±£»µ«¿É˵Áìµ¼ÍŶӡ¢Á쵼ijÈ˵ȡ£´Ë´¦direct ÒëΪ¡°Ö¸µ¼¡±¸üºÏÊÊ£¬ Ö¸µÄÊǼì²ìÔº¶ÔÕì²é²¿ÃÅ£¨¾¯²ì»ú¹Ø£©µÄ¹¤×÷ÓÐÖ¸µ¼×÷Óᣠ¡¾²ð·Ö³¤¾ä¡¿ÁíÍ⣬directs...represents...participates µÈ¶¯´Ê²¢ÁУ¬µ«ÒòΪ¸÷²¿·Ö½Ï³¤£¬ººÓï ÎÞ·¨Ò»ÆøºÇ³É£¬¹Ê¸ÄÒëΪ¡°Ö°Ôð°üÀ¨¡±£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÈÝÐðÊö¸÷¸ö×é³É²¿·Ö¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¸ù¾Ý¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÈËÃñ¼ì²ìÔº×éÖ¯·¨¡·£¬¼ì²ìÔºµÄÖ°Ôð°üÀ¨¶ÔÓÚÐÌʰ¸¼þ ÌáÆð¹«Ëߣ¬Ö§³Ö¹«Ëߣ»¶ÔÓÚÈËÃñ·¨ÔºµÄÉóÅлÊÇ·ñºÏ·¨£¬ÊµÐмල£¨Óɼì²ìÔº¶Ô·¨Ôº »î¶¯½øÐмල£¬ÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÔÚÎ÷·½¹ú¼Ò²»´æÔÚ£©¡£¡°ÌáÆð¹«Ëß¡±Óë¡°Ö§³Ö¹«Ëß¡±ÊÇÁ½¸ö²»Í¬ µÄ¸ÅÄǰÕßÊÇÒ»ÖÖÆðËßÀàÐÍ£¬Ö¸ÈËÃñ¼ì²ìÔº¶Ô¹«°²»ú¹ØÕì²éÖÕ½á¡¢ÒÆËÍÆðËߵݸ¼þ½ø ÐÐÈ«ÃæÉó²é£¬¶ÔÓ¦µ±×·¾¿ÐÌÊÂÔðÈεķ¸×ïÏÓÒÉÈËÌá½»ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº½øÐÐÉóÅеÄÒ»ÏîËßËϻ£» ¶øºóÕßÖ¸¼ì²ì³¤»ò¼ì²ì¹ÙÒÔ¹ú¼Ò¹«ËßÈËÉí·Ý³öϯ·¨Í¥£¬¸ù¾ÝÊÂʵºÍ·¨ÂÉ£¬Ö§³Ö¼ì²ì»ú¹Ø ¶ÔÐÌʱ»¸æÈ˵ÄÖ¸¿Ø£¬ÒªÇó¶Ô±»¸æÈË´¦ÒÔÐÌ·£µÄËßËϻ¡£represents public prosecution in court ˵µÄÏÔÈ»ÊǺóÕß¡£ 4 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Õì²éÊÇÖ¸ÔÚÐÌÊÂËßËϹý³ÌÖУ¬Õì²é»ú¹ØÎª²éÃ÷°¸Ç飬ÊÕ¼¯·¸×ïÖ¤¾Ý²ÄÁÏ£¬Ö¤ ʵºÍ×¥»ñ·¸×ïÏÓÒÉÈË£¬×·¾¿·¸×ïÏÓÒÉÈËÐÌÊÂÔðÈΣ¬ÒÀ·¨²ÉÈ¡µÄһϵÁÐרÃŵ÷²éÊֶκÍÇ¿ ÖÆ´ëÊ©¡£ÎÄÖеÄsurveillance activities ÊÇÕì²é»î¶¯µÄÒ»ÏîÄÚÈÝ£¬Èçͨ¹ýÇÔÌýµÈ¼¼ÊõÊÖ¶Î¼à ¿Ø·¸×ï¡£ 5 ¡¾ÕýÈ·ÅжÏÐÞÊιØÏµ¡¿performs other duties assigned to the Prosecutor¡¯s Offi ce by the law£¬Ô­ ÒëδÄÜÌåÏÖÔ­ÎĵÄÐÞÊιØÏµ¡£ ½âÎö 174 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 6 ¡¾±ÜÃâÆçÒå¡¿ÒëÕß½«Ô­ÎÄÖеÄhigher tier£¨6a£©ºÍlower tier£¨6b£©·Ö±ð¶ÔӦΪһ¼¶µ¥Î»ºÍ ¶þ¼¶µ¥Î»£¬Òâ˼²»ÊǺÜÃ÷È·¡£ÒòΪÒÔ×î¸ßµÄΪһ£¬»¹ÊÇ×îµÍµÄΪһ£¬ººÓïÖв¢²»È·¶¨¡£ ±ÈÈ磺һ¼¶½ÌÊÚ¸ßÓÚ¶þ¼¶½ÌÊÚ£¬µ«ÁªºÏ¹ú¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÖеÄרҵһ¼¶£¨P1£©ÊÇ×îµÍµÄ£¬×¨Òµ5 ¼¶£¨P5£©ÊÇ×î¸ßµÄ¡£ËùÒÔ£¬²»ÈçÖ±½ÓÒëΪ¡°¸ß¼¶¡±ºÍ¡°µÍ¼¶¡±¡£ 7 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿police prefectures ÊÇ¡°¾¯Çø¡±»ò¡°¾¯ÎñÇø¡±¡£Ò»¸ö³ÇÊпÉÒÔ°´¸÷ÖÖ±ê×¼»®·ÖÇø Óò£¬±ÈÈç£ºÑ§Çø¡¢¾¯Çø¡¢Ïû·ÀÇø¡¢ÐÐÕþÇø£¬¸÷ÖÖÇø»®¿ÉÄÜÍêÈ«ÖØºÏ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄܲ»ÍêÈ«ÖØºÏ¡£ 175 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå ¡ï µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ ²éÓ¢ÓïÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. balance 2. excess heat 3. greenhouse effect 4. heat capacity 5. OMZ ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ 2. as well as²»ÊǼòµ¥µÄ²¢ÁйØÏµ ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ²¹³ä´ÊÓïÒÔ¸üºÃ´îÅä 2. Ê¡ÂÔ´ÊÓïÒÔÕչ˴îÅä 3. ²ð·Ö³¤¾ä 4. Southern OscillationÒë·¨±æÎö ±äͨ 1. lower rainfall (precipitation) 2. higher evaporation 3. ÊʶÈÁé»î 4. Êʵ±¼ò»¯ µÚ 11 µ¥Ôª µÚÒ»´ÎÈ«Çòº£Ñó×ÛºÏÆÀ¹À ¼¼ÊõÕªÒª ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ±¾µ¥ÔªÁ·Ï°Ñ¡×Ô¡°The Impacts of Climate Change and Related Changes in the Atmosphere on the Oceans: A Technical Abstract of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment¡±£¬¿É ͨ¹ý¼ìË÷´Ë±êÌâ»ñȡȫÎÄ¡£±¾ÕªÒªµÄÒªµãΪ£ºº£ÑóÓë´óÆø²ãÏ໥¹ØÁª£¬¶¼ÎÞ·¨°ÚÍÑÆøºò±ä »¯µÄÓ°Ïì¡£Æøºò±ä»¯¿Éµ¼Öº£Æ½ÃæÉÏÉý¡¢º£ÑóËữ¡¢Ñζȱ仯¡¢º£Ñó·Ö²ã¡¢º£Ñó±äůµÈ¡£º£ ÑóÉú̬ϵͳ±ä»¯ËٶȱȽµØÉúÎï¿ì1.5~5 ±¶£¬ÇÒÕâЩ±ä»¯²»¿ÉÄæ×ª£¬Òò´Ë£¬º£Ñó±ä»¯µÄºó ¹û²»ÈÝСêï¡£ 176 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ 9. The ocean¡¯s large mass and high heat capacity enable it to store huge amounts of energy, more than 1,000 times that found in the atmosphere for an equivalent increase in temperature1. The Earth is absorbing more heat than it is emitting back into space, and nearly all that excess heat2a is entering the ocean and being stored there. The ocean has absorbed about 93 percent of the combined extra heat2b stored by warmed air, sea, land, and melted ice between 1971 and 2010. The IPCC has reaffirmed in its Fifth Assessment Report its conclusion that global sea surface temperatures3 have increased since the late nineteenth century. The temperature in the upper-ocean (down to about 700 m), and hence its heat content, varies over multiple time scales, including seasonal, inter-annual (for example, those4 associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation5), decadal and centennial periods. Depth-averaged ocean temperature trends from 1971 to 2010 are positive6 (that is, they show warming) over most of the globe. The warming7 is more prominent in the northern hemisphere, especially in the North Atlantic, but is spatially very variable. Zonally averaged upper-ocean temperature trends show warming at nearly all latitudes and depths8. However, the greater volume of the ocean in the southern hemisphere increases the contribution of its warming to the global heat content. 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Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it. The intensity of the downward radiation¡ªthat is, the strength of the greenhouse effect¡ª will depend on the atmosphere¡¯s temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains. Earth¡¯s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life. Human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have strengthened the greenhouse effect and caused global warming. (Wikipedia: greenhouse effect) ½âÎö Ô­Òë ÆäÈç´Ë£¬µ«²»Í¬µØÇø²îÒìºÜ´ó¡£°´ÇøÓò ƽ¾ùµÄÉϲ㺣ÑóζÈÇ÷ÊÆ±íÃ÷£¬¼¸ºõËù ÓÐγ¶ÈºÍÉî¶È¶¼ÔÚ±äů¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚÄÏ °ëÇòº£ÑóÃæ»ý¸ü´ó£¬ÄϰëÇòº£Óò±äů¸ü Ôö¼ÓÈ«ÇòÈÈÈÝÁ¿¡£ ¸ÄÒë ÏÖ±äůÇ÷ÊÆ£©¡£±±°ëÇòº£Ñó±äů¸üΪͻ ³ö£¬±±´óÎ÷ÑóµØÇøÓÈÆäÈç´Ë£¬µ«ÔÚ¿Õ¼ä ·Ö²¼ÉϲîÒìºÜ´ó¡£°´Æøºò´øÆ½¾ùµÄÉϲ㠺£Ñóζȱ仯Ç÷ÊÆ±íÃ÷£¬¼¸ºõËùÓÐγ¶È ºÍÉî¶ÈµÄº£Ñó¶¼ÔÚ±äů¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚÄÏ °ëÇòº£ÑóÌåÁ¿¸ü´ó£¬ÄϰëÇòº£Óò±äůÔö ¼ÓÁËÆä¶ÔÈ«ÇòÈÈÈÝÁ¿µÄ¹±Ïס£ 178 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ÏÂÃæµÄÕâÕÅͼ£¨À´×ÔWikipedia£©Ö±¹ÛµØÕ¹ÏÖÁËÌ«ÑôÓëµØÇò¼äµÄÈȽ»»»£º Óɴ˿ɼû£¬µØÇò±äůÊÇÒòΪµØÇòÎüÈȶ࣬·ÅÈÈÉÙ¡£ÎüÊÕµÄÈÈÁ¿¼õÈ¥ÊͷŵÄÈÈÁ¿£¬¾ÍÊÇ excess heat¡£ËùÒÔÊÇ¡°¶àÎüÊÕµÄÈÈÁ¿¡±£¬¶ø·ÇÁýͳµÄ¡°¹ý¶à¡±¡£ÏÂÒ»¾äÖеÄextra heat£¨2b£©Óë excess heat ÊÇͬһ¸ÅÄî¡£¶ÔÓÚÈκδʡ¢¾ä×ÓµÄÀí½â¶¼²»ÄÜÍÑÀëÉÏÏÂÎÄ¡¢±³¾°ÖªÊ¶»òÕß³£Ê¶¡£ 3 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature close to the ocean¡¯s surface. The exact meaning of surface varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between 1 millimetre and 20 metres below the sea surface. Air masses in the Earth¡¯s atmosphere are highly modifi ed by sea surface temperatures within a short distance of the shore. (Wikipedia: sea surface temperature) º£±íζÈÓֳƺ£Î£¬³£ÒÔ¡æ±íʾ¡£º£±íζÈÈ¡¾öÓÚº£Ë®µÄÈÈÁ¿ÊÕÖ§Çé¿ö£¬¾ßÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄÈÕ ±ä»¯ºÍ¼¾½Ú±ä»¯¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºº£±íζȣ© 4 ¡¾Ö¸´ú¹ØÏµ¡¿ÑϸñÀ´Ëµ£¬those ÊÇÖ¸the temperature and its heat content£¬µ«´ÓÒâ˼À´¿´£¬ÊÇ Ö¸Î¶ȵı仯¡£ 5 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿ÄÏ·½Ìζ¯£¨Southern Oscillation£©Ö¸·¢ÉúÔÚ¶«ÄÏ̫ƽÑóÓëÓ¡¶ÈÑó¼°Ó¡ÄáµØÇøÖ® ¼äµÄ·´ÏàÆøÑ¹Õñ¶¯£¬ÊÇÈÈ´ø»·Á÷Äê¼Ê±ä»¯×îÍ»³ö¡¢×îÖØÒªµÄÏÖÏóÖ®Ò»£º El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics. The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Ni?o and the cooling phase as La Ni?a. The Southern Oscillation is the accompanying atmospheric component, coupled with the sea temperature change: El Ni?o is accompanied by high air surface pressure in the tropical western Pacifi c and La Ni?a with low air surface pressure there. The two periods last several months each (typically occurring every few years) and their effects vary in intensity. (Wikipedia: El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation) 179 µÚ11µ¥Ôª µÚÒ»´ÎÈ«Çòº£Ñó×ÛºÏÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõÕªÒª ¿ÆÑ§½çËùÖ¸µÄÄÏ·½Ìζ¯ÊÇÓÃËþÎ÷Ìᵺ£¨148¡ã05¡äW£¬17¡ã53¡äS£©»ò¸´»î½Úµº£¨109¡ã30¡äW£¬ 29¡ã00¡äS£©Óë´ï¶ûÎÄ£¨130¡ã59¡äE£¬12¡ã20¡äS£©Á½¸ö¹Û²âÕ¾µÄº£Æ½ÃæÆøÑ¹Ö®²îÀ´±íʾµÄ£¬¼´ÄÏ ·½Ìζ¯Ö¸Êý£¨SOI£©£¬µÈÓÚËþÎ÷Ìᵺ¼õÈ¥´ï¶ûÎĵĺ£Æ½ÃæÆøÑ¹¡£SOI µÄ´óС±íʾÄÏ·½Ìζ¯ µÄÇ¿Èõ¡£SOI Ϊ¸ºÊý£¬¶ÔÓ¦¶ò¶ûÄáŵʼþ£»SOI ΪÕýÊý£¬Ôò¶ÔÓ¦À­ÄáÄÈʼþ¡£SOI ±ä»¯Óë ¶ò¶ûÄáŵµÄ·¢ÉúÓÐןܺõĶÔÓ¦¹ØÏµ£¬¶þÕßÁªÏµÃÜÇС££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÄÏ·½Ìζ¯£© ¡¾Southern Oscillation Òë·¨±æÎö¡¿Wikipedia ¶Ôoscillation µÄ½âÊÍÊÇ£ºOscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term ¡°vibration¡± is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation. (Wikipedia: oscillation) Õâ¸ö´ÊÔÚÎïÀíѧÖз­ÒëΪ¡°Õñµ´¡±£¨×¢Ò⣺²»ÊÇ¡°Õðµ´¡±£©£ºÕñµ´ÊÇÖ¸µç·ÖеĵçÁ÷£¨»òµç ѹ£©ÔÚ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵ֮¼äËæÊ±¼ä×÷ÖÜÆÚÐÔÖØ¸´±ä»¯µÄÏÖÏó»ò¹ý³Ì¡£Õñ·ùºã¶¨µÄÕñµ´³Æ ¡°µÈ·ùÕñµ´¡±£»Õñ·ùËæÊ±¼ä¶øµÝ¼õµÄÕñµ´³Æ¡°×èÄáÕñµ´¡±»ò¡°¼õ·ùÕñµ´¡±¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÕñµ´£© ËùÒÔ£¬Ò²ÓÐÈ˰ÑSouthern Oscillation ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÄÏ·½Õñµ´¡±¡£ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþÖжàÓá°ÄÏ·½ÌÎ ¶¯¡±¡£µ«ÔÚººÓï´ÊµäÖвéÕÒ¡°Ìζ¯¡±Ò»´Ê£¬¾ùδ·¢ÏָôÊÌõ¡£¡°Ìζ¯¡±½ö³öÏÖÔÚÓë¡°ÄÏ·½ Ìζ¯¡±Ïà¹ØµÄÃèÊöÖУ¬ËµÃ÷Õâ¸ö´ÊºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒëÕßÔÚ·­ÒëSouthern Oscillation ʱ´´ÔìµÄ¡£ ±ÊÕßµÚÒ»´Î¿´µ½¡°ÄÏ·½Ìζ¯¡±£¬¸Ð¾õÊÇ´óº£ÖеIJ¨ÌÎÐÚÓ¿ÅìÅÈ¡£µ«¿´ÁËÖÐÓ¢ÎĽâÊͺ󣬸Р¾õÔì´ÊÕßµÄÓÃÒâ¿ÉÄÜÊǰѺ£Æ½ÃæÆøÑ¹ºÍº£±íζȵÄÖÜÆÚÐԱ仯±È×÷²¨ÌεÄÉÏÏÂÆð·ü¡£¾¡ ¹Ü±ÊÕßÈÏΪ£¬ Èç¹ûÒѾ­ÓÐÏֳɵĴʣ¨±ÈÈç¡°Õñµ´¡±£©¿ÉÒÔ½èÓ㬠¾Í²»±ØÔÙÔìдʣ¬ µ«¼ÈÈ» ¡°ÄÏ·½Ìζ¯¡±µÄ˵·¨ÒѾ­±»´óÖÚ½ÓÊÜ£¬¶øÇÒҲ˵µÃͨ£¬ÒëÕßÄÃÀ´Ê¹Óü´¿É¡£ 6 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨´ÊÒå¡¿positive ÔÚҽѧÁìÓòÓС°ÑôÐԵġ±º¬Ò壬 ÔÚÊýѧÁìÓòµÄº¬ÒåÊÇ¡°ÕýµÄ¡±£¬ ´Ë´¦½²µÄÊǺ£Ñóζȱ仯£¬´¿Êý×ֵı仯£¬ÏÔÈ»²»ÄÜÒë³É¡°ÑôÐÔ¡±£¬¿ÉÒÔ˵¡°ÕýÖµ¡±¡£ 7 ¡¾ºê¹Û˼ά¡¿±¾¶Î¶¼ÊÇÔÚ̸º£Ñó´¢Äܺͱäů£¬ËùÒÔwarming Ö¸µÄÊǺ£Ñó±äů£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÁýͳ µÄÆøºò±äů£»Èç¹ûµ¥¿´warming »¹²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨µÄ»°£¬¿´µ½in the North Atlantic ¾ÍÓ¦µ±ÒýÆð×¢ Òâ¡£Act local, think global. 8 ¡¾²¹³ä´ÊÓïÒÔ¸üºÃ´îÅä¡¿Ô­Ò뽫warming at nearly all latitudes and depths ÒëΪ¡°¼¸ºõËùÓÐγ ¶ÈºÍÉî¶È¶¼ÔÚ±äů¡±£¬µ«Î³¶ÈºÍÉî¶ÈÎÞ·¨±äů£¬Ó¦¸Ã²¹³äÉÏÎÄÒѾ­³öÏÖµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬¼´¡°ËùÓРγ¶ÈºÍÉî¶ÈµÄº£Ñó¶¼ÔÚ±äů¡±£¬²Å¸üΪºÏÀí¡£Áí ÍâҲҪעÒ⣺ÉÏÒ»¾äÖеÄspatially Ö¸¿Õ¼äÉϵģ¬ Ó¦µ±°üÀ¨Æøºò´ø£¨zonally£©ºÍ²»Í¬Éî¶ÈµÄº£Ñó¡£ zonally µÄÒâ˼¿É²Î¼ûzone µÄ½âÊÍ£¨dictionary. cambridge.org£©£º 180 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 15. Alongside broad-scale ocean warming, shifts in ocean salinity (salt content) have also occurred. Variations in the salinity of the ocean around the world result from differences in the balance1 between freshwater inflows (from rivers and glacier and ice-cap melt), rainfall and evaporation, all of which are affected by natural climate phenomena as well as2 by climate change. Changes in the broad scale of patterns of rainfall3 will produce changes in ocean salinity, as higher rainfall will increase dilution and thus lower salinity, while lower rainfall4a will have the reverse effect. Observed changes to ocean salinity, which are calculated from a sparse historical observing system5, suggest that areas of lower precipitation4b and higher evaporation4c such as subtropical ocean regions have become more saline4d, while areas of higher precipitation and lower evaporation such as equatorial waters in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have become less saline6. Changes in salinity result in changes in the density of water, thereby driving ocean circulation. Ongoing change to ocean salinity is likely to have an effect on the circulation and stratification of seawater (Chapters 4 and 5). 15. ³ý´ó¹æÄ£º£Ñó±äůÍ⣬º£ÑóÑÎ ¶ÈÒ²²úÉúÁ˱仯¡£ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØº£ÑóÑζȲ» ͬ£¬ÒòΪ´ÓºÓÁ÷¡¢±ù´¨ºÍ±ùñÈÚ»¯²úÉú µÄµ­Ë®Á÷ÈëÁ¿£¬½µÓêÁ¿ºÍÕô·¢Á¿²»Í¬£¬ ¶øËùÓÐÕâÒ»Çж¼ÊÜ×ÔÈ»ÆøºòÏÖÏóºÍÆøºò ±ä»¯Ó°Ïì¡£ÓêÁ¿ÐÍ´ó¹æÄ£±ä»¯½«µ¼Öº£ ÑóÑζȱ仯£¬ÒòΪ¸ü¸ßµÄ½µÓêÁ¿½«Ôö¼Ó Ï¡ÊͶȣ¬´Ó¶ø½µµÍÑζȣ¬¶ø¸üµÍ½µÓêÁ¿ ×÷ÓÃÏà·´¡£¸ù¾ÝÁãÐǵÄÀúÊ·¹Û²âϵͳ¼Æ ËãµÃ³öµÄÑζȱ仯±íÃ÷£¬ÑÇÈÈ´øº£ÑóµØ ÇøµÈ¸ü¸ß½µÓêÁ¿ºÍ¸üµÍÕô·¢Á¿µÄµØÇøÑÎ ¶È¸ü¸ß£¬¶øÌ«Æ½ÑóºÍÓ¡¶ÈÑó³àµÀË®ÓòµÈ ¸ü¸ß½µÓêÁ¿ºÍ¸üµÍÕô·¢Á¿µÄµØÇøÑζȸü µÍ¡£Ñζȱ仯µ¼ÖÂË®ÌåÃܶȱ仯£¬´Ó¶ø Çý¶¯ÑóÁ÷¡£º£ÑóÑζȳÖÐø±ä»¯ºÜ¿ÉÄÜÓ° Ï캣ˮ»·Á÷ºÍº£Ñó·Ö²ã£¨µÚ4¡¢5Õ£©¡£ ¸ÄÒë 15. ³ý´ó¹æÄ£º£Ñó±äůÍ⣬º£ÑóÑÎ¶È ·Ö²¼Ò²²úÉúÁ˱仯¡£ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØº£ÑóÑÎ¶È ²»Í¬£¬ÊÇÒòΪµ­Ë®Á÷È루À´×ÔºÓÁ÷¡¢±ù ´¨ºÍ±ùñÈÚ»¯£©¡¢½µÓêºÍÕô·¢µÄÏà¶ÔÊý Á¿²»Í¬£¬¶øËùÓÐÕâЩÒòËØ¼ÈÊÜ×ÔÈ»Æøºò ÏÖÏóÓ°Ï죬ÓÖÊÜÆøºò±ä»¯Ó°Ïì¡£½µÓê¹æ ÂɵĴó¹æÄ£±ä»¯½«µ¼Öº£ÑóÑζȱ仯£¬ ÒòΪ½µÓêÁ¿Ôö¼Ó»á¼ÓǿϡÊÍ×÷Ó㬽µµÍ Ñζȣ¬¶ø½µÓêÁ¿¼õÉÙµÄ×÷ÓÃÔòÏà·´¡£¸ù ¾ÝÁãÐÇÀúÊ·¹Û²âÍÆËãµÄº£ÑóÑζȱ仯±í Ã÷£¬ÑÇÈÈ´øº£ÑóÇøÓòµÈ½µÓêÁ¿¼õÉÙºÍÕô ·¢Á¿Ôö¼ÓµÄÇøÓòÑζÈÉý¸ß£¬¶øÌ«Æ½ÑóºÍ Ó¡¶ÈÑó³àµÀË®ÓòµÈ½µÓêÁ¿Ôö¼ÓºÍÕô·¢Á¿ ¼õÉٵĵØÇøÑζȽµµÍ¡£Ñζȱ仯µ¼ÖÂË® ÌåÃܶȱ仯£¬´Ó¶øÇý¶¯ÑóÁ÷¡£º£ÑóÑÎ¶È ³ÖÐø±ä»¯ºÜ¿ÉÄÜÓ°Ï캣ˮ»·Á÷ºÍº£Ñó·Ö ²ã£¨µÚ4¡¢5Õ£©¡£ 181 µÚ11µ¥Ôª µÚÒ»´ÎÈ«Çòº£Ñó×ÛºÏÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõÕªÒª 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿balance ³ýÁË¡°Æ½ºâ¡±µÄÒâ˼֮Í⣬»¹ÓС°Á½¸öÊý×ÖÖ®²î¡±µÄÒâ˼£¬±ÈÈç´æ¿î µÄ¡°Óà¶î¡±£¨´æ¿î¼õȥȡ¿î£©¾ÍÊÇbalance (an amount in excess especially on the credit side of an account) (merriam-webster.com)¡£´Ë´¦Òâ˼Ïà½ü£ºÁ÷È뺣ÑóµÄµ­Ë®£«º£ÑóÉϿյĽµË® £¨µ­Ë®£©¨C º£ÑóµÄÕô·¢£¨µ­Ë®£©= ½øÈ뺣ÑóµÄµ­Ë®ÊýÁ¿£¨balance£©£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÕâÈýÕßÏ໥µÖÏú ºóµÄÓàÁ¿¡£º£ÑóµÄ²»Í¬ÇøÓòÑζȲ»Í¬£¬ÊÇÒòΪ¸÷ÇøÓòÕâÈýÕßµÄÏà¶ÔÊýÁ¿²»Í¬¡£ 2 ¡¾Âß¼­¹ØÏµ¡¿as well as ²»ÊǼòµ¥µÄ²¢ÁУº If you say that something is true of one person or thing as well as another, you are emphasizing that it is true not only of the second person or thing but also of the fi rst one. (thefreedictionary.com) ¶øÊÇÇ¿µ÷ͬʱÊܵ½Á½ÕßÓ°Ï죬Òò´Ë£¬ÒëÎÄʹÓ᰼ȡ­¡­ÓÖ¡­¡­¡±½á¹¹¡£ 3 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿patterns of rainfall Òâ˼ÊÇ¡°½µÓê¹æÂÉ¡±£»¡°ÓêÁ¿ÐÍ¡±Ã»ÓÐÒâÒå¡£ÎóÒëµÄÔ­Òò ÊDz»Àí½âpattern Ò»´ÊµÄº¬Òå¡£en.oxforddictionaries.com ¶Ôpattern µÄ½âÊÍÈçÏ£º ¸ù¾Ý1.2 µÄ½âÊÍ£¬´Ë´¦pattern µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ¡°¹æÂÉ¡±¡°Ä£Ê½¡±¡£¶ÔÓÚÒâ˼²»¸ÒÈ·¶¨µÄ´Ê£¬¿ÉÒÔ Í¨¹ý²éÔÄÓ¢Ó¢´ÊµäÀ´³ÎÇ壬²»ÄÜÆ¾²Â²â·­Òë¡£ÒëÕßͨ³£Ò²²»»áÈ¥´´Ôìдʡ£ 4 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ ÒëÕß½«lower rainfall£¨4a£©¡¢lower (precipitation)£¨4b£©¡¢higher evaporation£¨4c£©¡¢ more saline£¨4d£©µÈ±È½Ï¼¶·Ö±ðÒëΪ¡°¸üµÍ½µÓêÁ¿¡±¡°¸ü¸ß½µÓêÁ¿¡±£¨Òâ˼´íÎ󣩡¢¡°¸üµÍÕô ·¢Á¿¡±£¨Òâ˼´íÎ󣩺͡°¸ü¸ßÑζȡ±£¬±í´ï½ÏËÀ°å£¬Ï÷ÈõÁËÖÐÎĵĽÚ×à¸Ð¡£¿Éͨ¹ýµ÷Õû˵ ·¨À´ÔöÇ¿¾ä×ӵĽÚ×à¸Ð£¬Èç¡°½µÓêÁ¿¼õÉÙ¡±¡°Õô·¢Á¿Ôö¼Ó¡±¡°ÑζÈÉý¸ß¡±¡£ ½âÎö 182 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 5 ¡¾Ê¡ÂÔ´ÊÓïÒÔÕչ˴îÅä¡¿sparse historical observing system µ±ÖУ¬sparse ºÍsystem Òâ˼ÉÏÎÞ ·¨´îÅä¡£²éÔÄÍøÉÏ×ÊÁÏ£¬Í¨³£µÄ˵·¨ÊÇsparse historical observations£¨ÁãÐǵÄÀúÊ·¹Û²â£©¡£ ÒëÎÄÊ¡ÂÔsystem¡£ 6 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿suggest Õâ¾ä»°Ô­ÒëÒâ˼·´ÁË¡£Õâ¸öÎÊÌâÖ»¿´ÒëÎľͿÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ£¬Òò ΪͬÑùÊÇ¡°½µÓêÁ¿´óºÍÕô·¢Á¿Ð¡¡±£¬Ôõô¿ÉÄÜÒ»´¦ÑζÈÉý¸ß£¬Ò»´¦ÑζȽµµÍ£¿º£Ë®ÑÎ¶È £¨salinity of sea water£©ÊÇÖ¸º£Ë®ÖÐÈ«²¿Èܽâ¹ÌÌåÓëº£Ë®ÖØÁ¿Ö®±È£¬Í¨³£ÓÃÿǧ¿Ëº£Ë®ÖÐËù º¬µÄ¿ËÊý±íʾ¡£ÈËÃÇÓÃÑζÈÀ´±íʾº£Ë®ÖÐÑÎÀàÎïÖʵÄÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊý¡£ÊÀ½ç´óÑóµÄƽ¾ùÑζÈΪ 35¡ë¡£º£ÑóÖз¢ÉúµÄÐí¶àÏÖÏóºÍ¹ý³Ì£¬ ³£ÓëÑζȵķֲ¼ºÍ±ä»¯Óйء£Ñζȷֲ¼Ò»°ãÊÜγ ¶È¡¢Õô·¢¡¢½µË®¡¢½á±ù¡¢ÈÚ±ùºÍ½µØ¾¶Á÷µÈÒòËØÓ°Ïì¡£ÔÚº£Ñ󣬳àµÀÒ»´ø½µÓêÁ¿´ó£¬ÑÎ ¶È½ÏµÍ¡£ÔÚ¸ßγ¶ÈµØÇø£¬ÈܽâµÄ±ù½µµÍÁËÑζȡ£ÑζÈ×î¸ßµÄµØÇøÊÇÕô·¢Á¿´ó¶ø½µÓêÏà¶Ô ½ÏµÍµÄÖÐγµØÇø¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºº£Ë®Ñζȣ©¸ÄÒë°Ñlower ºÍhigher ·Ö±ðÒëΪ¶¯´Ê¡°¼õÉÙ¡± ºÍ¡°Ôö¼Ó¡±¡£ Ô­ÎÄ 19. The levels of dissolved oxygen in the ocean in the tropics have decreased over the past 50 years, largely as a result of ocean warming. This has, for example, resulted in an expansion1 of the areas with the lowest levels of dissolved oxygen (oxygen minimum zones¡ªOMZs2), including westward and vertical expansion of the OMZ in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Projected changes to surface temperatures and stratification are likely to result in a decreased transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere (oxygen solubility) and reduced ventilation of deeper waters, resulting in lower concentration of oxygen in the upper ocean across the tropics. Outside the tropics, current observations are not sufficient enough to determine trends, but it is expected that warming of the ocean and stratification will also result in declines in dissolved oxygen. Ô­Òë 19. ¹ýÈ¥50ÄêÄÚ£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÉÓÚº£Ñó±ä ů£¬ÈÈ´øµØÇøº£ÑóÖÐÈܽâÑõˮƽ¼õÉÙ¡£ Õâµ¼Öµĺó¹ûÆäÖÐÒ»ÀýÊÇÈܽâÑõˮƽ×î µÍÇøÓò£¨Ñõ×îС²ã£©µÄÀ©´ó£¬°üÀ¨¶«Ì« ƽÑóÑõ×îС²ãÍùÎ÷ºÍ´¹Ö±À©´ó¡£Ô¤¼Æº£ ±íζȱ仯ºÍ·Ö²ãºÜ¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂ´óÆø²ãת ÒÆµÄÑõÆø¼õÉÙ£¨ÑõÆøÈܽâ¶È£©£¬Éî²ãË® ÓòÁ÷ͨÐÔ½µµÍ£¬µ¼ÖÂÕû¸öÈÈ´øµØÇøº£Ñó ÉϲãÑõŨ¶È½µµÍ¡£ÈÈ´øµØÇøÒÔÍ⣬µ±Ç° ÑóÁ÷¹Û²â½á¹û²»×ãÒÔÈ·¶¨Ç÷ÊÆ£¬µ«Ô¤¼Æ º£Ñó±äůºÍ·Ö²ãÒ²½«µ¼ÖÂÈܽâÑõ¼õÉÙ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 19. ¹ýÈ¥50Ä꣬º£Ñó±äů¡¢ÈÈ´øº£ ÑóÖÐÈܽâÑõˮƽ½µµÍµÄºó¹ûÖ®Ò»ÊÇÈܽâ Ñõˮƽ×îµÍÇøÓò£¨Ñõ×îµÍÇø£©À©´ó£¬°ü À¨¶«Ì«Æ½ÑóÑõ×îµÍÇøÍùÎ÷ºÍ´¹Ö±À©´ó¡£ º£±íζȱ仯ºÍ·Ö²ã¼ÓǿԤ¼Æ¿ÉÄܵ¼Ö À´×Ô´óÆøµÄÑõÆø×ªÒÆ £¨ÑõÆøÈܽâ¶È£©Ï ½µ£¬ÒÔ¼°½ÏÉî²ãË®Óò¹©Ñõ¼õÉÙ£¬´Ó¶øµ¼ ÖÂÕû¸öÈÈ´øº£ÑóÉϲãÑõŨ¶È½µµÍ¡£ÔÚÈÈ ´øº£ÑóÒÔÍ⣬µ±Ç°µÄ¹Û²ì½á¹û»¹²»×ãÒÔ È·¶¨Ç÷ÊÆ£¬µ«Ô¤¼Æº£Ñó±äůºÍ·Ö²ã¼ÓÇ¿ Ò²½«µ¼ÖÂÈܽâÑõ¼õÉÙ¡£ 183 µÚ11µ¥Ôª µÚÒ»´ÎÈ«Çòº£Ñó×ÛºÏÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõÕªÒª 1 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿Ð±Ì岿·ÖµÄÒëÎIJ»Áé»î£¬²»·ûºÏÖÐÎĵıí´ïÌØµã¡£µ«²»¿É·ñÈϵÄÊÇ£¬ÒëÕß¶Ô Ô­Îĺ¬ÒåµÄÀí½âÊǺܵ½Î»µÄ¡£for example ¾ÍԤʾ×Ų»Êǵ¥Ò»µÄ½á¹û£¬´Ë´¦Ö»¾ÙÆäÖÐÒ»Àý˵ Ã÷¡£µ«ÒëÎĵıí´ïÈ´³öÏÖÁËÎÊÌ⣺»úе¶ÔÒ룬µ¼ÖÂÒëÎÄ»Þɬ¡£¶ÔÕÕÓ¢ÎÄÈ¥¼ì²ìÒëÎÄ£¬ÄÑÃâ ´¦ÓÚÓ¢ÓïµÄ¡°ÒõÓ°¡±Ö®Ï£¬²»·Áµ¥¶À¶ÁÒëÎÄ£¬ÓúºÓïµÄ˼άȥÆÀÅÐÒëÎÄÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÓïÑÔϰ¹ß¡£ 2 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿¡°º£Ñóº¬ÑõÁ¿×îС²ã¡±Óֳơ°Ñõ×îС²ã¡±£¬²ÎÔÄÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º The oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), sometimes referred to as the shadow zone, is the zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest. This zone occurs at depths of about 200 to 1,500 metres, depending on local circumstances. OMZs are found worldwide, typically along the western coast of continents, in areas where an interplay of physical and biological processes concurrently lowers the oxygen concentration (biological processes) and restricts the water from mixing with surrounding waters (physical processes), creating a ¡°pool¡± of water where oxygen concentrations fall from the normal range of 4¨C6 mg/l to below 2 mg/l. Surface ocean waters generally have oxygen concentrations close to equilibrium with the Earth¡¯s atmosphere. In general, colder waters hold more oxygen than warmer waters. (Wikipedia: oxygen minimum zone) ´óÑóÖÐÈܽâÑõ£¨dissolved oxygen£©µÄ´¹Ö±·Ö²¼£¬ÔÚÖв㺬ÑõÁ¿×îС£¬³öÏÖÒ»Ñõ×îС²ã£¬ ¶øÔÚÖвãÒÔÉϺ¬ÑõÁ¿ÔòÉý¸ß¡£º£Ñó»·¾³ÖÐÑõµÄÏûºÄͬÓлúÎïµÄÑõ»¯×÷ÓÃÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£Ñõ»¯ ×÷ÓÃËùÏûºÄµÄÈܽâÑõÀ´Ô´ÓÚ´óÆøºÍ¹âºÏ¶þÑõ×îС²ãµÄ×÷Óá£Í¬Ê±£¬Í¸¹â²ãÒÔϵÄË®ÌåÖÐ ÑõµÄ¹©Ó¦ÍêÈ«ÒÀÀµ±í²ãË®ÌåµÄÒÆÁ÷ºÍÀ©É¢×÷Ó㬶ø±í²ãË®ÌåÔò¿¿ÎïÀí¡¢»¯Ñ§ºÍÉúÎï¹ý³Ì ±£³Öןߺ¬Á¿¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÈܽâÑõ£© ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 24. Shifts in primary productivity resulting from climate change will inevitably work their way up the food web1. At each higher trophic layer, the effects in changes in the species composition and abundance of their food in the lower layers of the food web will make it more (or, in some cases, less)2 difficult for animals to survive and to raise their progeny. How these changes in the food web will affect top predators such as marine reptiles, seabirds and marine mammals is largely unknown. Habitat changes will also affect top predators: for example, bird species living in mangroves or foraging in seagrass beds will be affected by changes in those habitats. 184 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 24. ÓÉÆøºò±ä»¯´øÀ´µÄ³õ¼¶Éú²úÁ¦µÄ ±ä»¯±Ø½«Öð¼¶ÉÏÉýÓ°Ï쵽ʳÎïÁ´¡£ÓªÑø²ã ÿ¸ßÒ»²ã£¬ÎïÖÖµÄ×é³ÉºÍʳÎïÁ´ÖнϵͲ㠼¶µÄʳÎï·á¸»ÐÔ·¢ÉúµÄ±ä»¯Ëù´øÀ´µÄÓ°Ïì ½«»áʹ¶¯Îï¸üÄÑ£¨»òÕߣ¬ÔÚһЩÇé¿öÏ£¬ ¸üÈÝÒ×£©Éú´æºÍ¸§Ñøºó´ú¡£Ê³ÎïÁ´ÖÐµÄ±ä »¯½«ÈçºÎÓ°Ïìµ½¶¥²ã²¶Ê³¶¯Î±ÈÈ纣Ñó ÅÀÐж¯Îï¡¢º£ÄñºÍº£Ñó²¸È鶯ÎïµÈ£¬ºÜ´ó ³Ì¶ÈÉÏ»¹²»µÃ¶øÖª¡£Éú¾³µÄ±ä»¯Í¬ÑùÒ²»á Ó°Ïìµ½¶¥²ã²¶Ê³¶¯ÎÀýÈ磬Éú»îÔÚºìÊ÷ ÁÖÖлòÔÚº£²Ý´²ÖÐÃÙʳµÄÄñÀཫ»áÊܵ½Õâ ЩÉú¾³±ä»¯µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ ¸ÄÒë 24. ÓÉÆøºò±ä»¯´øÀ´µÄ³õ¼¶Éú²úÄÜÁ¦ ±ä»¯±Ø¶¨ÔÚʳÎïÍøÖÐÖð¼¶´«µ¼¡£ÔÚÿ¸ö½Ï ¸ß¼¶±ðµÄÓªÑø²ã£¬ÆäϲãʳÎïÍøÎïÖÖ¹¹³É ºÍʳÎï·á¶ÈµÄ±ä»¯¶¼»áʹ¶¯Îï¸üÄÑ£¨ÓÐʱ ÊǸüÈÝÒ×£©Éú´æºÍ¸§Ñøºó´ú¡£Ê³ÎïÍøÖÐµÄ ÕâЩ±ä»¯½«ÈçºÎÓ°Ïì¶¥²ã²¶Ê³¶¯Î±ÈÈç º£ÑóÅÀÐж¯Îï¡¢º£ÄñºÍº£Ñó²¸È鶯ÎïµÈ£¬ ºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏ»¹²»µÃ¶øÖª¡£ÆÜÏ¢µØ±ä»¯Í¬Ñù Ò²»áÓ°Ïìµ½¶¥²ã²¶Ê³¶¯Îï¡£ÀýÈ磬Éú»îÔÚ ºìÊ÷ÁÖ»òÔÚº£²Ý´²ÃÙʳµÄÄñÀཫÊܵ½ÆÜÏ¢ µØ±ä»¯µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ 1 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿±¾¶ÎµÚÒ»¾äÓÉÓÚÒëÕßÀí½â²»³ä·ÖÔì³ÉÁËÎóÒ룬ŤÇúÁËÔ­Òâ¡£Àí½â µÄÄѵãÔÚÓÚ±¾¾äºó°ë²¿·Ö...will inevitably work their way up the food web£¬±í²ãº¬ÒåÊÇÕâÖÖ Ó°Ïì½«ÑØ×ÅʳÎïÍøÏòÉÏÅÀ£¬»»ÑÔÖ®¾ÍÊǸÃÓ°Ï콫ÔÚʳÎïÍøÖð¼¶´«µÝ¡£¶øÔ­Òë¡°¡­¡­±Ø½« Öð¼¶ÉÏÉýÓ°Ï쵽ʳÎïÁ´¡±Ôò½«ÖØÐÄ·ÅÔÚÁË¡°Ó°ÏìʳÎïÁ´ÉÏ¡±£¬Ô­ÎÄÒâÔÚÇ¿µ÷¸ÃÓ°ÏìÔÚʳÎï ÍøÖеĴ«µÝ¡£ 2 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Ò롿бÌ岿·Ö»úе¶ÔÒ룬µ¼ÖÂÒëÎÄÈß³¤£¬²»·ûºÏÖÐÎĵıí´ïϰ¹ß¡£Èô ÒëÕßÄÜÔÚÀí½âµÄÇé¿öÏ·­Ò룬»òÐí¾ÍÄܼõÉÙÕâÖÖ´íÎóµÄ·¢Éú¡£ ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿or ºÍin some cases ÔÚ¾äÖж¼´«´ïÁËתÕÛµÄÒâ棬ÇÒor ÂÔÈ¥²»ÒëºÁ²»ËðʧԭÎÄ µÄº¬Ò壬ÒëÕß¿ÉÁé»î´¦Àí¡£ ½âÎö Ô­ÎÄ 30. The balance between those two changes is unclear. A shift towards less primary production or changes in the size structure of the plankton communities would have serious implications for human food security and the support of marine biodiversity through disruption to food webs1. The timing of the spring blooms of phytoplankton is also expected to change. This would also affect marine food webs2, because many species synchronize spawning and larval development with phytoplankton blooms and the associated peaks in abundance of zooplankton (the microscopic animals which feed on phytoplankton and bacteria) (Chapter 6). 185 µÚ11µ¥Ôª µÚÒ»´ÎÈ«Çòº£Ñó×ÛºÏÆÀ¹À¼¼ÊõÕªÒª Ô­Òë 30. ÕâÁ½¸ö±ä»¯Ö®¼äµÄƽºâ²»ÉõÃ÷ ÀÊ¡£ÌìÆ½ÇãÏò³õ¼¶Éú²ú¼õÉÙÒ»²à»ò¸¡ÓÎ ÉúÎïȺÌå½á¹¹·¢Éú±ä»¯¶¼»áʹÈËÀàµÄÁ¸ ʳ°²È«ºÍ¶Ôº£ÑóÉúÎï¶àÑùÐÔµÄÖ§³ÖÊܵ½ ÑÏÖØÓ°Ïì¡£¸¡ÓÎÖ²ÎïµÄ´º¼¾´óÁ¿·±Ö³Ê± »ú¿ÉÄÜÒ²»á±ä»¯¡£ÕâͬÑù»áÓ°Ïìµ½º£Ñó ʳÎïÁ´£¬ÒòΪºÜ¶àÎïÖֵIJúÂѺÍÓ׳淢 Óý¶¼»áÓ븡ÓÎÖ²Îï´óÁ¿·±Ö³ºÍ¸¡Óζ¯Îï £¨¿¿¸¡ÓÎÖ²ÎïºÍϸ¾úÉú´æµÄ΢ÐͶ¯Î µÄÏàÓ¦·åֵͬ²½£¨µÚ6Õ£©¡£ ¸ÄÒë 30. ÕâÁ½¸ö±ä»¯Ö®¼äÏ໥×÷ÓÃµÄ½á ¹û»¹²»Çå³þ¡£Èç¹û³õ¼¶Éú²ú¼õÉÙ£¬»ò¸¡ ÓÎÉúÎïȺÌåÌåÐͽṹ·¢Éú±ä»¯£¬¾Í»áÒò ʳÎïÍøµÄÆÆ»µ¶øÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìÈËÀàµÄʳÎï°² È«¡¢Ï÷Èõº£ÑóÉúÎï¶àÑùÐԵĻù´¡¡£¸¡ÓÎ Ö²Îï´º¼¾Ë®»ªÊ±¼äÔ¤¼ÆÒ²½«·¢Éú±ä»¯¡£ ÕâͬÑù»áÓ°Ï캣ÑóʳÎïÍø£¬ÒòΪºÜ¶àÎï ÖֵIJúÂѺÍÓ׳淢Óý¶¼»áÓ븡ÓÎÖ²ÎïË® »ªºÍ¸¡Óζ¯Î¿¿¸¡ÓÎÖ²ÎïºÍϸ¾úÉú´æµÄ ΢ÐͶ¯ÎµÄÏàÓ¦·åֵͬ²½£¨µÚ6Õ£©¡£ 1 ¡¾ºê¹Û˼ά¡¿ ±¾¾ä»°Òª½áºÏǰÎÄÀí½â¡£Ç°ÎĽ²º£Ñó±äů¿ÉÄÜÒýÆð³õ¼¶Éú²úÔö¼Ó£¬Á½Öֱ仯 ÏàµÖµÄ½á¹ûÉв»Çå³þ¡£Õâ¾ä»°ÊÇ˵£¬Èç¹û×îÖÕ½á¹ûÊdzõ¼¶Éú²ú¼õÉÙ£¬½«»á²úÉúʲôºó¹û£¬ Ô­ÒëÓá°ÌìÆ½¡±×÷±ÈÓ÷£¬Òâ˼²»Ã÷È·¡£ 2 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ food webs ±»Òë³ÉÁË¡°Ê³ÎïÁ´¡±£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÏ뵱ȻµÄ½á¹û¡£¾­µ÷²é£¬¡° ʳÎïÁ´¡± Ó롰ʳÎïÍø¡±ÊÇÁ½ÖÖÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄ A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or trees which use radiation from the Sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria). A food chain also shows how the organisms are related with each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level. (Wikipedia: food chain) A food web (or food cycle) is a natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. (Wikipedia: food web). Óɴ˿ɼû£¬Á½ÕßÊDz¿·ÖÓëÕûÌåµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬²»ÄÜÏàÌá²¢ÂÛ¡£ ½âÎö 186 ѧϰҪµã ˼ά·½·¨ ¡ï ºê¹Û˼ά 1. ¸ù¾ÝÍⲿ×ÊÁϳÎÇ庬Òå 2. ½áºÏÉÏÎÄÀí½âin turn ¡ï ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼ά ÅúÅеؿ´´ýÔ­ÎÄ ¡ï Âß¼­Ë¼Î¬ ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ µ÷²éÑо¿·½·¨ 1. ¸ù¾ÝÍⲿ×ÊÁϳÎÇåÆçÒå 2. ²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå Àí½â ¡ï ²¹³ä֪ʶ 1. fl ux, pathways and stores of water 2. food security 3. human development 4. Anthropocene 5. weather events 6. triple ¡ï Àí½âÓïÑÔ 1. land conversionÓëland development 2. watershed¡¢drainage basinÓëcatchment 3. localÓëregional±æÎö 4. Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå ±í´ï ¡ï Òâ˼׼ȷ 1. ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë 2. ¸ù¾ÝÓ¢ÎĽâÊÍÈ·¶¨Òë·¨ 3. ¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨ 4. ±íÒâÇåÎú 5. ±ÜÃâÆçÒå 6. °´Ïà¶ÔÒâ˼ȷ¶¨Òë·¨ ¡ï ·ûºÏÐÎʽ 1. ³éÏóÃû´Ê¾ßÌ廯 2. ÓÃÈË×÷Ö÷Óï 3. ×¢Òâ´îÅä 4. ±£³ÖÔ­ÎÄÐÅÏ¢µÄ³öÏÖ´ÎÐò 5. ÉÙÓᰵġ±×Ö 6. ±ÜÃ⺺ÓïÎ÷»¯ ±äͨ 1. ÊʶÈÁé»î 2. ×ðÖØ»òµ÷Õû¼È¶¨Òë·¨ µÚ 12 µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ 187 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ Á·Ï°ºÍ½²½â Ô­ÎÄ 1. The twenty-first century, part of the Anthropocene1, will leave us with tremendous environmental changes2. Unprecedented population growth, a changing climate, rapid urbanization, expansion of infrastructure3, migration4, land conversion5 and pollution translate into changes in the fluxes, pathways and stores of water6¡ªfrom rapidly melting glaciers to the decline of groundwater7 due to overexploitation. Population density and per capita resource use have increased dramatically over the past century, and watersheds8, aquifers and the associated ecosystems have undergone significant modifications that affect the vitality, quality and availability9 of the resource. Current United Nations predictions estimate that the world population will reach 9 billion in 2050. The exponential growth in population and the more intensive use of water per capita are among the leading key drivers behind hydrologic change and its impact. It is a huge challenge on an already resource-limited planet to meet the various needs of the people, especially of those who already lack access to clean water10. The variability11, vulnerability and uncertainty of global water resources will be further exacerbated by increasingly erratic weather events12, including droughts, floods and storms13. Such disasters seriously impede efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Water scarcity due to drought, land degradation and desertification already affects 1.5 billion people in the world and is closely associated with poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition14. ±³¾°Ëµ Ã÷ ÁªºÏ¹ú½Ì¿ÆÎÄ×éÖ¯£¨UNESCO£©±»ÊÓΪÁªºÏ¹úµÄ¡°ÖÇÁ¦¡±»ú¹¹¡£½Ì¿ÆÎÄ×éÖ¯Á¦Í¼ÔÚ¸÷¹ú Ö®¼ä½¨Á¢ÍøÂ磬ͨ¹ýÍÆ½ø½ÌÓý¡¢¿çÎÄ»¯½»Á÷¡¢¿ÆÑкÏ×÷ºÍ±£»¤ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉ´Ù½øÊÀ½çÍŽᡣ±¾ ÎÄÓɽ̿ÆÎÄ×é֯ˮ¿ÆÑ§Ë¾ºÍË®·þÎñ˾µÄÈýλר¼Ò¹²Í¬×«Ð´£¬·¢±íÔÚ2013 Äê¡¶ÁªºÏ¹ú¼ÍÊ¡· £¨UN Chronicle£©ÉÏ£¬Ì½ÌÖ21 ÊÀ¼ÍÈ«ÇòË®ºÏ×÷µÄ·½Ïò¡£¡¶ÁªºÏ¹ú¼ÍÊ¡·ÊÇÓÉÁªºÏ¹ú³ö°æ£¬ ÔÚÈ«Çò·¶Î§ÄÚ·¢ÐÐµÄÆÚ¿¯£¬ÏòÈ«Çò±¨¸æÖØ´ó¹ú¼ÊÐÂÎż°ÁªºÏ¹úÕþ²ß£¨ÍøÖ·£ºunchronicle. un.org£©¡£ 188 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë 1. ×÷ΪÈËÀàÊÀµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬21ÊÀ¼Í½« ¸øÎÒÃÇÁôÏÂÖî¶à»·¾³¾ç±ä¡£Ç°ËùδÓеÄÈË ¿ÚÔö³¤¡¢Æøºò±ä»¯¡¢¿ìËٵijÇÊл¯¡¢»ù´¡ ÉèÊ©À©ÈÝ¡¢ÒÆáã¡¢¸Ä±äÍÁµØÓÃ;ºÍÎÛȾ¸Ä ±äË®µÄÁ÷Á¿¡¢Â·¾¶ºÍ´æ´¢£º´Ó¿ìËÙÏûÈÚµÄ ±ù´¨µ½¹ý¶È¿ª·¢µ¼ÖµĵØÏÂˮϽµ£¬¶¼Ëµ Ã÷ÁËÕâÒ»µã¡£¹ýÈ¥Ò»¸öÊÀ¼Í£¬ÈË¿ÚÃÜ¶ÈºÍ È˾ù×ÊԴʹÓÃÁ¿ÏÔÖøÉÏÉý£¬Á÷Óò¡¢º¬Ë®²ã ¼°ÓëÖ®ÅäÌ×µÄÉú̬ϵͳ·¢ÉúÁ˾޴óµÄ¸Ä ±ä£¬Ó°ÏìÁËË®×ÊÔ´µÄ»îÁ¦¡¢ÖÊÁ¿ºÍ¿ÉÓà ÐÔ¡£ÁªºÏ¹úµ±Ç°µÄÔ¤²â¹À¼Æ£¬ÊÀ½çÈ˿ڽ« ÔÚ2050Äê´ïµ½90ÒÚ¡£È˿ڳÊÖ¸Êý¼¶Ôö³¤ ºÍÈ˾ùÓÃË®Á¿¼¤ÔöÊÇÔì³ÉË®Îı仯¼°ÆäÓ° ÏìµÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£ÔÚÒ»¸ö×ÊÔ´ÒѾ­ÓÐÏÞ µÄÐÇÇòÉÏÒªÂú×ãÈ˵ĶàÖÖÐèÇóÊÇÒ»¸ö¾Þ´ó µÄÌôÕ½£¬ÓÈÆäÊǶÔÄÇЩÒѾ­È±ÉÙ»ñµÃÇå½à Ë®µÄ»ú»áµÄÈËÃǶøÑÔ¡£È«ÇòË®×ÊÔ´µÄ¶à±ä ÐÔ¡¢´àÈõÐԺͲ»È·¶¨ÐÔÓÉÓÚÌìºòÔ½À´Ô½·´ ¸´ÎÞ³£¶ø½øÒ»²½¶ñ»¯£¬°üÀ¨¸Éºµ¡¢ºéË®ºÍ ·ç±©¡£ÕâЩÔÖº¦ÑÏÖØ×谭ʵÏÖǧÄ귢չĿ ±êµÄŬÁ¦¡£Óɸɺµ¡¢ÍÁµØÍË»¯ºÍ»ÄÄ®»¯µ¼ ÖµÄȱˮÒѾ­Ó°ÏìÊÀ½çÉÏ15ÒÚÈ˿ڣ¬²¢ ÓëÆ¶À§¡¢Á¸Ê³²»°²È«ºÍÓªÑøÓÐÃÜÇÐÁªÏµ¡£ ¸ÄÒë 1. 21ÊÀ¼Í×÷ΪÈËÀàÊÀµÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬½« ¸øÎÒÃÇ´øÀ´¾Þ´óµÄ»·¾³±ä»¯¡£Ç°ËùδÓÐµÄ ÈË¿ÚÔö³¤¡¢Æøºò±ä»¯¡¢¿ìËÙ³ÇÊл¯¡¢»ù´¡ ÉèÊ©À©ÕÅ¡¢ÒÆÃñ¡¢ÍÁµØÓÃ;ת»»ºÍÎÛȾ µÈ£¬¸Ä±äÁ˺ÓË®Á÷Á¿¡¢Ë®Á÷·¾¶ºÍË®µÄ´¢ Á¿¡£´Ó¿ìËÙÏûÈڵıù´¨µ½¹ý¶È¿ª·¢µ¼Ö嵀 µØÏÂˮλϽµ£¬¶¼ËµÃ÷ÁËÕâÒ»µã¡£¹ýÈ¥Ò» ¸öÊÀ¼Í£¬ÈË¿ÚÃܶȺÍÈ˾ù×ÊԴʹÓÃÁ¿ÏÔÖø ÉÏÉý£¬Ë®Ô´µØ¡¢º¬Ë®²ã¼°Ïà¹ØÉú̬ϵͳ·¢ ÉúÁËÉî¿Ì¸Ä±ä£¬Ó°ÏìÁËË®×ÊÔ´µÄ»îÁ¦¡¢ÖÊ Á¿ºÍ¹©Ó¦¡£¸ù¾ÝÁªºÏ¹úĿǰµÄÔ¤²â£¬ÊÀ½ç È˿ڽ«ÔÚ2050Äê´ïµ½90ÒÚ¡£È˿ڵÄÖ¸Êý ¼¶Ôö³¤ºÍÈ˾ùÓÃË®Á¿¼¤ÔöÊÇÔì³ÉË®Îı仯 ¼°ÆäÓ°ÏìµÄÖ÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£ÔÚÒ»¸ö×ÊÔ´ÒÑ ¾­×½½ó¼ûÖâµÄÐÇÇòÉÏ£¬Âú×ãÈ˵ĶàÖÖÐèÇó ÊÇÒ»¸ö¾Þ´óÌôÕ½£¬¶ÔÄÇЩÒѾ­ÎÞ·¨»ñµÃÇå ½àË®µÄÈËÃǶøÑÔÓÈÆäÈç´Ë¡£ÓÉÓڸɺµ¡¢ºé Ë®ºÍ·ç±©µÈÌìÆøÊ¼þÓú¼Ó·´¸´ÎÞ³££¬È«Çò Ë®×ÊÔ´µÄ·Ö²¼²îÒì ¡¢´àÈõÐԺͲ»È·¶¨ÐÔ ½øÒ»²½¼Ó´ó¡£ÕâЩÔÖº¦ÑÏÖØ×谭ʵÏÖǧÄê ·¢Õ¹Ä¿±êµÄŬÁ¦¡£Óɸɺµ¡¢ÍÁµØÍË»¯ºÍ»Ä Ä®»¯µ¼ÖµÄȱˮÒѾ­Ó°ÏìÊÀ½çÉÏ15ÒÚÈË ¿Ú£¬È±Ë®ÎÊÌâÒ²ÓëÆ¶À§¡¢È±·¦Á¸Ê³°²È«ºÍ ÓªÑø²»Á¼ÃÜÇйØÁª¡£ 1 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿Anthropocene ÒâΪ¡°ÈËÀàÊÀ¡±£¬Óֳơ°ÈËÐÂÊÀ¡±£¬ÊÇÖ¸µØÇò×î½üµÄµØÖÊÄê´ú¡£ ÓÐÈËÈÏΪÈËÀà»î¶¯¶ÔµØÇòµÄÓ°Ïì×ãÒÔ³ÉΪһ¸öеĵØÖÊʱ´ú£¬¹ÊÃû¡£anthro- µÄÒâ˼ÊÇ ¡°ÈË¡±£¬-cene µÄÒâ˼ÊÇnew »òrecent¡£Ô­ÒëÕßÏÔÈ»×öÁ˵÷²éÑо¿¡£ 2 ¡¾±ÜÃ⺺ÓïÎ÷»¯¡¿¡°×÷Ϊ¡±µÄÂß¼­Ö÷ÓïÊÇ¡°21 ÊÀ¼Í¡±£¬µ«¡°21 ÊÀ¼Í¡±È´³öÏÖÔÚÏÂÒ»¾ä£¬²» ·ûºÏ´«Í³Óï·¨ÒªÇó£¬ËùÒÔǰÖᣲ»¹ý£¬ÊÜÎ÷·½ÓïÑÔÓ°Ï죬ÕâÀà¾ä×ÓÒѾ­Ë¾¿Õ¼û¹ß£¬ËùÒÔ£¬ ²»¸ÄÒ²²»Ëã´í¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿expansion of infrastructure Ô­ÒëΪ¡°»ù´¡ÉèÊ©À©ÈÝ¡±¡£¡°À©ÈÝ¡±Òâζ×Å ÔÚÔ­ÓеĻù´¡ÉÏÀ©´ó¡£ µ«³ÇÊл¯´øÀ´µÄ²»½öÊÇ¡°À©ÈÝ¡±£¬ »¹°üÀ¨Ð½¨»ù´¡ÉèÊ©£¬ ËùÒÔ¸ÄΪ ½âÎö 189 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ ¡°À©ÕÅ¡±£¬Òâ˼·¶Î§¸ü¹ã¡£ 4 ¡¾×ðÖØ»òµ÷Õû¼È¶¨Òë·¨¡¿migration ÒëΪ¡°ÒÆá㡱ÊÇÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ¹ýÈ¥µÄÒë·¨£¬ÁªºÏ¹úÖÐÎÄ´¦ ÒѾ­°´ÕÕ¹úÄÚÓïÑÔϰ¹ßÐÞ¸ÄΪ¡°ÒÆÃñ¡±¡£Èç¹û¹ú¼Ê¹«Ô¼ÖÐÎı¾µ±Ê±ÒëΪ¡°ÒÆá㡱£¬Ö±½ÓÒý ÓÃʱ¿ÉÒÔ¼ÌÐøÊ¹Ó㬾¡¹ÜÕâÑù×ö¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉÈ«ÎÄÓôʲ»Í³Ò»¡£ 5 ¡¾land conversion Óëland development¡¿¸ù¾ÝWikipedia£¬land conversion Óëland development £¨ÍÁµØ¿ª·¢£©µÄÇø±ðÊÇ£º Land development puts more emphasis on the expected economic development as a result of the process; land conversion tries to focus on the general physical and biological aspects of the land use change. Öð×Ö·­ÒëΪ¡°ÍÁµØ×ª»»¡±£¬ÔÚººÓïÖÐÒâ˼²»Ã÷È·¡£¼ÈÈ»ÊÇÍÁµØÓÃ;µÄ±ä»¯£¬²»·ÁÒëΪ¡°ÍÁ µØÓÃ;ת»»¡±¡£Ô­Òë¡°¸Ä±äÍÁµØÓÃ;¡±Òâ˼ÕýÈ·¡£¸ÄÒë°Ñ¡°¸Ä±ä¡±¸ÄΪ¡°×ª»»¡±£¬ÊÇÏ£Íû ¾¡Á¿Ìù½üÔ­ÎÄÓôʡ£ 6 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿fl uxes, pathways and stores of water£¬Ô­Òë¡°Á÷Á¿¡¢Â·¾¶ºÍ´æ´¢¡±£¬²»ÖªµÀÊÇ·ñ Ϊרҵ˵·¨£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ¡°¸Ä±äË®µÄ´æ´¢¡±ÊÇʲôÒâ˼£¿ÊÇÖ¸´æ´¢·½Ê½Â𣿠ÉÏÍø²é£¬fl ux or water fl ux is typically expressed as volume per area per unit of time£¨µ¥Î»Ê±¼ä ͨ¹ýµ¥Î»Ãæ»ýµÄË®Á÷Á¿£©£¨wetpurewater.com£©¡£¸ù¾Ý°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£¬Õâ¸öÒâ˼ÔÚººÓïÖеÄ˵·¨ ȷʵÊÇ¡°Á÷Á¿¡±£¨¡°Á÷Á¿£¬µ¥Î»Ê±¼äÄÚͨ¹ýijһ¹ýË®¶ÏÃæµÄË®ÌåÌå»ý£¬Æä³£Óõ¥Î»ÎªÃ¿Ãë Á¢·½Ã×£¬¶àÓÃÓÚºÓÁ÷¡¢ºþ²´µÄ¶ÏÃæµÄ½ø³öË®Á¿²âÁ¿¡±£©¡£Í¬Ê±¿ÉÖª£¬°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ°Ñ¡°ºÓË®Á÷ Á¿¡±·­ÒëΪriver discharge ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ¡£ ¾­¼ìÑ飬pathway ÖÐÎÄÀï¿ÉÒÔ˵¡°Ë®Á÷·¾¶¡±£¬µ«¡°Ë®µÀ¡±¸ü¼ÓͨË×Ò×¶®¡£ stores ³õ²½¸ÄÒëΪ¡°´æ´¢·½Ê½¡±¡£ÕâÑùÒâ˼ȷʵ¸üÇå³þ£¬µ«»¹ÊÇÓÐÒÉÎÊ£ºÍÁµØ¿ª·¢Ôì³ÉºÓÁ÷ ·¾¶¸Ä±ä¿ÉÒÔÏëÏ󣬱ÈÈç½ØÍäȡֱ£»ÈË¿ÚÔö¼Óµ¼ÖºÓË®Á÷Á¿¸Ä±äÒ²¿ÉÒÔÏëÏ󣬱ÈÈ磬ÉÏ ÓÎÓÃË®Ôö¼Ó£¬ÏÂÁ÷Ë®Á¿¼õÉÙ¡£ÎÊÌâÊÇÄÄÒ»ÖÖÒòËØ»áµ¼Ö´¢Ë®·½Ê½¸Ä±äÄØ£¿Ç°ÃæÁоٵļ¸ ÖÖÒòËØËÆºõÓ봢ˮ·½Ê½Î޹ء£»¹ÓУ¬Èç¹ûÊÇ´¢Ë®·½Ê½¸Ä±ä£¬ÊÇÈçºÎ¸Ä±ä£¿ÊÇÖ¸ÈËÀཨÔì Á˸ü¶àË®¿âÂð£¿ÕâЩÎÊÌâ¶ÔÓÚרҵÈËÊ¿À´Ëµ£¬¿ÉÄÜÊDz»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷µÄ£¬µ«¶ÔÓÚûÓÐרҵ±³¾° µÄÒëÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬¾ÍÐèÒª¸ü¶àµ÷²é¡£ÕýÔÚɽÇîË®¾¡Ö®Ê±£¬ÒëÕßÏëµ½ÔÙ²é²éstore µÄÒâ˼¡£ÒòΪ Èç¹û´Ë´¦±íʾµÄÊdzéÏóµÄÒâÒå¡°´æ´¢¡±£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´²»ÓÃstorage£¿½á¹ûÏÔʾ£¬store »¹ÕæÓÐÁíÒ» ¸öÒâ˼£ºa large supply or stock kept for future use (merriam-webster.com)¡£ËùÒÔ£¬´Ë´¦Ó¦µ± ÒëΪ¡°Ë®µÄ´¢Á¿¡±¡£ÈËÀà»î¶¯µ¼Ö¿ÉÓõÄË®´¢Á¿¼õÉÙ£¬ºÏÇéºÏÀí¡£ÏÂÒ»¾äµÄ±ù´¨ÏûÈÚºÍµØ ÏÂˮλϽµ¾ÍÊÇ´¢Á¿¼õÉÙµÄÀý×Ó¡£ 190 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ 7 ¡¾ÅúÅеؿ´´ýÔ­ÎÄ¡¿the decline of groundwater ÒëΪ¡°µØÏÂˮϽµ¡±£¬Òâ˼²»Ç壻ӢÎÄÓ¦¸Ã ÊÇdecline of groundwater levels£¬¼´¡°Ë®Î»Ï½µ¡±¡£ÒëÎÄ¿ÉÒÔ¸ÄÉÆÔ­Îĵıí´ï·½Ê½¡£ 8 ¡¾watershed¡¢drainage basin Óëcatchment¡¿watershed ´ÊµäÉϳ£¼ûµÄÒëÎÄÊÇ¡°Á÷Óò¡±¡°·ÖË® Á롱¡°¼¯Ë®Çø¡±¡£Çë¿´ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£¨×¢Ò⣺×ÊÁÏÖеÄÖÐÎÄÊDZÊÕßÌí¼Ó£©£º A watershed is an area of land that drains all the streams and rainfall to a common outlet such as the outfl ow of a reservoir, mouth of a bay, or any point along a stream channel. The word watershed is sometimes used interchangeably with drainage basin ( Á÷Óò) or catchment ( ¼¯ Ë®Çø). Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are called the drainage divide ( ·ÖË®Áë). The watershed consists of surface water¡ªlakes, streams, reservoirs, and wetlands¡ªand all the underlying ground water ( µØÏÂË®). Larger watersheds contain many smaller watersheds. It all depends on the outfl ow point; all of the land that drains water to the outfl ow point is the watershed for that outfl ow location. Watersheds are important because the streamfl ow and the water quality of a river are affected by things, human-induced or not, happening in the land area ¡°above¡± the river-outfl ow point. (water.usgs.gov) Drainage basin ( Á÷Óò), also called catchment area ( ¼¯Ë®Çø), or (in North America) watershed ( ¼¯Ë®Çø), is an area from which all precipitation fl ows to a single stream or set of streams. For example, the total area drained by the Mississippi River constitutes its drainage basin, whereas that part of the Mississippi River drained by the Ohio River is the Ohio¡¯s drainage basin. The boundary between drainage basins is a drainage divide ( ·ÖË®Áë): all the precipitation on opposite sides of a drainage divide will fl ow into different drainage basins. (britannica.com) watershed: drainage divide, the line that separates neighbouring drainage basins; drainage basin, in North American usage, an area of land where surface water converges. (Wikipedia: watershed) ¸ù¾Ý×ÊÁÏ£¬¡°Á÷Óò¡±Ö¸ÓÉ·ÖË®Ïߣ¨drainage divide£©Ëù°üΧµÄºÓÁ÷¼¯Ë®Çø£¨catchment area£©£¬ ·ÖµØÃæ¼¯Ë®ÇøºÍµØÏ¼¯Ë®ÇøÁ½Àà¡££¨°Ù¶È°Ù¿Æ£ºÁ÷Óò£©Èç¹ûµØÃæ¼¯Ë®ÇøºÍµØÏ¼¯Ë®ÇøÏàÖØ ºÏ£¬³ÆÎª±ÕºÏÁ÷Óò£»Èç¹û²»Öغϣ¬Ôò³ÆÎª·Ç±ÕºÏÁ÷Óò¡£Æ½Ê±Ëù³ÆµÄÁ÷Óò£¬Ò»°ã¶¼Ö¸µØÃæ ¼¯Ë®Çø¡££¨pwsannong.com£© watershed ÊÇΪһÌõºÓÁ÷ÌṩˮԴµÄ½µË®Çø£¬ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔÒëΪ¡°»ãË®Çø¡±¡°¼¯Ë®Çø¡±¡°Á÷ Óò¡±¡£watershed Ò²ÓС°·ÖË®Á롱µÄÒâ˼£¬ÊÇÒòΪɽ¼¹Á½²àµÄË®»áÁ÷È벻ͬºÓÁ÷¡£µ«´Ë´¦Ëµ watershed ÔâÊÜÖØ´ó¸Ä±äÊÇʲôÒâË¼ÄØ£¿±ÊÕßûÓв鵽ֱ½Ó½âÊÍ£¬ÍƲâÊÇÖ¸½­ºÓÔ´Í·µØÇø £¨Ë®Ô´º­ÑøµØ£©ÂÒ¿³ÀÄ·¥£¬µ¼ÖÂÖ²±»¼õÉÙ¡£ÔÚȱ·¦Ö²±»ÕÚµ²µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÓêË®Á÷µ½É½ÏÂûÓÐ »º³åʱ¼ä£¬Ò»ÏÂÓê¾ÍÐγÉɽºé£¬²»ÏÂÓêÔò½­ºÓ¶ÏÁ÷¡£¸ÄÒëÆð³õ¸ÄΪ¡°¼¯Ë®Çø¡±£¬±È¡°Á÷ 191 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ Óò¡±Òâ˼¾ßÌåһЩ£¬µ«»¹²»¹»Ã÷È·£¬×îºó¸ÄΪ¡°Ë®Ô´µØ¡±¡£ 9 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿availability Ô­ÒëΪ¡°¿ÉÓÃÐÔ¡±£¬µ«¾¿¾¹ºÎΪ¿ÉÓÃÐÔ£¿ÊÇ´ÓË®ÎÛȾ½Ç ¶È¶øÑÔ£¬»¹ÊÇ´Ó×ÜË®Á¿¶øÑÔ£¿ Available means suitable or ready for use; of use or service; at hand; readily obtainable or accessible. (dictionary.com) ÔÚÈ·¶¨ÁË´ÊÒåµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬°´ÕÕÉÏÏ ÎÄÁé»î´¦Àí£¬ÔÚ±¾¶Î£¬¿ÉÀí½âΪˮµÄ¿É»ñµÃÐÔ£¬¼´Ë®×ÊÔ´µÄ¹©¸ø¡£ÓÐʱҲ·­ÒëΪ¡°¿ÉµÃ ÐÔ¡±¡£ 10 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ especially of/that ÊÇÓ¢ÎÄÖг£¼ûµÄ¾äÐÍ£¬ÓÃÓÚ¶ÔǰÎĵIJ¹³ä˵Ã÷¡£Ô­Òë²ÉÓÃÖ± Òë£¬ËÆºõûÓаѻ°ËµÍ꣬¸ÄÒëÔö¼ÓÁË¡°ÓÈÆäÈç´Ë¡±£¬Ê¹Òâ˼ÍêÕû¡£µ«²¢·ÇËùÓÐespecially ¾äʽ¶¼ÐèÒªÈç´Ë´¦Àí¡£ºÜ¶àÇé¿öÏÂΪÁ˱ãÓÚ·­Ò룬Ҳ²ÉÓÃÔ­ÒëµÄ×ö·¨£¬ÉÔ΢ÎþÉüÒ»µãºº ÓïµÄͨ˳¡£ 11 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿variability ÒëΪ¡°¶à±äÐÔ¡±Òâ˼²»¹»ÇåÎú¡£¾­²é£¬ÕÒµ½ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º Variability of water and other resources in time and space is the major natural impediment for sustainable agriculture, food production... ( ideas.repec.org) ´Ë´¦variability ÊÇָˮ×ÊÔ´µÄʱ¿Õ·Ö²¼²»¾ù¡£¸Ã´ÊÓÃÓÚÆøºòµÄʱºò£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÆøºòµÄ¶à±äÐÔ¡£ 12 ¡¾²¹³ä֪ʶ¡¿½«weather events ÒëΪ¡°Ììºò¡±²»Íס£¡°Ììºò¡±Ö¸ÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄʱ¼äÄÚ£¬Ä³Ò»µØ·½ µÄ´óÆøÎïÀí״̬£¬ÈçÆøÎ¡¢ÆøÑ¹¡¢Î¶ȡ¢·ç¡¢½µÓêµÈ£¬¼´Æ½Ê±Ëù˵µÄ¡°ÌìÆø¡±£¨¡¶Ð»ª×Ö µä¡·£©£¬¾ÍÊÇÓ¢ÎĵÄweather£¬²Î¿´ÈçÏÂ×ÊÁÏ£º The set of atmospheric conditions prevailing at a particular time and place (whereas climate describes average conditions over a much longer term). It is the combination, experienced locally, of heat or cold, wind or calm, clear skies or cloudiness, high or low pressure, and the electrical state of the atmosphere. (Oxford World Encyclopedia, 1998) weather events ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÒëΪ¡°ÌìÆøÊ¼þ¡±¡£ 13 ¡¾±íÒâÇåÎú¡¿Ô­Òë¡°ÓÉÓÚÌìºòÔ½À´Ô½·´¸´ÎÞ³£¶ø½øÒ»²½¶ñ»¯£¬°üÀ¨¸Éºµ¡¢ºéË®ºÍ·ç±©¡±£¬ ÆäÖС°°üÀ¨¡±¾àÀë¡°Ììºò¡±Ì«Ô¶£¬¸ÄÒë»»ÁËÒ»ÖÖ·½Ê½À´±í´ï¡£ 14 ¡¾²éÓ¢ÎÄÊÍÒå¡¿ malnutrition ÒëΪ¡°ÓªÑø¡±ÏÔÈ»ÊÇʧÎó¡£Malnutrition refers to faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization (merriam-webster.com)£¬¼´ÓªÑø²»Á¼¡£ 192 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­ÎÄ 2. Under these circumstances, water resources management in river basins1 must be significantly more efficient in order to ensure continued adequate water availability and environmental sustainability2 for present and future needs. This is certainly the most complex challenge for water professionals and managers of this century. It is true that a great deal of effort has gone into the development of a set of indicators and policies to meet the water resource requirements of human beings and societies, but more work is still required on steps to be taken towards better water management3. Furthermore, water problems extend across all dimensions from local to global, with the adequacy of governance4 being one of the major imponderables. Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë 2. ÔÚÕâЩÇé¿öÏ£¬ºÓÁ÷Á÷ÓòµÄË®×Ê Ô´¹ÜÀí±ØÐëÏÔÖøÌá¸ßЧÂÊ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£Äܹ»¼Ì Ðø»ñµÃ³ä×ãµÄË®×ÊÔ´ºÍ»·¾³µÄ¿É³ÖÐøÐÔ£¬ Âú×㵱ǰºÍ½ñºóµÄÐèÒª¡£Õ⵱ȻÊÇ21ÊÀ ¼ÍË®×ÊԴרҵÈËÔ±ºÍ¹ÜÀíÕß×ÔÓµÄÌô Õ½¡£ÎªÁËÂú×ãÈËÀàºÍÉç»á¶ÔË®×ÊÔ´µÄÐè Çó£¬ÈËÃÇȷʵ²ÉÈ¡ÁËÖî¶àŬÁ¦£¬¿ª·¢Ò»Ì× Ö¸±êºÍÕþ²ß£»µ«ÈÔÐë¸ü¼ÓŬÁ¦²ÉÈ¡²½Ö裬 Ïò¸üºÃµÄË®×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÂõ½ø¡£´ËÍ⣬ˮÎÊÌâ ¿çÔ½Á˴ӵط½µ½È«ÇòµÄ¸÷¸ö·½Ã棬ÖÎÀíµÄ ³ä·Ö³Ì¶È³ÉΪÄÑÒÔÔ¤²âµÄÖ÷ÒªÒòËØÖ®Ò»¡£ 2. ÔÚÕâЩÇé¿öÏ£¬½­ºÓÁ÷ÓòµÄË®×Ê Ô´¹ÜÀí±ØÐëÏÔÖøÌá¸ßЧÂÊ£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤ÈËÀà¼Ì Ðø»ñµÃ³ä×ãµÄË®×ÊÔ´ £¬È·±£»·¾³µÄ¿É³Ö ÐøÐÔ£¬Âú×㵱ǰºÍ½ñºóµÄÐèÒª¡£Õ⵱ȻÊÇ 21ÊÀ¼ÍË®×ÊԴרҵÈËÔ±ºÍ¹ÜÀíÕß×ÔÓ µÄÌôÕ½¡£³ÏÈ»£¬ÈËÃÇÒѾ­²ÉÈ¡ÁËÖî¶àŬÁ¦ À´ÄⶨһÌ×Ë®×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíµÄÖ¸±êºÍÕþ²ß£¬ÒÔ Âú×ãÈËÀàºÍÉç»á¶ÔË®×ÊÔ´µÄÐèÇó£»µ«ÈÔÐë ŬÁ¦²ÉÈ¡¸ü¶à´ëÊ©£¬Ïò¸üºÃµÄË®×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí Âõ½ø¡£´ËÍ⣬ˮ×ÊÔ´ÎÊÌâ¿çÔ½Á˴ӵط½µ½ È«ÇòµÄ¸÷¸ö·½Ã棬ˮ×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀíÊÇ·ñµÃµ±£¬ ³ÉΪһ¸öÖ÷ÒªµÄ²»¿ÉÔ¤²âÒòËØ¡£ 1 ¡¾ÊʶÈÁé»î¡¿ÉÏÎÄÓÃÁËwatershed£¬ ´Ë´¦ÓÃriver basin£¬ Òâ˼Ïàͬ¡£A river basin (used interchangeably with drainage basin) is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. (Wikipedia: river basin) Ô­Òë¡°ºÓÁ÷Á÷Óò¡±Òâ˼ûÓÐ´í£¬ µ«ÒòΪÓÐÁ½¸ö¡°Á÷¡±×Ö£¬ ²»¹»ÓÅÑÅ¡£river ¼È¿ÉÒÔÖ¸ ¡°ºÓ¡±£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÖ¸¡°½­¡±£¬²»Èç¸ÄΪ¡°½­ºÓÁ÷Óò¡±¡£ 2 ¡¾ÓïÑÔ¼ò½à¡¿Ô­Òë¿ÉÄܱ»Îó¶ÁΪ¡°»ñµÃ¡­¡­¿É³ÖÐøÐÔ¡±£¬Òò´Ë°Ñ¾ä×Ó¶Ï¿ª£¬ensure ·­ÒëÁ½´Î £¨¡°±£Ö¤¡±ºÍ¡°È·±£¡±£¬±ÜÃâÖØ¸´£©¡£ ½âÎö 193 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ Ô­Òë Ô­ÎÄ 6. Against this background, water resource challenges to attain water security1 are taking on a global dimension among governments, due to an increase in water scarcity and its2 associated effects on people, energy, food and ecosystems. When3 inadequate in quantity and quality, water can have a negative impact on poverty alleviation and economic recovery, resulting in poor health and low productivity, food insecurity4, and constrained economic development. Even though the total amount of global water is sufficient to cover average global and annual water needs, regional and temporal variations in the availability of water are causing serious challenges for many people living in severely water-stressed areas5. Alongside the natural factors affecting water resources, human activities have become the primary drivers of the pressures on our planet¡¯s water resource systems. Human development6 and economic growth tripled7 the world¡¯s population in the twentieth century, thereby increasing pressures on local and regional8 water supplies and undermining the adequacy of water and sanitation developments9. These pressures are, in turn, affected by a range of factors such as technological growth, institutional10 and financial conditions and global change. 6. 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In the next 50 years, the world¡¯s population is expected to increase by approximately 30 percent, with most of the population expansion concentrated in urban areas. More than 60 percent of the world¡¯s population growth between 2008 and 2100 will be in sub-Saharan Africa, comprising 32 percent and South Asia by 30 percent1. Together, these regions are expected to account for half of the world¡¯s population in 2100. These factors call for2 more innovative ways of managing water resources, especially where the consideration of socio-economic systems have key importance for the development of adaptive and sustainable water management strategies to reduce human and ecological vulnerability3. Furthermore, worldwide there are 276 international river basins¡ª23 percent in Africa, 22 percent in Asia, 25 percent in Europe, 17 percent in North America and 13 percent in South America. Overall, 148 countries have territories that include at least one shared basin4. 7. ½ñºó50Ä꣬ÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔ¤¼Æ½«Ôö³¤ Ô¼30%£¬ÆäÖд󲿷ÖÈË¿ÚÔö³¤¼¯ÖÐÔÚ³Ç ÊеØÇø¡£2008ÖÁ2100Äê¼ä£¬³¬¹ý60% µÄÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔö³¤½«·¢ÉúÔÚÈö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·ÇÖÞ ºÍÄÏÑÇ£¬Á½Õß·Ö±ðÕ¼32%ºÍ30%¡£2100 Ä꣬ÕâÁ½¸öµØÇøµÄÈË¿Ú×ܺÍÔ¤¼Æ½«Õ¼µ½ÊÀ ½çÈ˿ڵÄÒ»°ë¡£ÕâЩÒòËØÒªÇó²ÉÈ¡¸ü¼Ó´´ еķ½Ê½¹ÜÀíË®×ÊÔ´£»ÔÚÉç»á¾­¼ÃÌåϵµÄ ¿¼Á¿¶ÔÌá³öÊÊÓ¦ÐԺͿɳÖÐøµÄË®¹ÜÀíÕ½ ÂÔÒÔ½µµÍÈËÀàºÍÉú̬´àÈõÐÔÖÁ¹ØÖØÒªµÄ ÁìÓò£¬¸üÊÇÈç´Ë¡£´ËÍ⣬ȫÊÀ½çÓÐ276¸ö ¹ú¼Ê½­ºÓÁ÷Óò£¬23%ÔÚ·ÇÖÞ£¬22%ÔÚÑÇ ÖÞ£¬25%ÔÚÅ·ÖÞ£¬17%ÔÚ±±ÃÀÖÞ£¬13% ÔÚÄÏÃÀÖÞ¡£×ÜÌåÀ´¿´£¬148¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÁìÍÁ Óë±ð¹úÖÁÉÙ¹²ÏíÒ»¸öÁ÷Óò¡£ ¸ÄÒë 7. δÀ´50Ä꣬ÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔ¤¼ÆÔö³¤ Ô¼30%£¬´ó²¿·ÖÔö³¤½«¼¯ÖÐÔÚ³ÇÊÐµØ Çø¡£2008ÖÁ2100Äê¼ä£¬ÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔö³¤ µÄ60%ÒÔÉϽ«·¢ÉúÔÚÈö¹þÀ­ÒÔÄÏ·ÇÖÞ ºÍÄÏÑÇ£¬·Ö±ðÕ¼ÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔö³¤µÄ32%ºÍ 30%¡£2100Ä꣬ÕâÁ½¸öµØÇøµÄÈË¿Ú×Ü ºÍÔ¤¼Æ½«Õ¼µ½ÊÀ½çÈ˿ڵÄÒ»°ë¡£Õë¶ÔÕâ ЩÒòËØ£¬ÐèÒª²ÉÈ¡¸ü¾ßÓд´ÐÂÐԵķ½Ê½ ¹ÜÀíË®×ÊÔ´£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÒª¿¼ÂÇÉç»á¾­¼ÃÎÊ Ì⣬Õâ¶ÔÖÆ¶¨ÓÐÊÊÓ¦ÐԺͿɳÖÐøµÄË®¹Ü ÀíÕ½ÂÔ£¬½µµÍÈ˺ÍÉú̬µÄ´àÈõÐÔÖÁ¹ØÖØ Òª¡£´ËÍ⣬ȫÊÀ½çÓÐ276¸ö¹ú¼Ê½­ºÓÅè µØ£¬ÆäÖÐ23%ÔÚ·ÇÖÞ£¬22%ÔÚÑÇÖÞ£¬ 25%ÔÚÅ·ÖÞ£¬17%ÔÚ±±ÃÀÖÞ£¬13%ÔÚÄÏ ÃÀÖÞ¡£¼ÓÆðÀ´£¬¹²ÓÐ148¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÁìÍÁÖÁ ÉÙÓÐÒ»¸ö¹²ÏíÅèµØ¡£ ¡°¼¼Êõ½ø²½¡±µÄÒâ˼¡£ ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿institutional Óжà¸öÒâ˼£¬¸ù¾ÝÇé¿ö·­ÒëΪ¡°Öƶȡ±¡°»ú¹¹¡±£¬ÓÐʱºÜ ÄÑÇø·Ö¡£´Ë´¦µÄinstitutional conditions ·­ÒëΪ¡°»ú¹¹Ìõ¼þ¡±»ò¡°ÖƶÈÌõ¼þ¡±Ëƺõ¶¼²»Ò×Àí ½â¡£¸ÄΪ¡°Ìå֯״¿ö¡±ÒâË¼ËÆºõÃ÷ȷһЩ¡£ 197 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ 1 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÍⲿ×ÊÁϳÎÇåÆçÒå¡¿Ô­ÎıíÒâ²»Ã÷£¬Ô­ÒëÒ²ÓÐÆçÒ壺·Ö±ðÕ¼ÊÀ½çÈË¿ÚÔö³¤µÄ±ÈÀý »¹ÊÇ·Ö±ðÕ¼60% µÄ±ÈÀý£¿¼øÓÚ32% ¼Ó30% ½Ó½ü60%£¬¿ÉÄÜÊǺóÕߣ¬µ«²»¸ÒÈ·ÐÅ¡£¾­²é Ö¤£¬International Hydrological Programme (LHP) µÄ±¨¸æÀïÔ­¾äÊÇ£º¡°More than 60% of the world¡¯s population growth between 2008 and 2100 will be in sub-Saharan Africa (32%) and South Asia (30%).¡±¡£¸ù¾Ý¸Ã×ÊÁÏ£¬¸ÄÒëÓèÒÔÃ÷È·¡£ 2 ¡¾ÓÃÈË×÷Ö÷Óï¡¿½«these factors call for ÒëΪ¡°ÕâЩÒòËØÒªÇó²ÉÈ¡¡±£¬²»Ì«·ûºÏººÓï±í´ï¡£ Ò»°ãººÓïÖз¢³öÒªÇó¶¯×÷µÄÊÇÈË£¬ ºÜÉÙÓÃÎï×÷ΪÖ÷Óï¡£¸ÄÒëÖС°ÐèÒª¡±Òþº¬µÄÖ÷ÓïÊÇ ¡°ÎÒÃÇ¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÍⲿ×ÊÁϳÎÇ庬Òå¡¿Ô­ÎıíÒâ²»Ã÷£¬Ôì³ÉÒëÎIJ»Í¨Ë³¡£¸ù¾ÝÔ­ÎÄβע£¬Õâ¾ä»°³ö ×ÔInternational Hydrological Programme VIII, 2014¡ª 2021 (2012), Water Security: Responses to Local, Regional and Global Challenges£¬µ«È´ÎÞ·¨ÔÚÆäÖÐÕÒµ½Õâ´¦ÒýÓá£ËÑË÷socioeconomic systems ºÍwater management£¬¿´µ½×ÊÁÏ£º Water Resources Management and Socio-Economic Issues The consideration of socio-economic issues in water resources management is one of the most important prerequisites for sustainable water use and to provide answers to water policy questions (McKinney et al., 1999). Social harmony and economic effi ciency are the fundamental socio-economic targets at local, national and international levels. ˵²»¶¨Õâ¾ÍÊDZ¨¸æÖÐÄǾ仰µÄ×îԭʼ³ö´¦£¬µ«±¨¸æÖÐûÓбêÃ÷¡£×ÊÁÏÖеÄÒâ˼ÊÇÇå³þµÄ£¬ ¼´Ë®µÄ¹ÜÀíÒª¿¼ÂÇÉç»á¾­¼ÃÎÊÌ⡣ʲôÊÇÉç»á¾­¼ÃÎÊÌ⣿Éç»áºÍгºÍ¾­¼ÃЧÂÊ¡£±ÊÕß¾Ý ´ËÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒëÎÄ£¬ÎªÁ˼òÃ÷Ò×¶®£¬»¹¶Ô¾ä×ӽṹ×÷Á˵÷Õû¡£ 4 ¡¾±ÜÃâÆçÒå¡¿¡° Óë±ð¹úÖÁÉÙ¹²ÏíÒ»¸öÁ÷Óò¡±ÓÐÆçÒ壬Òþº¬×Å¡°Í¨³£Óë±ð¹ú¹²Ïí¶à¸ö½­ºÓÁ÷ Óò¡±¡£µ«Êµ¼ÊÒâ˼ÊÇ£¬ÓÐЩ¹ú¼ÒËäȻûÓжÀÕ¼µÄ½­ºÓ£¬µ«ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»ÌõÓëËû¹ú¹²ÏíµÄ½­ºÓ¡£ ¸ÄΪ¡°ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»¸ö¹²ÏíÅèµØ¡±¿ÉÄÜÏû³ýÕâ¸öÆçÒå¡£(river) basin ¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°½­ºÓÁ÷Óò¡± »ò¡°½­ºÓÅèµØ¡±¡£ ½âÎö 198 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ Ô­Òë¸ÄÒë Ô­ÎÄ 8. Although these challenges are global, no institution or country can face the challenges alone. International scientific cooperation is needed to bring all players1 together, such as research institutions, universities, national authorities, UN agencies, non-governmental organizations and national or international associations. The gap between science and society is profound2, and there is a need to scale up international collaboration on scientific research and international cooperation to provide solutions and transformations towards water security3. The great challenge for the hydrological community is to jointly identify appropriate and timely adaptation measures in a continuously changing environment. 8 . ÕâЩÌôÕ½ÊÇÈ«ÇòÐԵģ¬Ã»ÓÐÈÎ ºÎÒ»¸ö»ú¹¹»ò¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔµ¥¶ÀÃæ¶ÔÕâЩÌô Õ½¡£ÐèÒª½øÐйú¼Ê¿ÆÑ§ºÏ×÷°ÑËùÓнÇÉ« »ã¼¯ÆðÀ´£¬ÈçÑо¿»ú¹¹¡¢´óѧ¡¢¹ú¼Ò»ú ¹¹¡¢ÁªºÏ¹ú»ú¹¹¡¢·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯ºÍ¹ú¼Ò»ò ¹ú¼ÊЭ»á¡£¿ÆÑ§ÓëÉç»á¼äµÄ²î¾à¾Þ´ó£¬ ÐèÒª¼Ó¿ì¹ú¼ÊºÏ×÷ºÍ¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿·½ÃæµÄ¹ú ¼ÊЭ×÷£¬ÌṩÒÔʵÏÖË®°²È«ÎªÄ¿±êµÄ½â ¾ö·½°¸ºÍת»¯¡£Ë®ÎĽçµÄ¾Þ´óÌôÕ½ÊÇÈç ºÎÔÚÒ»¸ö³ÖÐø±ä»¯µÄ»·¾³ÖÐЯÊÖÕÒµ½ºÏ ÊÊÇÒ¼°Ê±µÄÊÊÓ¦´ëÊ©¡£ 8 . ÕâЩÌôÕ½ÊÇÈ«ÇòÐԵģ¬Ã»ÓÐÈÎ ºÎÒ»¸ö»ú¹¹»ò¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔµ¥¶ÀÃæ¶ÔÕâЩÌô Õ½¡£ÐèҪͨ¹ý¹ú¼Ê¿ÆÑкÏ×÷£¬ÈÃÑо¿»ú ¹¹¡¢´óѧ¡¢¸÷¹úÕþ¸®¡¢ÁªºÏ¹ú»ú¹¹¡¢·Ç Õþ¸®×éÖ¯ºÍ¹ú¼Ò»ò¹ú¼ÊЭ»áµÈËùÓÐÐÐΪ Ö÷ÌåЯÆðÊÖÀ´¡£¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿ÓëÉç»áÍѽÚÑÏ ÖØ£¬ÐèÒªÀ©´ó¹ú¼ÊÁªºÏ¿ÆÑÐÓë¹ú¼ÊºÏ ×÷£¬ÒÔ±£ÕϹ©Ë®ÎªÄ¿±ê£¬Ìṩ½â¾ö·½°¸ ºÍתÐÍ´ëÊ©¡£Ë®ÎĽçµÄ¾Þ´óÌôÕ½ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ Ò»¸ö³ÖÐø±ä»¯µÄ»·¾³Öй²Í¬¼°Ê±È·¶¨ÊÊ µ±µÄÊÊÓ¦´ëÊ©¡£ 1 ¡¾¸ù¾ÝÓᄈȷ¶¨Òë·¨¡¿player ÓжàÖÖº¬Ò壬ÔÚ´ËÓï¾³ÖÐӦȡÒÔÏ´ÊÒ壺a person or body that is involved and infl uential in an area or activity (en.oxforddictionaries.com)£¬¿ÉÒÔ·­ÒëΪ¡°ÐРΪÖ÷Ì塱¡£Ô­Ò뽫¡°Ñо¿»ú¹¹¡¢´óѧ¡¢¹ú¼Ò»ú¹¹¡¢ÁªºÏ¹ú»ú¹¹¡¢·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯¡±µÈ¸ÅÀ¨Îª ¡°½ÇÉ«¡±ÓÐЩͻأ£¬ÒòÎªÇ°ÃæÃ»ÓÐ˵Ã÷³ªµÄÄijöÏ·¡£ 2 ¡¾Àí½âÎÄ×Ö±³ºóµÄº¬Òå¡¿¡°¿ÆÑ§ÓëÉç»á¼äµÄ²î¾à¾Þ´ó¡±£¬ËäÈ»·­Òë³öÀ´ÁË£¬µ«µ½µ×ÊÇʲôÒâ ˼£¬¿ÖÅÂÒëÕßÒ²²»Çå³þ¡£ÊÇ˵¿Æ¼¼½ø²½»¹²»ÄÜÂú×ãÉç»áÐèÒªÂð£¿ÔڹȸèÀïËÑË÷Õâ¾ä»°£¬ ºÜÈÝÒ×ÕÒµ½´ð°¸£º The chasm between science and society is wide and deep¡­ We speculate that scientists distance themselves from society in four ways, sometimes inadvertently, ½âÎö 199 µÚ12µ¥Ôª ¼ÓǿˮºÏ×÷Ó¦¶Ô21ÊÀ¼ÍµÄÌôÕ½ sometimes intentionally. First, they tend to pursue a research agenda they are passionate about, often without thinking about how the energy devoted to a particular project serves society. Second, most scientists regard their job as fi nished when they report their results in a specialized research journal, adding a notch to their publication count. Third, scientists counsel that advocating for a particular societal position compromises their scientific credibility, so much so that the general credo is: ¡°If you want to succeed as a hard scientist doing original research, you do have to be a little careful about public communications,¡± as climate scientist James Hansen put it. And fi nally, many scientists feel that dealing with societal issues is some other profession¡¯s problem, something that requires too much time and for which they have little support or expertise. (blogs.nature.com) ËùÒÔ£¬¸ÄÒëΪ¡°¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿ºÍÉç»áÍѽÚÑÏÖØ¡±¡£ 3 ¡¾ÔÚÀí½âµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ·­Òë¡¿Ô­Òë¡°ÌṩÒÔʵÏÖË®°²È«ÎªÄ¿±êµÄ½â¾ö·½°¸ºÍת»¯¡±£¬Ö÷ÒªÎÊ ÌâÊDz»ÖªµÀת»¯Ê²Ã´¡£¸ÄÓá°×ª±ä¡±Ò»´ÊÒ²Ðв»Í¨¡£transform µÄ×ÖÃæÒâ˼ÆäʵÊÇ¡°×ª ÐÍ¡±£¨form ÊÇ¡°ÐÍ¡±£©£¬¼ÈÈ» solutions and transformations ÊDz¢Áнṹ£¬¶¼ÊÇprovide µÄ±ö Ó¶øsolutions ·­ÒëΪ¡°½â¾ö·½°¸¡±£¬¼´°Ñ³éÏóµÄ¡°½â¾ö¡±£¨solution£©±äΪ¾ßÌåµÄ¡°½â ¾ö·½°¸¡±£¨solutions£©£¬²»·ÁÒ²°Ñ³éÏóµÄtransformation£¨µ¥Êý£©±äΪ¾ßÌåµÄ¡°×ªÐÍ´ëÊ© £¨transformations£©¡±¡£¸ÄÒëΪ¡°×ªÐÍ´ëÊ©¡±¿ÉÒÔº­¸ÇÈκÎʵÏÖË®°²È«µÄ´ëÊ©¡£ 200 ÁªºÏ¹úÎļþ·­ÒëÒ롤ע¡¤ÆÀ ¸½Â¼1 ÁªºÏ¹úϵͳ£¨Ó¢ÎÄ£© Related Organizations CTBTO Preparatory C ommission Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization IAEA 1, 3 International Atomic Energy Agency ICC International Criminal Court IOM 1 International Organization for Migration ISA International Seabed Authority ITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea OPCW 3 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons WTO 1, 4 World Trade Organization Research and Training UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNSSC United Nations System Staff College UNU United Nations University Other Entities ITC International Trade Centre (UN/WTO) UNCTAD 1,8 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNHCR 1 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNOPS 1 United Nations Office for Project Services UNRWA 1 United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UN- Women 1 United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women Funds and Programmes1 UNDP United Nations Development Programme ? UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund ? UNV United Nations Volunteers UNEP 8 United Nations Environment Programme UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UN- Habitat 8 United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations Children¡¯s Fund WFP World Food Programme (UN/FAO) Subsidiary Organs ? Main Committees ? Disarmament Commission ? Human Rights Council ? International Law Commission ? Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) ? Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Peacebuilding Commission HLPF High-level political forum on sustainable development Notes: 1 Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). 2 UN Office for Partnerships (UNOP) is the UN¡¯s focal point vis-a-vis the United Nations Foundation, Inc. 3 IAEA and OPCW report to the Security Council and the General Assembly (GA). 4 WTO has no reporting obligation to the GA, but contributes on an ad hoc basis to GA and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) work on, inter alia, finance and development issues. 5 Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations whose work is coordinated through ECOSOC (intergovernmental level) and CEB (intersecretariat level). 6 The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994, as on 1 October 1994 Palau, the last United Nations Trust Territory, became independent. 7 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are not specialized agencies in accordance with Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter, but are part of the World Bank Group. 8 The secretariats of these organs are part of the UN Secretariat. 9 The Secretariat also includes the following offices: The Ethics Office, United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services, Office of Administration of Justice and the Office on Sport for Development and Peace This Chart is a reflection of the functional organization of the United Nations System and for informational purposes only. It does not include all offices or entities of the United Nations System. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNWTO World Tourism Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WORLD BANK GROUP 7 ? IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ? IDA International Development Association ? IFC International Finance Corporation Specialized Agencies 1, 5 Regional Commissions8 ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Other Bodies ? Committee for Development Policy ? Committee of Experts on Public Administration ? Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations ? Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNGEGN United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names Research and Training UNICRI United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Functional Commissions ? Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice ? Narcotic Drugs ? Population and Development ? Science and Technology for Development ? Social Development ? Statistics ? Status of Women ? United Nations Forum on Forests UNODC 1 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOG United Nations Office at Geneva UN-OHRLLS Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi UNOP 2 United Nations Office for Partnerships UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs DFS Department of Field Support DGACM Department for General Assembly and Conference Management DM Department of Management DPA Department of Political Affairs DPI Department of Public Information DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DSS Department of Safety and Security OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODA Office for Disarmament Affairs OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OLA Office of Legal Affairs OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa PBSO Peacebuilding Support Office SRSG/CAAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General for Children and Armed Conflict SRSG/SVC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General on Sexual Violence in Conflict SRSG/VAC Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General on Violence Against Children UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction Departments and Offices9 Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2470 rev.5 ¡ª17-00023¡ªMarch 201? 2017 United Nations. All rights reserved worldwide 7 ? International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals ? Military Staff Committee ? Peacekeeping operations and political missions ? Sanctions committees (ad hoc) ? Standing committees and ad hoc bodies Subsidiary Organs ? Counter-Terrorism Committee ? International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) UN PRINCIPAL ORGANS GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL SECRETARIAT TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL6 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE The United Nations System 201 ¸½Â¼2 ÁªºÏ¹úϵͳ£¨ÖÐÎÄ£© ¸½Â¼2 ÁªºÏ¹úϵͳ£¨ÖÐÎÄ£© Ïà¹Ø×éÖ¯ ½ûºËÊÔ×éÖ¯³ïί»á È«Ãæ½ûÖ¹ºËÊÔÑéÌõÔ¼×éÖ¯³ï±¸Î¯Ô±»á Ô­×ÓÄÜ»ú¹¹1` 3 ¹ú¼ÊÔ­×ÓÄÜ»ú¹¹ ¹ú¼ÊÐÌÔº ¹ú¼ÊÐÌÊ·¨Ôº ÒÆÃñ×éÖ¯1 ¹ú¼ÊÒÆÃñ×éÖ¯ º£¹Ü¾Ö ¹ú¼Êº£µ×¹ÜÀí¾Ö º£Ñó·¨·¨Í¥ ¹ú¼Êº£Ñó·¨·¨Í¥ ½û»¯Îä×éÖ¯3 ½ûÖ¹»¯Ñ§ÎäÆ÷×éÖ¯ ÊÀó×éÖ¯1` 4 ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯ Ñо¿ºÍѵÁ· ²ÃÑÐËù ÁªºÏ¹ú²Ã¾üÑо¿Ëù ѵÑÐËù ÁªºÏ¹úѵÁ·Ñо¿Ëù ÁªºÏ¹úϵͳְԱѧԺ ÁªºÏ¹ú´óѧ ÆäËûʵÌå óÒ×ÖÐÐÄ ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×ÖÐÐÄ(ÁªºÏ¹ú/ÊÀó×éÖ¯) ó·¢»áÒé1`8 ÁªºÏ¹úóÒ׺ͷ¢Õ¹»áÒé ÄÑÃñÊð1 ÁªºÏ¹úÄÑÃñÊÂÎñ¸ß¼¶×¨Ô±¹«Êð ÏîÄ¿Êð1 ÁªºÏ¹úÏîÄ¿ÊÂÎñÊð ½ü¶«¾È¼Ã¹¤³Ì´¦1 ÁªºÏ¹ú½ü¶«°ÍÀÕ˹̹ÄÑÃñ¾È¼Ã ºÍ¹¤³Ì´¦ ¸¾Å®Êð1 ÁªºÏ¹ú´Ù½øÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈºÍÔöÇ¿¸¾Å®È¨ÄÜÊð »ù½ðºÍ·½°¸1 ¿ª·¢Êð ÁªºÏ¹ú¿ª·¢¼Æ»®Êð ? ×Ê·¢»ù½ð ÁªºÏ¹ú×ʱ¾·¢Õ¹»ù½ð ? 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