北京市版权局著作权合同登记号 图字:01-2021-1545 . licensed by ELI s.r.l, Italy — ELI Publishing. www.elionline.com Author: Ernesto D’Acunto The English adaptation rights arranged through Rightol Media. (本书英文改编版版权经由锐拓传媒取得) 版权所有,侵权必究。举报:010-62782989,beiqinquan@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn。 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 运输与物流英语 / 姜宏总主编;刘莉主编. —北京:清华大学出版社,2021.4 新时代行业英语系列教材 ISBN 978-7-302-57797-3 Ⅰ. ①运… Ⅱ. ①姜… ②刘… Ⅲ. ①交通运输-英语-高等职业教育-教材②物流-英语-高等职业教育-教材 Ⅳ. ①U②F25 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字(2021)第055426号 策划编辑:刘细珍 责任编辑:刘细珍 封面设计:子 一 责任校对:王凤芝 责任印制:丛怀宇 出版发行:清华大学出版社 网 址:http://www.tup.com.cn, http://www.wqbook.com 地 址:北京清华大学学研大厦A座 邮 编:100084 社 总 机:010-62770175 邮 购:010-62786544 投稿与读者服务:010-62776969, c-service@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn 质 量 反 馈:010-62772015, zhiliang@tup.tsinghua.edu.cn 印 装 者:北京博海升彩色印刷有限公司 经 销:全国新华书店 开 本:210mm×285mm 印 张:7.5 字 数: 180千字 版 次:2021年4月第1版 印 次:2021年4月第1次印刷 定 价:49.00元 产品编号:091252-01 序 在经济全球化和国际交往日益频繁的今天,无论是作为个人还是组织的一员,参与国际交流 与合作都需要具备良好的外语沟通能力和扎实的专业技术能力。高职院校承担着培养具有全球竞争 力的高端技术人才的使命,需要探索如何有效地培养学生的行业外语能力。行业外语教学一直是职 业院校的短板,缺少合适的教材是其中一个主要原因。目前,国内大多数高职院校在第一学年开设 公共英语课程,所用教材多为通用英语教材,其主题与学生所学专业的关联度总体较低;部分院校 自主开发的行业英语教材,在专业内容的系统性、语言表达的准确性等方面存在诸多不足;还有部 分院校直接采用国外原版的大学本科或研究生教材,但这些教材学术性和专业性太强,对以就业为 导向的高职院校学生来说,十分晦涩难懂。 清华大学出版社从欧洲引进原版素材并组织国内一线行业英语教师改编的这套“新时代行业 英语系列教材”,以提升学生职业英语能力为目标,服务师生教与学。本套教材具有如下特点: 一、编写理念突出全球化和国际化 本套教材在欧洲原版引进优质资源的基础上改编而成,全球化视角选材,结合行业领域和单 元主题,关注环境保护、人口老龄化、贫困等时代难题,培养学生的国际视野和世界公民素养。单 元主题、板块编排和练习设计与国际接轨,体现国际规范和国际标准,且反映全球行业发展动态和 前景,帮助学生全面了解全球行业现状和掌握国际操作流程,夯实行业知识体系。 二、编写目标注重培养学生使用英语完成工作任务的实际应用能力 为响应高职院校外语教学改革号召,培养具有国际竞争力的高端技术人才,将外语教学目标 由原来的语言能力导向转变为职业能力导向,本套教材通过听、说、读、写、译等基本语言技能 训练,让学生完成不同行业领域的工作任务,将英语放到职场的背景中来学,放到员工的岗位职 责、工作流程中来学。 三、结构与内容紧扣行业领域的职场情境和核心业务 本套教材围绕行业核心概念和业务组织教学单元,不同单元相互关联,内容由浅入深、由易 到难,循序渐进;教材各单元主题契合行业典型工作场景,内容反映职业岗位核心业务知识与流 程。每本教材根据内容设置 8 至 10 个单元,用多种形式的语言训练任务提升学生对行业知识的理 解与应用。 序 i 四、资源立体多样,方便师生教与学 本套教材图文并茂。通过改编,在原版教材基础上每个单元增加了学习目标,明确了学生在完 成各单元学习后应该达到的知识和能力水平;增加了重点词汇中文注释和专业术语表,便于学生准 确理解行业核心概念;听力练习和阅读篇章均配有音频,并借助二维码扫码听音的形式呈现,实现 教材的立体化,方便学生学习;习题安排契合单元的主题内容,便于检测单元学习目标的实现 程度。教材另配有电子课件和习题答案,方便教师备课与授课。教师可以征订教材后联系出版社 索取。 本套教材共 10 本,包括《护理英语》《机电英语》《建筑工程英语》《运输与物流英语》 《烹饪、餐饮与接待英语》《旅游英语》《银行与金融英语》《市场营销与广告英语》《商务英语》 《商务会谈英语》,涵盖医药卫生、机电设备、土木建筑、交通运输、旅游、财经商贸等六大类专 业。建议高职院校结合本校人才培养目标,开设相应课程。 本套教材适合作为高职院校学生的行业英语教材,也适合相关行业从业人员作为培训或自学 教材。 姜宏 2021年3月31日 ii 运输与物流英语 前言 专门用途英语(ESP)目标明确,针对性和实用性强,与高职院校培养高素质技术技能人才的 目标相适应,受到高职教育工作者的关注和重视,ESP课程教学在许多高职院校也得到了有益的尝 试与探索。但高质量的ESP英语教学一定是建立在使用适应学习者学习需求、反映行业规范和发展 动态的优秀教材基础之上的。 《运输与物流英语》在清华大学出版社引进的Flash on English for Transport and Logistics基础上 改编而成,反映了国际货运代理和物流行业的最新发展和国际规范,适合经济全球化背景下国际物 流、国际商务和国际贸易类学生提高专业外语水平使用。 本教材共分为10个单元,包括:运输方式、驾驶舱、定位工具、气象与运输、多式联运货物 运输、货物装卸、运输单据、运输保险、安全法规、工作申请等运输与物流相关内容。 本教材具有以下特点: 1.针对性强——面向国际化交通运输与物流管理类专业学生与专业技术人员 本教材基于国际货运代理和物流行业选取典型工作情境和工作内容,以专业人才高质量就业 和专业发展为目标,教材内容反映最新的行业发展和行业规范,不仅适用于高职高专相关专业的学 生,也适用于物流、国际货运代理和国际贸易及相关从业者。 2.实用性强——融英语语言能力训练和职业领域工作能力培养为一体 本教材重视学生英语语言能力的训练,每单元均列出词汇表,学习任务分为导学、听、说、 读、写和专业术语六个板块;同时,语言训练任务比较充分地展示了物流行业的职场环境和工作任 务,为学习者提升工作环境下的职业英语能力创设条件。 3.可读性强——教材语料地道,图文并茂,引人入胜 本教材教学资料均来自英语国家的原始语言材料,语境真实,语言地道,精美的配图很容易 引发学习者的学习兴趣,提高学习效率。 向本套教材的总主编姜宏教授表示感谢!由于编者水平有限,书中错漏之处在所难免, 敬请专家、读者批评指正。 编者 2021年1月 前言 iii Contents Unit Topic Vocabulary Skills 1 Means of Transport . The basics for means of transport: advantages and disadvantages Reading: transport by land, water, air; the environmental impact of freight traffic Speaking: analysing information in a table about ports; discussing the best method of transport for different situations p. 2 2 . The cockpit; flight instruments . The bridge . The cabin . The cab; the signal box Reading: scanning for information about the control area of different means of transport Listening: the description of a cab Speaking: talking about driving a transport vehicle Are You in Command? p. 16 3 Reading: scanning for information about positioning tools; how the radar works; how the GPS works Listening: listening for information about the radar history and GPS satellites Writing: explaining the meaning of a proverb . Ancient and modern positioning tools . The radar . The GPS System Positioning Tools p. 26 4 . Weather- related language . Weather prediction tools . Meteorology and transportation Reading: scanning for information about the weather; how to predict the weather; the danger of severe weather conditions for aircraft Listening: listening for information about the weather Speaking: exchanging information about the weather Writing: translating and explaining proverbs related to weather What’s the Weather Like? p. 38 5 . Multiple modes of transportation . Air freight . Oil tankers Reading: scanning for information about different modes of transportation Listening: listening for information about air freight Speaking: exchanging information and opinions about proverbs Writing: summarising data from a table about pollution Intermodal Freight Transport p. 48 运输与物流英语 iv Skills Unit Topic Vocabulary 6 . Logistics . The organisation of a warehouse: the forklift truck . The organisation of an airport: apron vehicles . The organisation of a port Reading: scanning for information about logistics; the organisation of warehouses, airports and ports Listening: listening for information about a port Handling Goods and Passengers p. 58 7 . Basics and practise on transport documents: CMR, the bill of lading, the air waybill Reading: official documents for different modes of transport; scanning and filling in the forms Speaking: exchanging ideas and information about international documents Transport Documents p. 70 . Transport and insurance . Focus on business insurance and Lloyd’s 8 Reading: basics on insurance and specific types of insurance for different modes of transport Speaking: discussing and exchanging information about business insurance in China Writing: a report on a famous Lloyd’s historic insurance event Insurance p. 80 . Legislation and safety signs . Air safety . Road safety . Sea safety . Safety on trains . Warehouse safety Reading: safety regulations and procedures; completing a table about safety measures Listening: listening for information about IMO; safety in warehouses Speaking: describing and explaining safety signs; expressing personal opinions and ideas about road safety Writing: a description explaining some signs in the workplace Safety Procedures and Regulations 9 p. 90 10 . Curriculum Vitae . Covering letter . Tips for a successful interview Reading: how to write a CV and a covering letter; tips for getting a job Speaking: discussing the suitability of a candidate for a job post Writing: production of a covering letter and a simulation of an interview Applying for a Job p. 104 Contents v Means of Transport UNIT 1 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify different forms of transport; . master the words and expressions related to transport; . compare the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of transport; . cultivate the awareness of environmental protection when choosing from different means of transport. Starting Off 1 Write each means of transport under the picture. articulated lorry barge cargo plane container ship goods train ferry lorry road tanker road train tanker van 1) ___________________ 2) ___________________ 3) ___________________ 4) ___________________ 5) ___________________ 6) ___________________ 7) ___________________ 8) ___________________ 9) ___________________ 10) ___________________ 11) ___________________ MY GLOSSARY articulated lorry 铰链式卡车 barge n. 驳船,平底载货船 cargo plane 运输飞机,货运飞机 container ship 集装箱运货船 goods train 货运列车,运货列车 ferry n. 渡船,渡轮 lorry n. 卡车,货车 road tanker 公路运油 车;缸车 road train 道路列车;重型汽车列车 tanker n. 油船;槽车 van n. 厢形货车,有盖小货车 Reading 1 Transport by land Road transport or road haulage is the most common form of land transport. Over short and medium distances it is relatively fast and convenient, which makes it particularly suitable for perishable goods such as fresh food produce. Goods can be loaded and unloaded at any destination so it is extremely flexible. However, due to the limited carrying capacity, it is not so economical for long distances. A company can use its own transport services, such as vans for local deliveries, or can use the services of a courier or a road haulage firm which can deliver goods both nationally and internationally. A TIR lorry (from the French Transports Internationaux Routiers) is normally used when transporting goods across multiple borders. The goods are loaded into containers which are sealed at their point of departure and therefore do not need to be inspected by customs officials until the final destination. Although the use of rail as a method of transport has declined in favour of road transport, it is a very efficient and cost-effective way of transporting heavy and bulky goods over long distances. It is less flexible than road transport, operating to fixed time schedules, and goods need to be transferred at both ends of the journey. Container trains have solved this problem for some goods since containers can easily be loaded to ships or lorries to continue on to their destination. ADVANTAGES . door-to-door delivery . fairly fast . relatively cost-effective DISADVANTAGES . air pollution and environmental damage . limited capacity/weight . delays due to congested roads, bad weather ADVANTAGES . low-cost and environmental impact . low-accident rate . suitable for large quantities and long distances DISADVANTAGES . slow . limited by the rail network coverage . size limits (due to bridges and tunnels) MY GLOSSARY road haulage 公路货运 relatively adv. 相当地;相对地 convenient adj. 方便的,便利的 particularly adv. 特别,尤其 suitable adj. 适宜的,合适的 perishable goods 易腐烂商品,易变质商品 produce n. 食品;农产品 load v. 装,装载 unload v. 卸(货) destination n. 目的地,终点 extremely adv. 非常,极其;极端 flexible adj. 可变动的,灵活的,可变 通的 due to 由于,因为 capacity n. 容积,容量;生产能力 economical adj. 经济的,省钱的;节约的 delivery n. 运送,递送, 投递 courier n. 信使,递送员 deliver v. 运送,递送,投递 normally adv. 通常,平常,一般地 border n. 国境;边界,边境 seal v. 封,密封 departure n. 离开,启程,出发 customs n. 海关 decline v. 降低,减少;衰落 cost-effective adj. 有成本效益的;物有所 值的,合算的 transfer v. 搬,转移 congest v. (使)挤满,(使)拥堵 environmental adj. 环境的,周围的;有关环 境的 impact n./v. 影响,作用 2 Read the texts and answer the questions. 1) Which factors can influence the choice of transport? 2) Which is the most common form of transport by land? 3) Why is road transport flexible? 4) What is a TIR lorry and when and how is it used? 5) Which is the most suitable form of land transport for long distances? Why? 6) What is a container train? 7) What are the advantages and disadvantages of rail? 8) What is the major disadvantage of road transport impacting on the environment? 3 Match each word with the correct definition. 1) convenient 2) economical 3) suitable 4) flexible 5) cost-effective 6) limited a giving good value for money b right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation c effective or productive in relation to its cost d restricted in size, amount, or extent e situated to allow easy access f able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances Reading 2 Transport by water Transporting goods by canal or river is a cheap form of transport, but it is slow. Britain has a large network of canals, built during the Industrial Revolution to link the north and south of the country, but road and rail transport have taken over as they are much faster. There are 37,000 km of inland waterways in Europe, such as the Rhine and the Danube, which connect major cities and industrial areas, so there is significant potential to increase the share of freight transported by inland waterways within Europe. Sea freight refers to the movement of goods by ship across seas and oceans and it is the most widely used form of transport for international trade. It can be divided into two types: . coastal shipping, which is between the main ports within the same country; . overseas shipping, which is between ports in different countries. Overseas shipping is an economical means to transport a wide range of goods, from raw materials to plant machinery and vehicles since virtually no weight or size restrictions apply. Goods are normally packed in containers which means they can be loaded and unloaded onto the ship quickly and cheaply. The merchandise is well protected during transport, which reduces damage and the risk of loss or theft. ADVANTAGES . not congested, low- environmental impact DISADVANTAGES . slow, not fully integrated as part of intermodal transport ADVANTAGES . cheap . suitable for long distances . capable of carrying large volumes DISADVANTAGES . slow . affected by bad weather . huge environmental impact in case of accident MY GLOSSARY canal n. 运河;渠 the Industrial Revolution 工业革命 inland adj. 内陆的,内地的 waterway n. 航道;水路 the Rhine 莱茵河 the Danube 多瑙河 significant adj. 重要的;显著的 potential n. 潜力,潜能 freight n. 货物;货运 coastal adj. 海岸的;临海 的,沿海的 shipping n. 运输;(尤指)船运,海运 overseas adj . /adv. 在海外(的);从国外 来(的);到国外(的) virtually adv. 事实上,几乎;实质上 merchandise n. 商品;货物 integrated adj. 综合的;集成的 intermodal adj. 联合的;联运的 volume n. 量;体积 4 Read the texts and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. T F     1) In the UK, canal transport was used during the Industrial Revolution.      2) Canal transport is still a popular form of transport today.      3) Inland waterways in Europe are used to their full potential.      4) Transport by water is generally cheaper but slower than other forms.      5) Sea freight is the most common form of transport for international trade.      6) Only lightweight goods can be transported by sea.      7) Containers help reduce risks during transport.      8) Intermodal transport is where there are multiple destinations for cargo.      Reading 3 Container ports Modern ports cover vast areas of water and land and handle hundreds of thousands of tonnes of cargo every year. Made of steel, containers are of a standard size, normally 20 foot or 40 foot long. When transporting goods it is possible to have a Full Container Load (FCL) where the container holds only the goods of a single customer. In this case, the container is usually loaded and sealed at origin and then opened at its final destination. The other possibility is a Less than Container Load (LCL), when the goods of more than one customer are grouped together into a container. Two methods used for unloading and loading operations are: . Lift-On Lift-Off (often abbreviated to Lo/Lo). The loading and unloading of ships is carried out by cranes and derricks which can lift the cargo, often containers, on and off the ship. . Roll-on Roll-off (often abbreviated to Ro/Ro). This system is used on ships which have a ramp, so that vans, lorries or railroad cars with their cargo can be driven on and off the ship. It is also used for cars on passenger ferries. MY GLOSSARY port n. 港市,港口 tonne n. 吨 origin n. 出发地;起源,源头;起因 crane n. 起重机,吊车 derrick n. (港口装卸货物的) 长臂吊车,长臂起重 机 ramp n. (人造)斜坡,坡道 passenger n. 乘客,旅客 5 Read the text and complete these sentences. 1) __________________ make freight transportation easier. 2) Containers are of a standard size although __________________ exist. 3) If a customer has enough goods to fill one container, it is called a __________________. 4) With a FCL, a container is not normally __________________ between its origin and destination. 5) If several customers have goods in a container, it is called a __________________. 6) Ro/Ro and Lo/Lo are two examples of __________________. Reading 4 Transport by air Air freight is the fastest mode of transport. It has always been used for high value commodities, fragile, perishable and urgently needed goods since it can guarantee such a quick delivery. The commercial life of perishable goods is short, so it is really only air freight that can guarantee moving the goods from producer to consumer in a sufficiently short time for the product to be sold. The costs involved are high, but this can be justified if the final consumers pay a premium. Similarly for other goods, the advantages of quick, safe air freight and savings in terms of packing and insurance, can offset the higher transportation costs. For these reasons, there has been an increase in the number of airlines operating cargo aircraft in recent years. ADVANTAGES . fast . quick administrative process . safe and secure DISADVANTAGES . expensive . risk of delays caused by bad weather and strikes . only suitable for small, lightweight goods MY GLOSSARY mode n. 方法,做法,方式 commodity n. 商品,货物 fragile adj. 易损坏的,易碎的;脆弱的 guarantee v. 保证,担保,保障 producer n. 生产者,生产公司,出产国 consumer n. 消费者,顾客,用户 sufficiently adv. 充足地,足够地 involve v. 包括,包含 justify v. 证明……正当(或有理、正 确),是……的正当理由 premium n. 加价,附加费; 津贴,奖金 in terms of 在……方面,从……方面来 说;根据……来看 packing n. 包装;包装材料;行李 insurance n. 保险 offset v. 抵消,补偿,弥补 airline n. 航空公司 aircraft n. 飞机;飞行器,航空器 administrative adj. 管理的 6 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What kind of goods are often transported by air? 2) Why is air transport particularly suitable for perishable goods? 3) Is the final price that consumers pay affected by this choice of transport? How? 4) In what ways can using air transport save other costs? 5) How can bad weather affect air transport? 6) What are the major advantages of air freight? Reading 5 The environmental impact of freight traffic The total volume of freight transport around the world has a massive impact on the environment. Leaving aside environmental disasters, such as spills of toxic waste or leaks in oil pipelines, each mode of transport pollutes our air and water to a lesser or greater extent. Aviation Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions. It also creates noise pollution, particularly damaging in residential areas located near major airports. The reductions in GHG (Greenhouse gases) have not been sufficient to compensate for the rapid growth of global air traffic, both passenger and cargo. Passengers, in fact, have to offset the emissions by paying a surcharge. Road transport Heavy goods vehicles are responsible for more harmful pollution than any other form of transport. They emit particulates, that is microscopic specks of soot and other matter invisible to the naked eye, which may cause asthma, lung cancer and cardiovascular issues. Vehicles also contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as noise pollution. To reduce emissions and also to save money, smart logistics and GPS Systems can be used to ensure that vehicles use the best routes for multiple deliveries, avoiding “empty” return journeys. Sea transport Sea freight is significantly more environmentally-friendly than air and road freight. Ships use less fuel compared with aircraft and lorries so the amount of fossil fuel combustion is much lower, with obvious environmental benefits. Sources of pollution can be the illegal dumping of plastics or other non- biodegradable products while at sea, as well as accidental spills of oil, toxic materials or during loading/unloading in port. Rail transport This is the most environmentally- friendly form of transport. Studies show that it is between three and ten times less CO2 intensive than road or air transport. The most negative impact comes from the construction of new lines and the maintenance of the existing network, as well as from accidents like leaks and spills of dangerous goods. MY GLOSSARY freight transport 货物运输 massive adj. 巨大的;大量的 disaster n. 灾难,灾祸;不幸 spill n. 溢出;漏损 toxic waste 有毒废物,毒废料 leak n. 泄漏;漏洞 oil pipeline 输油管道 to a…extent 到……程度,到……地步 aviation n. 航空;飞行术 greenhouse gas emission 温室气体排放 residential area 住宅区,居民区 compensate v. 补偿,赔偿 surcharge n. 额外费用,附加费 emit v. 散发;发出,射出 particulate n. 微粒 microscopic specks of soot 微小的烟灰斑点 asthma n. 哮喘,气喘 cardiovascular adj. 心血管的 logistics n. 物流;后勤 route n. 路线,航线 environmentally-friendly adj. 环保的,对环境无害的 intensive adj. 密集的,集中的 construction n. 建造,构筑,建设 maintenance n. 维护,维修 significantly adv. 非常,大大地 compared with 与……相比 fossil fuel 矿物燃料 combustion n. 燃烧;氧化;骚动 illegal adj. 非法的,违法的 dumping n. 倾倒,丢弃,抛弃 biodegradable adj. 能进行生物降解的 7 Read the text and write which form(s) of transport these sentences refer to. 1) responsible for greenhouse gas emissions _________________________________ 2) causes disasters and severe damage _________________________________ 3) creates noise pollution _________________________________ 4) the best form of transport for the environment _________________________________ 5) illegal practices can harm the environment _________________________________ 6) improved technology can help reduce negative effects _________________________________ 7) causes the emission of particulates _________________________________ 8) uses less fuel compared with aircraft _________________________________ Speaking 8 In pairs, analyse the information in the table and answer the questions. World’s Largest Container Ports 1) What information does the table give? 2) What years are compared? 3) In what unit of measurement is the data presented? 4) Which port was the biggest in 1989? What position did it hold in 2014? 5) Which port was the biggest in 2014? And what position did it hold in 1989? 6) What can you notice about the position of European ports in the period between 1989 and 2014? 7) Which continent had the most ports on the list in 2014? 8) What do you think these changes show? 1989 2014 Name of Port Volume, million TEUs* Name of Port Volume, million TEUs Hong Kong (China) 4.5 Shanghai (China) 35.29 Singapore 4.4 Singapore 33.87 Rotterdam (Netherlands) 3.9 Shenzhen (China) 24.04 Kaohsiung (Taiwan, China) 3.4 Hong Kong (China) 22.23 Kobe (Japan) 2.5 Ningbo-Zhoushan (China) 19.45 Busan (South Korea) 2.2 Busan (South Korea) 18.68 Los Angeles (United States) 2.1 Qingdao (China) 16.62 New York / New Jersey (United States) 2.0 Guangzhou Harbor (China) 16.63 Keelung (Taiwan, China) 1.8 Jebel Ali, Dubai (United Arab Emirates) 15.25 Hamburg (Germany) 1.8 Los Angeles / Long Beach (USA) 15.16 Source: Containerisation International TEU* stands for “Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit”. This is the industry standard to measure containers and refers to the standard 20 foot container (20 ft long x 8 ft wide or 6.09 metres x 2.4 metres). 9 In pairs, decide the best method of transport for each of these situations. Consider all the forms of transport presented in this unit and give your reasons. 1) books from an e-commerce website to its international, private customers 2) vans from a manufacturing plant in the north of England to a showroom in the south of the country 3) crude oil from Egypt to Europe 4) bananas from Brazil to a wholesaler in the USA 5) large, antique furniture from a wholesaler in India to a retailer in the UK 6) components from Detroit, USA, to an industrial plant in the south of Germany 7) leather goods from a manufacturer in Florence to a selection of retailers in the north of Italy Technical Terms Full Container Load (FCL) 集装箱整箱货物 Less than Container Load (LCL) 拼箱货 Lift-On Lift-Off (Lo/Lo) 吊上吊下船 Roll-on Roll-off (Ro/Ro) 滚装船 GHG (Greenhouse gases) 温室效应气体 GPS (Global Positioning System) 全球定位系统 TEU 全称Twenty-feet Equivalent Unit, 又称20英尺集装箱的换 算单位,也是国际标准箱的通用单位;通常TEU被用来表示 船舶能够装载集装箱的能力,也可以用于统计集装箱和港口 的吞吐量 Unit 1 Means of Transport 15 Are You in Command? UNIT 2 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify the control space of different forms of transport; . master the words and expressions related to control space of transport; . distinguish the functions of the control space of different forms of transport. Starting Off 1 Match the following names with the pictures. Then read the text and check your answers. 1) cab 2) cockpit 3) bridge 4) cabin B D A C Each form of transport has its own particular area from where the driver controls the vehicle’s movements. In a car the driver sits at the wheel for example. But the names we give to this area change from one form of transport to the other. The captain of a ship controls the vessel from the bridge, a lorry driver in a cabin, a pilot in a cockpit or flight deck, and a train driver in a cab. Reading 1 The cockpit A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near the front of an aircraft, from which a pilot controls the aircraft. Most modern cockpits are enclosed, except on some small aircraft, and cockpits on large airliners are also physically separated from the cabin. An aircraft is controlled both on the ground and in the air from the cockpit. As a term for the pilot’s compartment in an aircraft the term “cockpit” first appeared in 1914. After 1935 cockpit was also used informally to refer to the driver’s seat of a car, especially a high performance one, and this is official terminology in Formula One. The term is probably related to the sailing term for the coxswain’s station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the ship’s rudder controls. The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight instruments on an instrument panel, and the controls which enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In most airliners, a door separates the cockpit from the passenger compartment. After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, all major airlines fortified the cockpit against access by hijackers. MY GLOSSARY cockpit n. (飞机的)驾驶舱;(赛 车的)驾驶座 flight deck (飞机的)驾驶舱 pilot n. 飞行员,领航员 enclosed adj. 封闭的 physically adv. 物理上地;身体上地 compartment n. 隔间 performance n. 性能,效能; 表现 terminology n. 术语 coxswain n. 舵手;艇长 rudder n. 船舵;飞机方向舵 fortify v. 加强,增强 hijacker n. 劫机者,强盗 2 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Where are cockpits usually located on aircraft? 2) When was the term “cockpit” first used for aviation? 3) What does the term usually refer to on a road? 4) What does it refer to on a ship? 5) What type of instruments does the cockpit of an aircraft contain? 6) Why is it separated by a door from the passenger compartment? 3 Match these words with their definitions. 1) cockpit a an airplane used for carrying passengers 2) pilot b the place where instruments are mounted on 3) airliner c the enclosed space in an aircraft for the crew and passengers 4) cabin d the space in an airplane which contains the flying controls 5) panel e the person who operates an aircraft in flight 4 Look at these words. Find their synonyms from the text. 1) space ______________ 2) airplane ______________ 3) land ______________ 4) section ______________ 5) command ______________ 5 Provide at least one question for each of the paragraphs describing the common flight instruments. The first one is done for you. Altimeter. The altimeter shows the aircraft’s altitude above sea-level. A pressure altimeter, or barometric altimeter, is used by pilots to measure their elevation. What does the altimeter show? What is its function? Attitude indicator. The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft’s attitude relative to the horizon. From this instrument the pilot can see if the wings are level and if the aircraft’s nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This primary instrument is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. 1) ____________________________________________ ? 2) ____________________________________________ ? Airspeed indicator. The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft’s speed (usually in knots) relative to the surrounding air. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground. 1) ________________________________________ ? 2) ________________________________________ ? Magnetic compass. The compass shows the aircraft’s heading relative to Magnetic North. While reliable in steady level flight it can give confusing indications when turning, climbing, descending or accelerating due to the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field. For this reason, the heading indicator is also used for aircraft operation. 1) ____________________________________________ ? 2) ____________________________________________ ? Heading indicator. The heading indicator (also known as the directional gyro, or DG; sometimes also called the gyrocompass, though usually not in aviation applications) displays the aircraft’s heading with respect to Geographical North. 1) ______________________________________________________________________ ? 2) ______________________________________________________________________ ? Turn indicator. The turn indicator displays the direction of turn and rate of turn. An internally mounted inclinometer displays the “quality” of turn, i.e. whether the turn is correctly coordinated. 1) ______________________________________________ ? 2) ______________________________________________ ? Vertical speed indicator. The VSI senses changing air pressure, and displays that information to the pilot as a rate of climb or descent in feet per minute, metres per second or knots. 1) _____________________________________ ___________________________________ ? 2) _____________________________________ ___________________________________ ? 6 Read the text and label the picture, writing the numbers in the right circles, according to the description. Most aircraft are equipped with a standard set of flight instruments which give the pilot information about the aircraft’s attitude, airspeed and altitude. They have at least four of the flight instruments located in a standardised pattern called the T arrangement. The attitude indicator (1) is in the top center, airspeed (2) to the left, altimeter (3) to the right and heading indicator (4) under the attitude indicator. The other two, turn-coordinator (5) and vertical-speed (6), are usually found under the airspeed and altimeter. Reading 2 The bridge The room from which a ship is commanded is known as the bridge. In this room there are usually three or more men working to control the ship’s movements: the captain, an OOW — officer of the watch, an AB — able seaman, and a pilot. Like many other forms of transport, the direction of the ship is controlled by a steering wheel located on the bridge. The throttle — which provides the forward and backward movement of the vessel, is also controlled from this area. On all ships visibility is obviously very important, both for safe navigation and, in the case of warships, to be able to see the enemy. On most modern ships the bridge is in a high position and provides a near 360° view. MY GLOSSARY bridge n. (舰船的)驾驶台,船 桥,舰桥 steer v. 掌舵;驾驶 throttle n. 节流阀 vessel n. 船,舰 visibility n. 能见度,可见性 obviously adv. 明显地,显然 地 navigation n. 航行,航海 warship n. 战舰,军舰 view n. 视野;风景 7 Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). T F     1) On a ship the “bridge” is a type of room.      2) The direction of a ship is not controlled by a wheel.      3) The ship’s throttle is controlled from a different area.      4) On warships visibility is important for two reasons.      5) From the bridge it is possible to see all around.      8 Find the synonyms of these words from the text. 1) controlled __________________ 2) positioned __________________ 3) vehicle __________________ 4) panorama __________________ 5) cruising __________________ Reading 3 The signal box You are probably familiar with the small buildings standing next to railway lines, but possibly do not know what they are used for. These constructions are known as signal boxes or switch towers, and were fundamental for the development of the railway system. The signal box was first used in the mid-19th century, and was a space for signalmen to control the direction of trains and ensure the safety of passengers and vehicles. At first, this job was carried out manually by moving levers to move the track, but with the invention of electrical and electronic technology, the signalman’s job changed radically. First, he was able to control much larger areas of track from a control panel, and could communicate directly with trains by radio or telephone, and later he was able to perform all of these tasks by computer. Eventually, the signal box fell into disuse. Today most signaling is controlled centrally by very sophisticated computers, but for many years the simple signal box guaranteed safe rail travel all over the world; and perhaps many of these little buildings still exist to remind us of their important role in the development of the railway system. The signal box inn In the Cleethorpes region of Great Britain, there is a very unusual signal box that is now used for something completely different. The Signal Box Inn is a pub; in fact, at only 6 m2, it is in the Guinness Book of Records as the smallest pub in the world, with room inside for only 6 people! Although it is very small, it serves 5 types of beer and cider and some food. The best place to enjoy your drink while you watch steam trains go by is in the pub’s beer garden. MY GLOSSARY signal n. 信号 v. 用信号通知;表示 signal box 信号房,信号箱 switch tower 信号塔 fundamental adj. 基本的,根本的 signalman n. 信号员,通信兵 lever n. 控制杆,杠杆 track n. 轨道;小道 radically adv. 根本地,彻底 地 control panel 控制面板 perform v. 执行,完成 eventually adv. 最后,终于 disuse n. 停止使用,不被使用 sophisticated adj. 复杂的,精密的;世故 的;高级的 9 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What was the function of the signal box? 2) What innovations changed the job of the signalman? 3) How did the signalman communicate with trains? 4) Why are signal boxes no longer in use? 5) Why do signal boxes still exist? 10 Match these words or phrases with their definitions. 1) switch points a protection from danger 2) heritage b long handles used to operate machinery 3) safety c pieces of railway line that can be moved to change the direction of a train 4) control panel d the history and traditions of a country 5) levers e a flat board on machinery containing instruments Listening 11 Listen to the description of a cab and complete the text. The cab Propulsion for the train is provided by a (1) _____________ locomotive, or by individual (2) ____________ in self-propelled multiple units. Most modern trains are powered by (3) _____________ locomotives or by electricity supplied by overhead wires or (4) _____________ rails, although historically the steam locomotive was the dominant form of locomotive (5) _____________ . The cab, crew compartment or driver’s compartment, is the part of the locomotive housing the (6) _____________ and the controls necessary for the locomotive’s operation. On steam locomotives, the cab is normally (7) _____________ to the rear of the firebox. The cab of a diesel or electric locomotive is either (8) _____________ a cabin or forming one of the structural elements of a cab unit locomotive. MY GLOSSARY propulsion n. 驱动力,推进力 locomotive n. 机车,火车头 self-propelled adj. 自行驱动的,自推进的 electricity n. 电力,电流 supply v. 供给,提供 overhead adj. 在空中,在头顶上 dominant adj. 主要的;占优势的,支配的 crew n. 全体人员; 队,组 rear n. 后面 firebox n. 防火箱 diesel n. 柴油机 structural adj. 结构的;建筑的 Speaking 12 Ask and answer the questions in pairs. 1) Would you like to become a driver? 2) Would you prefer to drive a lorry or a train? Why? 3) Which one of these two means of transport do you think is more difficult to drive? Why? Technical Terms Formula One 一级方程式赛车 OOW (officer of the watch) 值班驾驶员 AB (able seaman) 一等水手,熟练水手 Unit 2 Are You in Command? 25 Positioning Tools UNIT 3 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify different technologies in positioning and how they work; . master the words and expressions related to positioning; . compare the advantages and disadvantages of different positioning tools. Starting Off 1 Write each means of positioning under the picture. GPS System radar compass China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) 1) 2) 3) 4) Reading 1 From using the sun, the moon and the stars to the development of compasses and maps and in very recent times the technology of satellite GPS Systems and radar, man has always needed a way to find his bearings, whether travelling on foot, at sea or in the air. Navigation is as fundamental for humans today as it was in the past, and with all the sophisticated technology now available navigation tools are not just used to stop people getting lost. Consider the transport industry for example. A GPS tracking system on a truck can ensure that a driver takes the best route—avoiding traffic, saving time and petrol costs—but it also helps the transport company to monitor the driver and ensure that he respects the speed limits, only travels at the permitted times and rests at regular intervals for the required amount of time, respecting the law and increasing safety. It can even allow the company to find the vehicle in case of theft! You have probably used maps on the Internet or your mobile phone, and have seen how satellite images can now identify places with incredible detail, even looking into your living room from the sky above! This can be useful for planning a trip before you leave or finding a friend’s house; but the technology is also used for a whole series of professional purposes: from calculating weather to urban planning and even security and warfare. Like all forms of technology the GPS has a few disadvantages of course—it is not always 100% reliable—the suggested route may not always be the best, because some problems are not signaled or the information transmitted to the map is not completely accurate; and some people consider that GPS is an invasion of their privacy. However, this technology is obviously here to stay, and destined to improve; and, if used properly, its advantages are clearly greater than its drawbacks. MY GLOSSARY radar n. 雷达 bearing n. 方位,方位角 navigation n. 导航,领航 tracking system 跟踪系统,追踪系统 petrol n. 汽油 monitor v. 监控,监测 speed limit (道路的)最高时速限 制,限速 interval n. 间隔,间距 in case of 万一,如果 image n. 影像,图像 identify v. 确定,识别 incredible adj. 难以置信的 a series of 一系列的,一连串的 professional adj. 专业的,职业的 calculate v. 计算;预测 urban planning 城市规划 warfare n. 战争,冲突 reliable adj. 可靠的,可信赖的 transmit v. 传输,传送 invasion n. 侵犯,侵扰,入侵 privacy n. 隐私,秘密 destined adj. 注定的;有特定目的地 的 2 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What tools did man use for navigating before the invention of satellite technology? 2) How can GPS Systems help truck drivers? 3) Can you name some of the legal advantages of GPS for the transport industry? 4) What example is given of the accuracy of satellite images? 5) Why do some people not like this technology? 3 Match these words with their definitions. 1) bearing a disadvantage 2) tracking b activity of fighting war 3) safety c direction from a fixed point, e.g. by using a compass 4) theft d protecting things and people from danger 5) security e the crime of stealing things 6) warfare f following the movements of something 7) drawback g not being in danger Reading 2 The radar The word RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is a technology which was properly used for the first time during the Second World War by the allied troops against the Germans. Basically, a radar is an anti-collision tool and can measure the bearing and the distance of a selected target. It is therefore a vital aid on ships and airplanes, especially in case of low or blind-visibility navigation. To detect a target’s position the radar dish or antenna sends out pulses of electromagnetic waves. When these waves hit the target, their echo is returned to the aerial and transformed into visual signals shown on a screen called PPI (Plan Position Indicator) or display. The capacity of the antenna to concentrate the irradiation energy in the dish is called gain. The whole process is based on the principle that radio waves bounce off solid surfaces. It is therefore possible to determine the bearings and distances of faraway targets and deduce information about potential hazards. The radar can also be used to find out the position of a ship at sea, but only in the case in which a fix (a fixed point of reference on the land) is available. For this, other more precise, handy and faster tools, like the GPS, are used. MY GLOSSARY detection n. 探测,侦查 ranging n. 测距 the allied troop 盟军 anti-collision adj. 防冲撞的,防冲 突的 antenna n. 天线;触角 pulse n. 脉冲;脉搏 electromagnetic wave 电磁波 echo n. 反射;回声 aerial n. 天线 adj. 空中的,空气的 transform v. 转化,改变 visual adj. 视觉的,视力的 irradiation n. 照射,发光 gain n. 输入信号增益控制; 获得 bounce off 反射,弹开 deduce v. 推论,推断 hazard n. 危险,危害 fix n. 固定方位,定位 precise adj. 准确的,确切的 4 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What does the word RADAR mean? 2) When was it properly used for the first time? 3) What type of wave does it make use of? 4) What is the working principle of the radar? 5) Can you define the term “gain”? 6) What is a fix? 5 Look at the chart and match the following acronyms with their definitions. Acronym Definitions 1) RMIL a Own Ship 2) RMIPL b Close Point of Approach (the point in which the two ships will be nearest) 3) OS c Another Ship 4) AS d Relative Motion Indicator Parallel Line 5) CPA e Point in which AS passes in front of OS’s bow 6) BP (Bow Passage) f Relative Motion Indicator Line Radar plotting is the set of calculations and graphics of naval kinematics. They are used to trace the positions of moving targets detected by the radar. This is a plotting chart paper filled in with data by a student. Reading 3 The GPS System A GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is a radio navigation system belonging to the American Ministry of Defense, that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world. B The complete name of the system is NAVSTAR GPS, which means “Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System”. It was born as a top secret project of the American Department of Defense during the final years of the Cold War so initially it was intended just for military purposes. C Today the GPS service is provided free of charge by the United States Air Force to the entire world. It is a constellation of satellites (21 active and 3 spare ones) orbiting at 11,000 nautical miles above the Earth and a series of ground stations that control and monitor those satellites. The satellites are spaced so that from any point on Earth, four satellites will be above the horizon. D On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that “triangulates” its own position by getting bearings from three of the four satellites. The result is provided in the form of a geographic position — longitude and latitude — for most receivers, within a few metres. If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map, the position can be shown on the map. When a fourth satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can calculate the altitude as well as the geographic position. If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed and direction of travel and give you estimated times of arrival to specified destinations. MY GLOSSARY American Ministry of Defense 美国国防部 airborne adj. 在空中飞的;空运的;空气 传播的 velocity n. 速度;高速 the Cold War 冷战 initially adv. 最初,首先 constellation n. 星座 orbit v. 沿轨道运行;围绕……运动 n. 轨道 nautical mile 海里 space v. 以一定间隔排 列 horizon n. 地平线;视野 triangulate v. 用三角测量法测定(高度、 距离、方位) geographic adj. 地理的;地理学的 longitude n. 经度,经线 latitude n. 纬度,纬线 specified adj. 规定的;特定的 destination n. 目的地,终点 6 Read the text and choose the best title for each paragraph (A–D). 1) History of the GPS 2) Function of the ground stations 3) The meaning and functioning of the GPS 4) GPS satellites 7 Decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. T F     1) The GPS System is the property of each country in which it is used.      2) The GPS System cannot be used in the air.      3) At the beginning it was used as a military tool.      4) The use of the GPS System is free.      5) The GPS System is made up of more than 20 satellites.      8 Paraphrase the following words and expressions. 1) radio navigation system ____________________________________________________________________ 2) location ____________________________________________________________________ 3) provide ____________________________________________________________________ 4) ground station ____________________________________________________________________ 5) equip ____________________________________________________________________ 9 Look at the picture and then answer the questions. 1) How many satellites is the GPS appliance currently receiving? 2) What is the speed of the vehicle? 3) What is its final destination? 4) What is its next foreseen change of direction? 5) How long will it take? Listening 10 Listen to this extract about the radar history and complete the text. We see everything because of reflected (1) _____________. Radar is a beam, not of visible light, but of a related form of (2) _____________: microwave radiation. When an invisible beam of microwaves is directed outwards and something crosses its path, a little of the microwave energy is bounced back to its (3) _____________. The time it takes a pulse of microwave energy to travel out and be (4) _____________ back, allows us to understand the distance from the object being tracked. The (5) _____________ of the returning energy, coming back to the radar, gives the (6) _____________ of the object. In 1935 Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler announced the rebirth of the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe. Anxious to protect their cities from the threat of German bombing, the British Government commissioned the Scottish radio (7) _____________ Robert Watson Watt to investigate the possibility of creating a death ray to shoot down Nazi aircraft. Watson Watt took the ideas for a death (8) _____________ and turned them into the world’s first practical radar system. RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. Before 1935 radars were (9) _____________ and could only detect very large objects like a ship. In that year, Robert Watson Watt made a crucial breakthrough. He devised a radar that could spot something as small as an (10) _____________, applying scientific principles already well understood at the time. MY GLOSSARY beam n. (电波的)波束;光线 microwave n. 微波;微波炉 radiation n. 辐射;放射线 Nazi n. 纳粹党人,纳粹分子 dictator n. 独裁者 announce v. 宣布,宣告 commission v. 委托,委任 investigate v. 研究,调查 crucial adj. 至关重要的,关键性的 breakthrough n. 重大进展,突破 spot v. 发现,注意到 11 Listen and complete the text with the missing numbers. You know that incredibly uncomfortable feeling you get when you realise you are totally lost, for example in the woods or on the open ocean or in an unfamiliar city. With the Global Positioning System you can know exactly where you are, anywhere on the planet. All you need is a small hand- held receiver. The system that makes it work is absolutely amazing. There are (1) ______________ GPS satellites in orbit. They fly at an altitude of (2) ______________ miles and there are always (3) ______________ or (4) ______________ of them overhead at any time. To find your location your receiver calculates exactly how far away it is from at least (5) ______________ overhead satellites. Then it uses a little trigonometry. If you intersect (6) ______________ spheres you get a circle. If you intersect (7) ______________ spheres you get (8) ______________ points. The Earth is a sphere. So if you have only (9) ______________ satellites you can use the Earth as (10) ______________ of the spheres. Since most GPS receivers have maps built in, you can use your longitude and latitude to find your way out of the woods, to the shore or to your favourite restaurant. MY GLOSSARY incredibly adv. 非常,极其,难以置信 地 uncomfortable adj. 不舒服的,不安的 hand-held adj. 便携式的,手提式的 absolutely adv. 绝对地,完全地 trigonometry n. 三角学 intersect v. 横切;贯穿; 相交,交叉 sphere n. 球体,球,球形 Unit 3 Positioning Tools 35 Writing 12 Provide a short and simple explanation for each of the following proverbs. The first one is done for you. 1) Check the course first and then loosen the sails. This proverb means that before sailing you must check your direction and destination carefully. 2) If there is snow, mist or thick fog, be careful and slow and listen to signals. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) We’ve been beneath the radar all year. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4) It is certainly on our radar for priority. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Technical Terms China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) 中国北斗导航系统 Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) 雷达,无线电探测和测距 PPI (Plan Position Indicator) 平面位置显示器 NAVSTAR GPS ( Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System) 导航星,全球定位系统(GPS的全称) Unit 3 Positioning Tools 37 What’s the Weather Like? UNIT 4 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify different weather prediction tools; . master the words and expressions related to weather prediction; . understand the importance of weather forecast to transport. Starting Off Of all human activities, transport is probably one of the most influenced by the weather. From deciding whether or not to go for a walk in the park to cancelling or delaying intercontinental passenger flights, the weather influences our movements all the time. Extreme weather conditions can cause accidents, death and destruction so predicting the weather is a priority when people and goods are moved from one place to another. Today man has developed some very sophisticated means for predicting the weather, but despite this, our predictions are not always accurate because weather conditions can change very suddenly. MY GLOSSARY influence v. 影响;对……起作用 cancel v. 取消,撤销 delay v. 延期;耽搁 intercontinental adj. 洲际的,洲与洲之间的 passenger flight 客机 destruction n. 破坏,毁灭 predict v. 预测,预报 priority n. 优先事项,最重要的事 prediction n. 预测,预报 1 Match the icons with the weather conditions. 1) a partially cloudy 2) b snowy 3) c rainy 4) d cloudy 5) e sunny 6) f frosty 7) g stormy 2 Label these weather forecast symbols with the expressions from the box. wind direction wind force marine forecast maximum temperature minimum temperature 2) ___________________ 4) ___________________ 3) ___________________ 5) ___________________ 1) ___________________ Listening 3 Listen and complete the table with the correct information. Weather Pressure Wind direction Wind force Tonight Low 59 10 to 20 mph Saturday morning 15 to 25 mph Saturday night Low 44 / / 4 Listen to the question “What’s the weather like today?” and fill in the table with as many adjectives as you can. Sight Touch/Feeling Temperature Opinion cloudy _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ windy _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ cool _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ wonderful _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Speaking 5 Work in pairs. Find a weather forecast map from the Internet and talk about it. You can refer to the following questions for help. 1) What is the weather going to be like in your city? 2) Which is the hottest part of the area? 3) Which is the coldest part of the area? 4) Is there an area of high pressure? 5) Are there going to be thunderstorms/snow/rain/frost? 6) Can you describe the temperature and general conditions of a certain place in the map? Reading 1 6 Read the text and match the paragraphs with the pictures. 1) Have you ever been in a situation when the weather forecast predicted sunny skies, but then it rained all day? You think, “Oh no, I wish I had my umbrella!” 2) The job of predicting weather accurately is a difficult one, because our atmosphere is constantly changing. Weather forecasters must analyse information they receive from a number of sources, including mobile weather observers, weather balloons, weather stations and satellites. 3) NASA uses a series of satellites called the Afternoon Constellation, nicknamed the “A-Train”, which are orbiting in air and are collecting all sorts of data, including those that will help predict weather and climate changes. 4) Two additional satellites, Cloudsat and Calipso, will soon be launched to extend the series. Cloudsat will help improve weather forecasting, by studying the different aspects of clouds, as it name implies. Calipso will help predict climate change and how aerosols or particles affect the Earth’s atmosphere. 5) We rely on weather predictions for many activities: farmers need to know the best time to plant and harvest their crops; airplanes’ take-offs, landings and flight plans are scheduled according to local weather conditions; weather forecasters warn newspapers about severe storms that could endanger life or property. Most people want to know what the weather will be like as they go to and from work or school, or plan outdoor activities; but although we receive weather data from such a great variety of sources, we know that it is still impossible to predict the weather accurately 100% of the time. A B D C E MY GLOSSARY weather forecast 天气预报 constantly adv. 不断地,时常地 forecaster n. 预报员 analyse v. 分析 source n. 来源;起源,根源 observer n. 观测者;目击者 weather balloon 气象探测气球 weather station 气象站 nickname v. 给……起绰号 n. 绰号 Cloudsat n. 云探测卫星 Calipso n. 卡利普索激光雷达卫 星 launch v. 发射;发起 extend v. 扩大;延伸 imply v. 暗示,暗指 aerosol n. 气溶胶 particle n. 微粒,颗粒 rely on 依靠,依赖 harvest v. 收割,收获 schedule v. 安排;预定 n. 计划表,时间表 endanger v. 危及,危害 property n. 财产;性能 a variety of 各种各样的 7 Read the text again and answer the questions. 1) Why is it so difficult to predict the weather? 2) Where do weather forecasters get their information? 3) Where is the “A-train” and what does it do? 4) Why are two new satellites being launched? 5) What do farmers need the weather forecast for? 8 Find the synonyms of these words or phrases from the text. 1) precisely ____________________ 2) interpret ____________________ 3) group ____________________ 4) predicting ____________________ 5) depend on ____________________ 6) serious ____________________ 7) planned ____________________ Reading 2 Severe weather conditions can be dangerous for aircraft Ice buildup on the wings, tail and stabilisers of an aircraft may be very dangerous, because it can change the way air flows around them, slowing the plane and compromising the wings’ ability to lift the plane as it moves forward. Two different processes are used to try and solve this problem: de-icing and anti-icing. De-icing is the removal of existing snow, ice, frost, etc., from a surface. Anti-icing is the application of chemicals that not only de-ice, but remain on a surface and continue to delay the reformation of ice up to a certain period of time, or prevent adhesion of ice to make mechanical removal easier. Frost, ice or snow on critical surfaces of an aircraft such as wings, propellers and stabilisers can have a significant impact on the operation of an aircraft. The aircraft can be affected in two ways: the formation of frost, ice or snow changes the airflow over the wing, reducing lift and increasing drag; the additional weight of the ice or snow adds to the total weight of the aircraft, increasing the lift required for the aircraft to take off. The combination of reduced lift, increased drag and increased weight from even small quantities of ice, snow or frost, can affect performance and handling, which can have dramatic consequences. De-icing is performed by spraying heated Type 1 glycol aircraft de-icing fluid (ADF) on frost, snow and ice to melt and remove them from the critical surfaces. If precipitation continues after the Type 1 application, then a non-heated Type 4 glycol aircraft anti-icing fluid (AAF) application is necessary to prevent further buildup before take-off. MY GLOSSARY buildup n. 集结,增长 stabiliser n. 稳定器,平衡器 compromise v. 损害 de-icing n. 除冰 anti-icing n. 防冰 application n. 应用,运用 chemical n. 化学制品,化学品 reformation n. 再次形成;改革,革新 adhesion n. 粘附(力),粘着 mechanical adj. 机械的;力学的 critical adj. 极重要的,关键的 propeller n. 螺旋桨;推进器 impact n. 影响,作用 airflow n. 气流 additional adj. 附加的,额外的 combination n. 组合,结合,联合 affect v. 影响 performance n. 性能;表现;表演 handling n. 操作;处理 dramatic adj. 巨大的;剧烈的 consequence n. 后果;结果 perform v. 完成;执行 spray v. 喷,喷洒 glycol n. 乙二醇,甘醇 melt v. 融化;熔化;溶解 precipitation n. (尤指雨或雪的)降落,降 水;沉淀 9 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Why can ice building up on aircraft parts be dangerous? 2) What actions can be taken against ice buildup on aircraft? 3) In what ways can ice buildup affect the aircraft? 4) How is de-icing carried out? 5) When is AAF used? 10 Complete these sentences with information from the text. 1) When ice forms on an aircraft, it can change the way the air flows around the __________, __________ and __________. 2) When the airflow over the plane’s wing is changed by ice, it __________ drag and __________ lift. 3) When the total weight of an aircraft is increased by the presence of ice, it means that __________________________. 4) The difference between the two safety procedures applied in these conditions is that __________________________. 11 Match these words with their definitions. 1) ice a a powered, fixed-wing aircraft 2) plane b a solid deposit of water vapour 3) snow c liquid that continually flows 4) frost d frozen water 5) fluid e small, soft, frozen water that falls from the sky 12 Match these English weather proverbs with their explanations. 1) Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. 2) Clear moon, frost soon. 3) Rainbow in the morning gives you fair warning. 4) Lightning never strikes the same place twice. 5) Halo around the sun or moon, rain or snow soon. 6) Red sky in the morning, sailors take warning. a A red sky during sunrise indicates that a storm is possible. b There is a shower to the West on its way. c When the sky is red at sunset, good weather is predicted for the following day. d Halo or ring indicates moisture in the upper atmosphere, so it is thought that moisture is on its way down in the form of precipitation. e A false myth which states that lightning never falls a second time in the same place. f When there is no cloud cover at night, the air temperature will cool more quickly, hence greater chance of frost in the morning. Writing 13 Do you know any other proverbs related to weather? Try to translate them into English, maintaining rhymes when possible. Use a dictionary and ask your teacher for help. Then explain them in plain English. Technical Terms NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (美国)国家航空和航天局 aircraft de-icing fluid (ADF) 飞机除冻液 aircraft anti-icing fluid (AAF) 飞机防冻液 Unit 4 What’s the Weather Like? 47 Intermodal Freight Transport UNIT 5 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify the functions of intermodal freight transport; . master the words and expressions related to intermodal freight transport; . understand the advantages of intermodal freight transport. Starting Off 1 Match the following transport modal shifts with the right pictures. 1) Ship to lorry 2) Lorry to warehouse 3) Train to lorry 4) Airplane to lorry A B C D Reading 1 Transport is everywhere! In the air, by rail or road, on the water, by cable or pipeline and even in space—people, animals and goods are constantly on the move. Transport is fundamental both for trade between people and for establishing cultural exchanges and increasing understanding between different cultures. As a field of study transport can be divided into three categories: infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Infrastructure for transport is all around us—from airports, railway and bus stations to warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots and seaports. Vehicles include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, ships, helicopters and airplanes. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose, including financing, legalities and policies. Passenger transport may be public or private. Freight transport is today focused on containerisation. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalisation, but can also cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. It is commonly heavily influenced by governments, both in terms of subsidies and planning, which is essential to make traffic flow and control urban sprawl. MY GLOSSARY cable n. 电缆 pipeline n. 输油管;管道 on the move 活跃;忙碌 establish v. 建立,创立 cultural exchange 文化交流 category n. 种类,类别 infrastructure n. 基础设施;公共建设 operation n. 运行,运转 warehouse n. 货仓,仓库 trucking n. 货车运输(业) terminal n. 码头;终点站;航站 refuel v. (给飞机、轮船等)补 充燃料,加油 depot n. 车库;仓库 seaport n. 海港 automobile n. 汽车,机动车 helicopter n. 直升飞机 procedure n. 程序,步骤 financing n. 融资,筹资 legality n. 合法,合法性 policy n. 保单;政策 containerisation n. 集装箱运输 globalisation n. 全球化 commonly adv. 通常,一般 subsidy n. 补贴, 津贴 essential adj. 必要的,必不可少的 sprawl n. (城市)被杂乱无序拓 展的地区 2 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What are the most common forms of transport? 2) Why is transport so important? 3) What are the most common forms of infrastructure for land-based transport? 4) Can you name two problems that can result from the transport industry? 5) What areas do governments need to influence in the transport industry? 3 Match these words with their definitions. 1) cable a the systems and services necessary for a country to function well 2) goods b a place where goods are stored 3) infrastructure c the fact of being allowed by law 4) depot d thick, strong metal rope or wire 5) legality e the process of transporting goods in enormous boxes 6) containerisation f to move smoothly and constantly 7) subsidy g products destined for sale, carried by truck, plane or ship 8) flow h money that governments give to help organisations Reading 2 Intermodal freight transport A A freight village is a complex set of facilities where all the activities relating to transport, logistics and distribution of goods are carried out on a commercial basis by various operators, who can either be the owners or the tenants of the spaces (warehouses, storage areas, offices, car parks, etc.). It must be equipped with public facilities and, if possible, include public services for the staff and users. Other names for a freight village are: logistics park/centre, transport centre or logistics hub. B A freight village enables change from one given transport mode to another (modal shift) through a set of technologies that facilitate the transfer. It is served by several transport modes (road, rail, deep sea, inland waterway, air) to encourage intermodal transport for the handling of goods.The most common examples of modal shifts are: train (rail) to lorry (road); barge (inland waterway) to train or lorry; airplane (air) to lorry. C A freight village requires different activities such as warehousing, economic activities, support activities and unified management. The warehouse is the infrastructure where the transport operator mostly performs his business. This activity may include the division of the goods into smaller quantities for a more functional distribution. Logistics hubs need active distribution centres and several industrial activities in the neighbourhood that can exploit the modal shift facilities within the village. Support activities include support services like lorry rest areas, office space, restaurants, banking, shops and hotels. Unified management requires that the village is often under the management of a single entity. D A freight village is the right solution to satisfy the increasing requirements of a complex business based on transport. In order to work well it is imperative that the village is run by a single body, either public or private. MY GLOSSARY freight village 货运村 a set of 一套,一组 complex adj. 复杂的;让人费解的 facility n. 设施,设备 distribution n. 配送,发送 commercial adj. 商业的,商务的 various adj. 各种各样的 operator n. 经营者;专业公司 tenant n. 承租人,租户 storage area 储物区,货仓 hub n. 中心,枢纽 modal shift 运输方式转换 facilitate v. 促进,帮助 transfer n. / v. 转移;转让 inland waterway 内陆水道,内陆航道 barge n. 驳船,平底载货船 unified adj. 统一的,一致的 division n. 分配;分配方法 functional adj. 功能性的;实用的 neighbourhood n. 邻近地区;街区 exploit v. 利用;开发 entity n. 实体,独立存在体 solution n. 解决办法,解决方案 imperative adj. 极重要的,必要的 4 Read the text and choose the best title for each paragraph (A–D). 1) Description of the main activities of a freight village 2) Introduction to the concept of freight village 3) Final statement on a freight village 4) Extra information on freight villages 5 Read the text and write T (True), F (False) or DS (Doesn’t say). 1) A freight village is also called a logistics hub. _____ 2) A modal shift train to airplane is not possible. _____ 3) In the warehouse goods are usually assembled in bigger quantities. _____ 4) In a freight village there are never banks or restaurants. _____ 5) A freight village is usually run by a single person. _____ Unit 5 Intermodal Freight Transport 53 Reading 3 Oil tankers The oil tanker was developed in the late 19th century as a solution for transporting large quantities of “black gold” across the globe. Today, oil tankers fall into two basic categories, crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers are the larger of the two. They move raw, unrefined oil from the places where it’s pumped out of the earth, to the refineries where it is processed into fuel and other products. Product tankers, on the other hand, are smaller than crude tankers and move already-processed petroleum products to markets where they can be sold and used. Corporations are always seeking the most efficient way to accomplish a task in order to maximise profits. Due to their immense size, oil tankers provide an easy and inexpensive way to transport oil over long distances. In fact, it only costs around two to four cents per gallon to transport oil using a typical tanker. Like many other influential technologies, oil tankers have helped us progress as a civilisation, but they have also presented us with considerable problems. Without oil tankers, it would be impossible to travel as easily and often as we do. However, some of the worst man-made environmental disasters in history have resulted from oil tanker accidents. When oil spills into the sea, it creates enormous damage to nature, which takes many years to recover. In order to prevent these accidents occurring again in the future, new regulations have been introduced. For example, new oil tankers must be double-hulled, which means that there are two layers separating the oil they carry from the sea. This reduces the risk of oil spills in case the tanker has an accident, but of course it does not eliminate risk completely. Sea transportation of oil also carries other risks, including pirates, who take control of the tanker and demand money in return. The future of oil tankers is also uncertain, just as the future of the oil industry itself is. Man is looking for new ways of producing energy as oil reserves are finishing and ecological issues are becoming more important. MY GLOSSARY oil tanker 油轮 black gold 黑金(特指石油) crude tanker 原油油轮 raw adj. 未经加工的;生的 unrefined adj. 未提炼的,未精制的 pump v. 用泵(或泵样器官或设备 等)输送 refinery n. 炼油厂 process v. 加工,处理 fuel n. 燃油,燃料 petroleum n. 石油 corporation n. 公司,企业 accomplish v. 完成,实现 maximise v. 使最大化;使最重要 gallon n. 加仑(液体计量单位) typical adj. 典型的;特有 的 influential adj. 有影响力的 civilisation n. 文明,文化 considerable adj. 相当多(大、重要)的 spill v. (使)洒出;(使)溢出 n. 洒出(量);溢出(量) regulation n. 规则,法规 double-hulled adj. 双重机壳的,双壳体的 layer n. 层;层次 eliminate v. 消除,排除 pirate n. 海盗 reserve n. 储备(物),备用(物) ecological adj. 生态的;生态学的 issue n. 问题;议题 6 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Why were oil tankers developed? 2) What is the main difference between the two types of oil tanker? 3) What are the main advantages of oil tankers as a form of transportation? 4) What are the main disadvantages? 5) Why is the future of oil tankers uncertain? Unit 5 Intermodal Freight Transport 55 Listening Air freight Today an increasing number of goods are transported by air. Planes can transport letters, cars and even horses as well as other planes! Virtually every passenger flight also transports cargo, and of course many flights are for the transportation of goods only. The planes used may be similar to passenger planes or are sometimes old passenger planes which have been converted for goods transportation, or they may be cargo aircraft, some of which are enormous. The Boeing 747-400, for example, can transport the same quantity of goods as 5 articulated lorries! But there is yet another category of plane which was developed exclusively for cargo: the super transporter. The largest of these, the Antonov AN-225, can carry over 250 tons of cargo! 7 Complete the table referring to the text above with the words or terms from the box. Then listen and check. Russia Europe two Super Guppy four USA four Antonov four Airbus six 747 Dreamlifter USA 124) Antonov Aircraft and company name Number of engines Country/ Region 1) Beluga __________ __________ __________ 2) __________ Nasa Aero Space lines __________ __________ 3) __________ Boeing __________ __________ 4) __________ __________ __________ Russia 5) 225 __________ __________ __________ Speaking 8 Match these English proverbs with their meanings. Do you agree with them? Why or why not? 1) The cleanest journey is the one that does not take place. 2) The pilot who teaches himself has a fool for a student. 3) Everywhere is within walking distance if you have the time. a If you are patient, you can always travel from one place to another. b Every form of transport creates pollution in some way. c It is impossible to learn to fly a plane without help from someone else. Writing 9 The following table summarises the CO2 emission factors by freight transport mode, established by Essen in 2003. Match transport modality with green tonality. Which is the greenest means of transport? Which is the most polluting one? Write a short paragraph to summarise these data. Modality CO2 emission g-t/km (expressed in grams CO2 per tonne-kilometre) 1) Articulated lorry 60–80 A 2) Lorry 10–20 tonnes (local delivery) 120–150 B 3) Electric train 30–40 C 4) Diesel electric train 35–45 D 5) Ship 250–1,000 tonnes 35–70 E 6) Ship 1,000–3,000 tonnes 30–55 F CO2 emission factors by freight transport mode (Essen et al., 2003) Technical Terms Boeing 747-400 波音747-400飞机 Antonov AN-225 安东诺夫-225运输机(为运输暴风雪号航天飞机而研制的超大型军用运输 机) Handling Goods and Passengers UNIT 6 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . identify the organisation of warehouses, airports and ports; . master the words and expressions related to storage areas and forklift truck; . realise the importance of handling of goods and passengers properly. Starting Off 1 Write each means of handling goods and passengers under the picture. forklift truck loading bridge airside transfer bus pallet rack crane container 1) 2) 3) 6) 4) 5) Reading 1 Logistics and warehouses A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities, towns and villages, strategically positioned to be close to main transport facilities such as ports, roads, stations and rivers. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklift trucks for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing, or commerce. Organising a warehouse well is essential for efficient loading, storing and unloading of goods, as it saves time, space and therefore money. Over the last twenty years warehouses have changed a lot, mainly due to new technology and business demands. Modern warehouses are now almost fully automated—they require very few people to run them—and they employ “Just in Time” techniques, so goods are never stored for very long, meaning savings in space and money. MY GLOSSARY manufacturer n. 生产商,厂家 importer n. 进口商;进口国 exporter n. 出口商;出口国 wholesaler n. 批发商 plain adj. 普通的,简单的 industrial adj. 工业的,产业的 strategically adv. 战略性地;战略上 position v. 安放,放置 dock n. 码头,船坞 crane n. 吊车,起重机 forklift truck 叉车 pallet n. 货板,集装架 rack n. 架子,搁物架 store v. 贮存,贮藏 pack v. 把……打包,包装 spare part 零部件 component n. 组件;组成部分 finished goods 制成品,成品 associate v. 把……联系在一起 agriculture n. 农业,农艺 manufacture v. 制造,生产 commerce n. 商业,贸易 automated adj. 自动化的 employ v. 使用;雇用 2 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Why is the location of a warehouse so important? 2) What type of equipment is commonly used in a warehouse? 3) Why is the organisation of a warehouse so fundamental? 4) What factors have caused warehouses to change in recent years? 5) What are the consequences of automation in a warehouse? 3 Match these words and phrases with their definitions. 1) run a planned for a particular purpose 2) pallet b a small, low platform where goods are placed for storage 3) demands c keeping in a particular place for future use 4) forklift truck d a small vehicle with two front prongs for lifting and moving goods 5) strategical e people who sell large quantities of goods for resale 6) wholesalers f another word for “manage” 7) importers g a machine for lifting and moving heavy weights 8) facilities h another word for “requirements” 9) crane i people who bring goods into a country to sell them 10) storing j things designed to offer a particular service Reading 2 The term “logistics” is connected to the Greek word for logic and rationale, and it was first used with its current meaning of organisation in a military context. In the field of transportation logistics can be defined as “the seamless movement of goods from supplier to consumer, accounting for all the transport, handling and storage requirements in between”. It includes operations such as exporting, packaging, marketing, freight forwarding, consolidating, tracking/monitoring, clearance and importing. As a result, freight logistics is a key competitive factor in business operations because it affects product quality, costs, profits, the ability to service customers and the ability to retain and expand market share. MY GLOSSARY logic n. 逻辑,逻辑学 rationale n. 基本原理;根本原因 current adj. 当前的,现在的 military adj. 军事的;军人的 context n. 环境;语境 seamless adj. 无(接)缝的,无空隙的 supplier n. 供应商,供货商 account for (在数量上)占;说明 package v. 包装,打包 freight forwarding 货运代理 consolidate v. 巩固,加强 tracking n. 追踪,跟踪 clearance n. 清仓,清理 competitive adj. 竞争的,有竞争性的 retain v. 保持,保留 expand v. 扩大,扩展 4 Read the text and find the synonyms of the words below. 1) managing ______________________ 2) continuous ______________________ 3) keep ______________________ 4) increase ______________________ Reading 3 The forklift truck A What is smaller than a car, stronger than an elephant, can reach as high as a giraffe, works like an ox and never falls over? The forklift truck! Everybody has a vague idea of the existence of this humble little machine, but very few people ever think about how it works and how important it is to us. Invented nearly a hundred years ago, the forklift truck is used in just about every industry—without it we would not be able to manufacture or transport goods the way we do. B It was invented by a US company in 1917 for internal use, but quickly became popular with the company’s clients, who wanted one for themselves. In 1930 the pallet was standardised, which led to a great increase in demand for the truck; and in the 1950s warehouses started to develop vertically—so the forklift followed in the same direction and was redesigned to be able to lift pallets to a height of 15 metres! C There are in fact 7 different classes of forklift truck, mainly differentiated by their engines and tyres, but all forklifts share a series of common characteristics: frame, the foundation of all the forklift parts; counterweight, used to stabilise the forklift when lifting heavy loads; mast, hydraulically operated lift used to raise and lower a load; forks, prongs that lift up a wooden pallet; load back-rest, stops the load from shifting backwards; overhead guard, protects the operator from a falling load. D The little truck has always been respected in industry for its resistance and versatility, but of course new technological progress has brought changes also to this machine: the 3 most significant of these are increased engine efficiency, making it more environmentally friendly; the arrival of the automated truck—controlled from a computer and no longer driven by an operator; and the “sidewinder” forklift, which can move in any direction, and so also to places that were previously off limits for this type of vehicle. It will certainly see more changes in the future too, but we can be sure that this little work horse will still be a common site in industry for years to come. MY GLOSSARY ox n. 公牛,牛 vague adj. 模糊的,含糊的 existence n. 存在;生存 humble adj. 简陋的;谦逊的 internal adj. 内部的;里面的 client n. 客户;委托人 vertically adv. 垂直地,直立地 redesign v. 重新设计;重新规划 differentiate v. 区分,区别 tyre n. 轮胎 characteristic n. 特性,特色 frame n. 框架,结构 foundation n. 基础;地基 counterweight n. 平衡重,平衡锤 stabilise v. 使稳定,使 坚固 mast n. 杆,桅杆 hydraulically adv. 水压地 prong n. 叉状物,尖头 back-rest n. 固定中心架,靠背架 shift v. 移动,挪动 overhead guard 护顶架,顶罩 resistance n. 阻力;抵抗 versatility n. 多功能性,通用性 efficiency n. 效率,效能 sidewinder n. 响尾蛇 previously adv. 以前,预先 5 Read the text and choose the best title for each paragraph (A–D). 1) Recent changes 2) Features common to all trucks 3) Early development 4) Basic description of the forklift truck 6 Read the text again and complete these sentences. 1) Many more people wanted to use the forklift in the 1930s after ______________________________. 2) The counterweight is fundamental for ________________________________________________________. 3) Protection for the operator is provided by _____________________________________________________. 4) The main characteristic of the automated truck is that ________________________________________. 5) The advantage of the “sidewinder” is that ____________________________________________________. 7 Find the synonyms of these words from the text. 1) unclear __________________________ 2) make, assemble __________________________ 3) remodeled __________________________ 4) durability __________________________ Reading 4 The organisation of an airport An airport is the location where aircraft take off and land, where goods, passengers and their baggage transit. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport, where we usually distinguish two main parts: an air side and a land side. In the former we find all the infrastructures and services that serve to move aircraft, runways, taxiways, aircraft parkings, aprons and the air traffic control system; in the latter there are all the facilities and services associated with passengers such as the access to the airport, the terminal footpaths and the car parks. Gates are instead usually considered the border between the two areas. The airport ramp or apron is the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled and boarded. The apron is not usually open to the general public and a license may be required to gain access. The use of the apron may be controlled by the apron management service (apron control or apron advisory). The apron is designated by the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) as not being part of the maneuvering area. All vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as “apron traffic”. In the USA, the words “ramp” and “apron” are used interchangeably in most circumstances. Generally, the preflight activities are carried out on ramps and areas for parking and maintenance are called aprons. MY GLOSSARY location n. 地点,位置 baggage n. 行李 transit n. / v. 运输,搬运 distinguish v. 区分,辨别 air side 机场周边活动区 land side (对旅客开放的)机场 公共场所 runway n. 跑道,滑道 taxiway n. (飞机的)滑行道 parking n. 停车 apron n. 停机坪 access n. 通道,进入 footpath n. 人行道,小 径 ramp n. 斜坡,坡道;活动舷梯 license n. 执照,许可证 designate v. 指定,划定(特征、用 途) maneuver v. 演习;机动 be referred to 被称作 interchangeably adv. 可互换地,可交换地 circumstance n. 情况;环境 preflight adj. 起飞前的;为起飞作准 备的 8 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What are the two most important parts we can distinguish in an airport? 2) To which of these parts do gates belong? 3) How can you define an apron? 4) Who controls the apron? 5) What does the acronym ICAO mean? 9 Match the apron vehicles’ names with the correct definitions. Each airport, according to its size and needs, has a different number and types of apron vehicles. There are however some basic ones which every airport must have and that you may have seen many times. a a movable staircase that passengers use to board or leave an aircraft b a heavy tractor used to move aircraft from their parking spaces before taxing and taking off c a cart used to carry passengers’ baggage and goods to the aircraft before taking off and from them after landing d They can be extra long and wide to hold the maximum number of passengers. They are usually fitted with minimal or no seating and with flashing beacons for operating 1) Follow Me 2) Push Back 3) Airside Transfer Bus (Apron Bus) 4) Loading Bridge (Jet Bridge) airside near runways. They may also have driving cabs at both ends. e A ground vehicle, such as a jeep, that meets a landing airplane to lead it to its parking place. The words “follow me” usually appear on the rear of such vehicles. f an enclosed, movable connector which extends from an airport terminal gate to an airplane, allowing passengers to board and disembark without having to go outside 5) Baggage Dolly (Pallet Dolly) 6) Passengers Boarding Stairs Reading 5 The organisation of a port A Oslo is Norway’s busiest ferry port with four daily departures to Denmark and Germany. The ferries carry over 2.6 million passengers a year and 1.2 million tons of freight. The freight carried by these ferries constitutes a third of the general cargo handled by the port of Oslo. B Ferry traffic into and out of Oslo is expanding all the time with newer and ever larger ferries being taken into service. C This expansion makes it imperative for the port to have efficient, up to date terminal buildings and also adequate space for vehicle ferry lines and for customer facilities for disembarking vehicles. Container transport is an expanding segment of the port of Oslo. D The port currently has two container terminals, but development is underway to bring all container handling into one single terminal. When completed, this terminal will have a total quay length of 700 metres with a minimum water depth of 12 metres. MY GLOSSARY Oslo n. 奥斯陆 (挪威首都) Norway n. 挪威 departure n. 离开,出发 Denmark n. 丹麦 constitute v. 组成,构成 expansion n. 扩展,扩张 up to date 最新的,现代的 adequate adj. 充足的,足够的 disembark v. 下(车、船、飞机 等),登陆 segment n. 部分,段 underway adj. 在进行中的;(船、火车等) 在行进中的 quay n. 码头,埠头 minimum adj. 最低的,最小的 10 Read the text and choose the best title for each paragraph (A–D). 1) The trend in ferry traffic 2) General description of the port of Oslo 3) Future development 4) Key issues for the expansion of the port 11 Find the synonyms of these words and phrases from the text. 1) full of people and goods ____________________ 2) managed ____________________ 3) important ____________________ 4) modern ____________________ 5) growing ____________________ Listening 12 Listen and complete the text with the correct words from the box. overseas sheds handling shuttle equipped fuel consumption increase The terminals are (1) _______________ with two gantry cranes each. Container (2) _______________ at the terminal is carried out by straddle carriers and RTG (rubber-tyred gantry) cranes. Most containers are (3) _______________ cargo, but the volume of short-sea shipping containers is increasing. Forty-six thousand new cars are unloaded each year in the port of Oslo. There are two port (4) _______________ for storage of new cars and unloading track for further distribution by rail with departures every day. The port of Oslo handles a large volume of dry bulk. An (5) _______________ in construction work in the whole of Eastern Norway has resulted in heavy demand for cement and sand. The port has two quays for oil tankers. As much as forty percent of Norway’s (6) _______________ of oil products is unloaded at Oslo and stored in storage units. Air traffic in Eastern Norway is also dependent on the port of Oslo, which receives all the jet (7) _______________ used at Oslo’s Gardermoen airport. The fuel is then freighted to the airport by a daily rail (8)_______________ . MY GLOSSARY gantry n. 起重机龙门架,门架 straddle carrier 跨车,跨运车 short-sea n. 近海 dry bulk 散装干货 cement n. 水泥 Technical Terms ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) 国际民用航空组织 Transport Documents UNIT 7 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . understand the significance of transport documents; . master the words and expressions related to transport documents; . distinguish different items in transport documents; . complete or fill in a transport document with proper information. Starting Off 1 Why do you think transport documents are necessary? What kind of information is indicated in them? Discuss in pairs. Reading 1 Official transport documents must contain details and instructions relating to the transport and consignment of the goods.They usually show: the names of the consignor and consignee; the point of origin of the consignment and the destination; the route and method of shipment; the arrangements for the payment of freight. Copies are generally kept by the consignor, consignee and carrier. The road/rail consignment note For road transport within the EU, the necessary document is called road consignment note or CMR and it confirms that the carrier has received the goods and that a contract of carriage exists between the trader and the carrier. For rail transport, the necessary document is called rail consignment note or CIM. MY GLOSSARY document n. 文件;单据 instruction n. 指令,指示 consignment n. 托运;托运的货物 consignor n. 托运人 consignee n. 收货人 point of origin 起点 destination n. 目的地,终点 shipment n. 装运,运输 payment n. 支付 carrier n. 承运人 EU 欧盟 consignment note 托运单,托运收据 confirm v. 确认,确定 contract n. 合同,契约 carriage n. 货运;运费 exist v. 存在;生存 trader n. 交易商,经商者 2 Match the terms with the correct definitions. 1) consignor 2) consignee 3) destination 4) point of origin 5) insurance a the place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken b a person or company that sends goods to someone, usually the person who is buying them c an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc. d the person something is sent to e the place where something comes from Reading 2 Focus on CMR Seller: Hurlinton & Meads, 58 Grosvernor Square, Bristol, UK Buyer: Hans Müller GmbH, Arabellastr. 92, Berlin, Germany Goods: TV sets loaded on 10 pallets Total gross weight: 2,010 kg Carrier: TransEurope Express, 86 West Industrial Estate, Bristol Registration plate No.: CV55PLO Date of issue: 15th April 2020 Place of issue: Bristol Annexed documents: Invoice No. 742 MY GLOSSARY registration plate No. 注册车牌号 date of issue 签发日期,出票日期 place of issue 签发地点 annexed adj. 附加的 invoice n. 发票 delivery n. 交付,交货 nature n. 性质 statistical adj. 统计的;统计学的 label n. 标签,标记 reimbursement n. 赔偿 be subject to 服从;依据 notwithstanding adv. 尽管,虽然 clause n. 条款 contrary n. 相反,反面 adj. 相反的 convention n. 公约 successive adj. 连续的 reservation n. 保留,预订 observation n. 观察;观察报告 currency n. 货币,现金;通货 deduction n. 扣除,减除 balance n. 余额 supplementary charge 额外费用 signature n. 签名,签字 3 Complete the CMR with the information provided in Reading 2. Reading 3 The bill of lading The bill of lading (B/L) is the document used for sea freight and it serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage and a receipt of goods. As a receipt, it states the condition of the goods when they are loaded on the ship. As a document of title, it enables the consignee to receive, retain, sell or otherwise dispose of the document and goods by endorsing it to a new consignee. There are two types of bill of lading: a clean B/L: the carrier declares the goods have been received on board in apparent good order and condition; a foul B/L: the carrier declares the goods (or packaging) looked in unsatisfactory condition when loaded on board. MY GLOSSARY document of title 物权凭证 receipt n. 收据,收条 state v. 规定;声明;陈述 dispose of 处理,解决 endorse v. 背书 on board 已装船, 在船上 apparent adj. 清晰可见的;显而易见的 unsatisfactory adj. 不能令人满意的 negotiable adj. 可转让的;可协商的 notify party 到货受通知 方,被通知人 vessel n. 船舶 voyage n. 航程 port of discharge 卸货港 item n. 物品;条款 rate basis 费率基础 laden v. 装载,负载 forwarding agent 货运代理人 4 Look at the B/L in Reading 3 and answer these questions. 1) Who is the consignor? 2) Which port are the goods being shipped from? 3) Which port will they be delivered to? 4) What is the name of the ship? 5) What goods are being shipped? 6) How are they packed? 7) How much do they weigh? 8) When were they loaded on board? Reading 4 The air waybill The air waybill (AWB) is the document used when transporting freight by air. It serves as a receipt of goods by the airline and as a contract of carriage. It is non-negotiable. It includes a description of the goods, instructions, conditions of carriage, limitations of liability and applicable transportation charges. MY GLOSSARY waybill n. 运单,货运单 limitation n. 限制,局限 liability n. 责任;债务 applicable adj. 适用的,适 合的 5 Look at the AWB in Reading 4 and find the following information. 1) name of the airline __________________ 2) consignor __________________ 3) consignee __________________ 4) goods (type, size, weight, quantity) __________________ 5) point of origin __________________ 6) destination __________________ 7) insurance __________________ 8) total value __________________ Speaking 6 Prepare a short presentation (3–5 minutes) about international transport documents, explaining which documents are needed and the information they contain. Technical Terms road consignment note (CMR) 公路托运单 rail consignment note (CIM) 铁路托运单 bill of lading (B/L) 提单 clean B/L 清洁提单,不附带条件的提单 foul B/L 不清洁提单,有不良批注提单 air waybill (AWB) 空运提单 UNIT Insurance 8 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . understand the significance of insurance in transport; . master the words and expressions related to insurance; . recognise different categories of marine and business insurance. Starting Off 1 Listen and answer the questions. 1) What was the man calling for? 2) Who was the shipping agent? 3) Where were the goods shipped from? 4) When did the ship arrive? 5) What was the reference number? Reading 1 Insurance Insurance is the way in which people and businesses protect themselves against risks. In the UK and many other countries, some kinds of insurance are compulsory for individuals, like motor insurance for driving a car or buildings insurance if you have a mortgage on your home. Other kinds of insurance, such as protection against theft, accident or illness, are optional. Similarly, for business there are compulsory and optional insurances. Compulsory insurances are employer’s liability insurance and motor insurance, while optional ones include protection against theft, damages, fire, etc. The insurance policy has to be renewed periodically, normally every year. If a policyholder makes a valid claim, the insurer will pay out the amount of compensation agreed. MY GLOSSARY insurance n. 保险;保险业 compulsory adj. 强制的,必须做的 motor n. 机动车 mortgage n. 按揭,抵押贷款 optional adj. 可选择的 similarly adv. 同样地;相似地 employer n. 雇主,老板 renew v. 延长……的期限;更新 periodically adv. 定期地,周期 性地 policyholder n. 投保人,保单持有人 valid adj. 有效的;正式认可的 claim n. 索赔;声称 insurer n. 承保人;保险公司 pay out 支付,付出 compensation n. 赔偿金,补偿金 2 Read the text and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F). If there is not enough information, choose “doesn’t say” (DS). T F DS  1) Insurance is a kind of financial protection for both individuals and businesses.   2) A driver must have motor insurance for his/her car.   3) A company is not obliged to have any kind of insurance.   4) Insurance brokers work for insurance companies.   5) Insurance premiums increase annually.   6) It is necessary to renew insurance policies.   3 Match each word with the correct definition. 1) premium 2) policyholder 3) underwrite 4) insurer 5) claim 6) compensation a the money awarded to a victim of loss/damage by an insurance company b a demand for money under the conditions of an insurance policy c the amount of money to be paid for an insurance contract d the person or company who offers advice and sells insurance e to sign and accept liability f the person/business in whose name the insurance contract is held Reading 2 Focus on marine insurance Marine insurance is one of the oldest forms of insurance. Exporters and importers doing international business need to organise their own marine insurance against the risks of loss or damage to their goods in transit. There are many different policies, with varying conditions and exclusions, but the principal forms are: voyage policy is an insurance cover for one particular voyage; time policy is valid for a specified time period; valued policy is the one where the value of the cargo and consignment is indicated, so the amount of any compensation is known in advance; unvalued policy is the one where the value of the cargo and consignment are not indicated, so the amount of compensation will be agreed after; floating policy is the one where a total insured amount is specified and the details of the ship, voyage, etc. are declared at the moment of departure. This is the most common open policy for frequent shipments. MY GLOSSARY organise v. 安排,组织 varying adj. 变化多端的,多种多样 的 exclusion n. 除外责任;排除 principal adj. 主要的,最重要的 cover n. (保险)范围 v. 投保;包含 particular adj. 特定的,具体的 indicate v. 表明,指出 in advance 预先,提前 Reading 3 Business insurance As mentioned previously, there are two types of compulsory insurance for businesses in the UK: Employers’ liability insurance. This insures all company employees against injury, disease or death as a result of their employment, workplace conditions or practices. Motor insurance. This is compulsory if the company owns and operates any kind of vehicle on public roads. However, no modern business would operate solely with compulsory insurance. If something went wrong—a fire in a production plant, the theft of goods, injury to a customer—it would cost the company a great deal of money and it could even force them out of business. Therefore it is normal to take out insurance policies to cover further risks and liabilities. The different kinds of business insurance can be divided into three main areas: Protection against loss or damage It is important for a company to protect both its property and its trade from damage and loss, so there are many policies for this area, including: . buildings and contents insurance against fire, lightning, explosion, floods, etc; . cover against electrical and mechanical breakdown of machinery, including computers; . contents insurance against theft, which can also include a money policy to cover cash, cheques, postage stamps and other negotiable documents; . insurance of goods in transit; . cover against business interruption and loss of income; . trade credit cover, which may be particularly important for exporters and covers bad debt due to default and insolvency; . legal expenses insurance. Protection against legal liabilities to third parties A business has legal responsibilities towards its employees, the public and customers. In addition to the compulsory employers’ liability insurance, a company can take out insurance for: . public liability which covers its legal liabilities for death or injury to people and damage to property arising from its business activities; . product liability which covers damage or injury arising from defects in product design and manufacture. Personal protection for owners and employees The temporary or permanent loss of a key person in a business — due to illness, injury or death — can have a significant effect on a business, so there are policies which can help reduce this impact. These include: . personal accident and sickness insurance, particularly important for small companies and the self- employed; . income protection insurance; . private medical insurance; . life insurance and pensions. MY GLOSSARY insure v. 投保,给……上保险 injury n. 伤害,损害 employment n. 工作,职业 solely adv. 仅,只;唯一地 production n. 生产;制造 plant n. 工厂;植物 take out 办理;取出 lightning n. 闪电 explosion n. 爆炸 flood n. 洪水,水灾 breakdown n. 故障;崩溃 postage stamp 邮票 interruption n. 中断;干扰 trade credit 商业信用 debt n. 债务,欠债 default n. 违约,拖欠 insolvency n. 破产,无力偿还 expense n. 费用,开销 responsibility n. 责任,职责 in addition to 除……之外 arise from 由……引起,起因于 defect n. 缺陷,缺点 temporary adj. 暂时的,临时的 permanent adj. 永久的,长久的 self-employed adj. 自雇的;自由职业的 medical adj. 医疗的,医学的 pension n. 养老金,退休金 4 Read the text and answer these questions. 1) What types of insurance are compulsory for businesses? 2) How can equipment and machinery be insured? 3) Is it possible to insure cash? 4) What is trade credit insurance? 5) Why are product and public liability insurance so important? 6) What personal insurance is important if you work for yourself? Why? Reading 4 Focus on Lloyd’s The story of Lloyd’s began in a small coffee house in the City of London in 1688. Edward Lloyd’s coffee house was a favourite meeting place for ships’ captains, merchants and shipowners and it had a reputation for trustworthy shipping news. Then, as London’s importance as a trade centre grew, it became recognised as the place for obtaining marine insurance. From those modest beginnings, Lloyd’s has been a pioneer in insurance and has grown over 300 years to become the world’s leading insurance market. Lloyd’s, in fact, is not an insurance company which directly sells insurance, but an insurance Lloyd’s building was designed by the architect Richard Rogers and took eight years to build. market where its members can meet potential clients and join together as syndicates to insure risk. The risks Lloyd’s covers can be grouped into 7 main categories: casualty, property, marine, energy, motor, aviation and reinsurance. Reinsurance is when an insurance company, in order to lower its own risks and potential financial losses, transfers part of its portfolio of risks to other parties. Lloyd’s is made by the Market and the Corporation of Lloyd’s. The Market structure encourages innovation, speed and better value, making it attractive to policyholders and participants alike. The Corporation oversees and supports the Market and promotes Lloyd’s around the world. MY GLOSSARY merchant n. 商人,批发商 shipowner n. 船主 reputation n. 声望,名誉 modest adj. (数量、比率或改进幅度 等)较小的;适度的,适 中的 pioneer n. 开拓者,先锋 syndicate n. 辛迪加;企业联合组织 group v. 把……分组 casualty n. 意外事故;(严重事故或 战争中的)伤 亡人员 reinsurance n. 再保险;分保 portfolio n. 投资组合 structure n. 结构,构造 participant n. 参与者,参加者 alike adv. 相似地,类似地 oversee v. 监督,审查 promote v. 促进;促销 5 Read the text and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F). If there is not enough information, choose “doesn’t say” (DS). T F DS  1) Lloyd’s is the leading insurance company in the world.   2) Edward Lloyd was the creator of marine insurance.   3) The Market and Lloyd’s Corporation have two separate roles.   4) Coverholders specialise in certain categories of risk.   5) The market structure keeps fixed and stable for many years, which makes it attractive.   Writing 6 Find out about an important event in the history of Lloyd’s (e.g. The Titanic, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake). Write a report on what happened, how Lloyd’s was involved, the insurance premiums and claims, etc. Speaking 7 Discuss with your partner about business insurance in China. Technical Terms motor insurance 机动车保险 employer’s liability insurance 雇主责任保险 marine insurance 海上保险 voyage policy 航程保单 time policy 定期保单 valued policy 定值保单 unvalued policy 不定值保单 floating policy 流动保单 contents insurance 家庭财产保险 life insurance 人寿保险 Unit 8 Insurance 89 Safety Procedures and Regulations UNIT 9 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . realise the importance of safety procedures and regulations; . master the words and expressions related to safety procedures and regulations; . raise the awareness of following safety procedures and regulations at work and in transport. Starting Off 1 Write the translation of the following words and expressions in Chinese. Then read the text to learn more about safety legislation. 1) danger ___________________ 2) workplace ___________________ 3) guidelines ___________________ 4) assessment ___________________ 5) employer ___________________ 6) worker ___________________ 7) act ___________________ 8) workstation ___________________ 9) clothing ___________________ 10) equipment ___________________ 11) first aid ___________________ 12) insurance ___________________ Reading 1 Safety regulations and legislation In the field of transport and logistics, like in all areas of work, safety is a fundamental consideration. In all workplaces today there are guidelines to follow in order to avoid accidents, which explain what risks exist at work, their potential danger, and how to avoid them. Employers are obliged to inform their workers of these indications. The following is authentic information from European legislation: Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969: this act requires employers to take out insurance against accidents and ill health to their employees. Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981: they cover requirements for first aid. Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989: they require employers to display a poster telling employees what they need to know about health and safety. Workplace Regulations 1992: they cover a wide range of basic health and safety issues such as ventilation, heating, lighting, workstations, seating and facilities. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992: they require employers to provide appropriate protective clothing and equipment for their employees. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR): they require employers to notify certain occupational injuries, diseases and dangerous events. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998: they require that equipment provided for use at work, including machinery, is safe. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999: they require employers to carry out risk assessments and arrange for appropriate information and training. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH): they require employers to assess the risks from hazardous substances and take appropriate precautions. MY GLOSSARY guideline n. 准则;指导方针 be obliged to 有义务,不得不 inform v. 通知,告知 indication n. 指示,标示 authentic adj. 真的,真正的 legislation n. 立法,法规 first aid 急救 display v. 展示,陈列 poster n. 海报;广告 ventilation n. 通风,通风设备 heating n. 暖气,采暖 lighting n. 照明,采光 workstation n. 工作区,工作站 seating n. 座次,座位 appropriate adj. 适当的,恰当的 protective adj. 防护的,保护的 equipment n. 设备,装备 occurrence n. 发生,出现 notify v. 通报,通知 occupational adj. 职业的 provision n. 规定,条款 assessment n. 评估;估价 hazardous adj. 危险的;有害的 assess v. 评估;估价 substance n. 物质 precaution n. 预防措施,预防 2 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Is it obligatory for employers to insure their staff against injury? 2) Which regulations are concerned with first aid? 3) Which regulations deal with the environment in the workplace? 4) Who is responsible for protective clothing in the workplace? 5) What action must employers take in case of injuries? 6) What did the 1999 work regulations introduce? 3 Find synonyms of these words and phrases from the text. 1) important __________ 2) workers __________ 3) variety __________ 4) suitable __________ 5) declare __________ 6) given __________ 7) free from danger __________ 8) organise __________ 9) dangerous __________ 4 Look at the picture. Have you ever seen these signs? Do you know their meanings? What do you have to do when they are lit during a flight? Tick the correct answers. 1) You mustn’t use your mobile phone. 2) You mustn’t smoke. 3) You can remain seated or stand up. 4) You must remain seated and fasten your seatbelt. Reading 2 5 In pairs, look at the picture and answer the questions. Then read the text and check your knowledge about safety regulations. 1) What do these new restrictions concern? 2) Are they valid for all flights? 3) What is the maximum quantity of liquids you can take in your hand luggage? 4) Where do you have to put liquids? 5) Can you take a 200 ml sun cream in your hand luggage? Why or why not? Safety regulations for air passengers If you have travelled by airplane, you will know that there are many safety procedures to follow before and during your journey. When you arrive at the airport, your identity is checked several times, and you have to pass through security checkpoints. When you are on the plane and ready for take-off, you have to listen to the in-flight safety procedures to understand what to do in case of an emergency. When you arrive at your destination, your identity may be checked again and you may be asked to open your bags for inspection. If you are carrying liquids in your hand luggage, for example, they may be taken away from you. But why are all these safety checks so important? The main reason is to prevent acts of terrorism. Many liquids, such as perfume and aerosols, can be used to create explosives; computers can be programmed to control explosive devices; and many metal objects may be used as weapons — so controlling these items is fundamental to guarantee the safety of all passengers. New regulations for hand luggage There are restrictions on liquids which can be taken into the cabin on flights originating within the EU. MY GLOSSARY hand luggage 手提行李 restriction n. 限制,约束 originate v. 起源,发生 identity n. 身份 checkpoint n. 检查站,关卡 inspection n. 检查,查看 terrorism n. 恐怖行为,恐 怖主义 perfume n. 香水 explosive n. 炸药,爆炸物 adj. 爆炸性的 programme v. 编程 device n. 装置,器械 Reading 3 Air safety Many people feel very frightened when they travel by plane, but you may not know that, in fact, air travel is statistically the safest form of motorised transport known to man! Today it is estimated that there is only one fatality for every 2,000 million person-miles flown in the air. Accurate communication between the pilot and the ground is obviously fundamental for air safety, and indeed many accidents are caused when this information is inaccurate or provided too late. Four out of five accidents occur during take-off or landing procedures, that’s why you must always seat with your seatbelt fastened during these procedures and you are not allowed to use electronic devices. Another cause of accidents could be the presence of ice or snow on the wings, which increases the weight of the plane, requiring a higher speed to avoid stalling. Engine failure rarely causes accidents in large aircraft because they operate with several engines, so an emergency landing is usually possible. When an airplane flies through volcanic ash, its engines can lose power completely. Today, meteorological information is so precise that airspace is simply closed in the presence of volcanic ash, as in the case of the eruptions in Iceland in 2010. Aircraft safety is improving all the time. However it is important to read carefully and know all the safety indications on the passenger safety card. MY GLOSSARY statistically adv. 统计地;统计学上地 motorised adj. 机动的,机动化的 estimate v. 估计;估价 fatality n. 死亡 seatbelt n. 安全带 fasten v. 系牢,扣紧 presence n. 出现,存在 stall v. (使)(发动机)熄火 volcanic adj. 火山的;火山引起的 meteorological adj. 气象的;气象学的 airspace n. (某国的)空域,领空 eruption n. 喷发,爆发 6 Read the text and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). T F     1) Only one person in 2,000 million die in an air crash.      2) 80% of air accidents occur on or near the ground.      3) Many accidents are the result of poor communication.      4) Each airplane accident helps in research to improve safety.      Reading 4 Road safety Road safety is something that concerns everyone, because we all use roads in some way—not everyone drives their own means of transport, but most of us use public transport and everybody has to cross the road of course! Of all the areas of human activity where safety is a concern, the field of road transport is probably the most important. Road accidents are one of the most common causes of accidental death in the world, with an estimated 1 million people dying in road-related accidents every year, so it is logical that a lot of time and money are spent on constantly improving road safety across the planet. Great developments in this field have been achieved in recent times, in particular with regard to the safety of vehicles and roads themselves—just consider the airbag, ABS braking, improved road layouts, speed bumps, cat’s eyes, better signposting, draining asphalt and in very recent times the introduction of sobriety devices—which drivers have to breathe into before they can start a vehicle. Today the focus is shifting to the pedestrian, after statistics have shown that the majority of victims of road accidents are people on foot or on bicycles. The use of cycling lanes, underpasses for pedestrians and reduced speed limits in urban areas are just a few examples of how greater attention is now being paid to improving the safety of people on foot or non-motorised transport. MY GLOSSARY cause n. 原因,起因 accidental adj. 意外的;偶然的 logical adj. 合理的,符合逻辑的 achieve v. 达到,取得 in particular 尤其,特别 with regard to 关于,至于 airbag n. 安全气囊 brake v. 刹车,制动 layout n. 布局;设计 speed bump 减速带 signpost v. 设置路标 draining asphalt 沥青路面 sobriety n. 未醉,清醒 pedestrian n. 行人,步行者 majority n. 大部分,大多数 victim n. 受害者,罹难者 cycling lane 自行车车道 underpass n. 地下通道 7 Read the text and complete the sentences. 1) Road safety is one of the most important areas of ______________. 2) A lot of people die every year because of ______________. 3) Great developments have helped improving road safety, for example new cars equipped with airbag and ______________. 4) Today most victims of road accidents are pedestrians or ______________. 8 Here are a series of common road signs. Match them to their meanings. 1) parking 2) yield 3) intersection 4) double curve 5) pedestrian crossing 6) uneven road 7) school crossing 8) passing prohibited 9) no entry 10) no parking 11) no vehicle traffic 12) traffic lights ahead A B C D H G E F K L J I 9 Complete the table by putting the safety features from the box in the right column. seat belts road signs cycling lanes speed bumps guardrails brake lights underpasses pedestrian crossings ABS speed cameras airbags cycling helmets On vehicles Features for users Infrastructures seat belts Reading 5 Fleet monitoring One controversial scheme for improving an aspect of road safety has been the introduction of the so-called “fleet monitoring”. You may have seen lorries, vans and other commercial vehicles driving on the streets with a sign printed on them similar to the one above. This sign is an invitation for the general public to inform transport companies of any improper behaviour by their drivers. If you see a vehicle driving too fast, overtaking dangerously or not respecting signals or limits, then you can call the number on the sign to report the incident. This invitation to make the normal citizen responsible has proven to be very useful to transport companies who have to pay large insurance premiums and feel the need to make sure that their drivers are behaving correctly and efficiently at all times. Of course, the scheme has been criticised by many people, as they feel that it can be abused—some people have reported drivers simply because they had an argument with them, for example; and others feel that it also encourages a form of spying. Whatever you think the “fleet monitoring” scheme is certainly popular with employers in the field, so it appears destined to grow. MY GLOSSARY controversial adj. 有争议的,引起争论的 scheme n. 计划,方案 fleet monitoring 车队监控 overtake v. 超车,赶上 citizen n. 公民,居民 criticise v. 批评,批判 abuse v. 滥用,妄用 spy v. 从事间谍活动;搜集 情报 10 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) What is the “fleet monitoring” scheme? 2) Why was it introduced? 3) When should the public use the telephone number? 4) Why has the scheme been criticised by some people? 5) Is there anything similar in China? What is your opinion of it, and why? 11 Here are some common railway signs. Match the signs to their meanings. Then read the text to learn more about railroad safety. 1) railroad crossing 2) St Andrew Cross: stop and check for an approaching train 3) danger: high voltage 4) don’t cross the tracks 5) step over the gap when getting on and off a train C B A D E Railroad safety focuses on six main safety disciplines which include: hazardous materials; equipment; operating practices (including drug and alcohol abuse); signal and train control; tracks; rail and infrastructure integrity. In Great Britain The Railway Safety Regulations were introduced in 1999. These regulations require a compulsory protection system both for the trains and railways and new safety measures for passengers and workers as well. MY GLOSSARY discipline n. 纪律;约束 drug n. 毒品 alcohol n. 酒精 integrity n. 完整,完好 Reading 6 The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), based in Lisbon, provides support to the European Commission in the development of EU legislation on maritime safety, pollution by ships and maritime security. EMSA was set up in 2003 after two major accidents at sea: the Erika (1999) and the Prestige (2002) accidents and their resulting oil spills. These incidents resulted in huge environmental and economic damage to the coastlines of Spain and France. EMSA’s main objective is to reduce the risk of maritime accidents, marine pollution from ships and the loss of human life at sea. MY GLOSSARY European Commission 欧盟委员会 maritime adj. 海的;海事的 coastline n. 海岸线 objective n. 目标,目的 12 Read the text and answer the questions. 1) Where is EMSA’s headquarters? 2) When was it created? 3) Which two European countries were damaged by the Erika and Prestige accidents? 4) What are the main tasks EMSA has to accomplish? Listening 13 Listen to an expert talking about IMO and decide if these statements are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. T F     1) IMO means Insurance Maritime Organisation.      2) IMO is a European organisation.      3) It deals with pollution issues.      4) Construction standards are not among IMO’s tasks.      14 Listen to an expert talking about safety in warehouses and complete the text with the missing words and expressions. Most people do not know that the (1) __________ injury rate for the warehousing industry is (2) __________ than the average rate for industries in general. This may seem surprising but moving (3) __________ and materials can be a dangerous job! There are numerous potential (4) __________ in warehouses including unsafe use of forklift trucks, improper handling of materials, ergonomic hazards and slipping, tripping and (5) __________. To reduce the risk of accidents it is essential that potential hazards are communicated effectively to (6) __________ by employers. This may be done in the form of training courses, manuals and signs and (7) __________ in the workplace. Many warehouse activities also require the use of safety equipment, which must also be provided by the employer. These may include safety (8) __________, respiratory protection, (9) __________ and special overalls. Electrical systems are particularly sensitive and should always come with instructions for use, (10) __________ and emergency procedures. In case of emergency it is especially important that (11) __________ are clear and accessible and clearly marked, and that (12) __________ extinguishers are available and in good working order. 15 Complete the table referring to the text above. Possible dangers Safety measures unsafe use of forklift trucks to communicate potential hazards Writing Refuge Point 16 Use the information from the text above to write a simple description explaining the meanings of the following signs used in the workplace. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Speaking 17 Which of the safety signs in this unit can you find in your school? Are there any other similar signs or warnings? Can you describe them and their meanings? 18 Prepare a short oral presentation giving your opinion on the importance of road safety. Use the information from the texts in this unit and the expressions below for help. I think that… / In my opinion… I’m for/against fleet monitoring… because… Technical Terms Employers’ Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969 《1969雇主责任(强制保险)法》 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 《1981健康与安全(急救)条例》 Health and Safety Information for Employees Regulations 1989 《1989员工健康与安全信息条例》 Workplace Regulations 1992 《1992工作场所条例》 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 《1992工作时个人防护设备条例》 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) 《1995 伤害、疾病与危险发生上报条例》 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 《1998工作设备的提供与使用条例》 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 《1999工作健康与安全管理条例》 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) 《2002有害健康物质管制 条例》 ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) 防抱死制动系统 Railway Safety Regulations 《铁路安全管理条例》 European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) 欧洲海事安全局 Applying for a Job UNIT 10 Learning Objectives Upon completion of the unit, students will be able to: . know how to write a CV and highlight personal strengths in it; . master the words and expressions related to CV and interview; . grasp proper skills to plan, prepare and succeed in an interview. Starting Off 1 Work in pairs. Tick (√) the things you would expect to see in a CV and discuss why with your partner. address career history date of birth favourite TV programmes interests marital status name nickname qualifications social media presence Reading 1 How to write a CV A curriculum vitae, CV for short, is a brief summary of facts about you and your qualifications, work history, skills and experience. It is essential to have a good CV when applying for a job as it is your chance to sell yourself and be selected for an interview. Some companies may ask you to fill in an application form instead of sending a CV. Your CV should be: printed on white paper and no more than 2 or 3 sides; clear and correct; positive and make a good impression, emphasising your strengths and successes; adapted to suit the specific job profile. Key features Personal details Your name, address, phone number(s), email address and date of birth. Personal profile This is normally at the beginning of the CV. It is a short statement aimed at selling yourself so you should use positive words and expressions. It must be specifically written for the position you are applying for. Work experience It is normal practice to list your most recent job first, with the dates. It is not a good idea to leave any gaps between dates and if you do not have a lot of experience, you should include details of part-time and voluntary work. Qualifications and training This includes qualifications from school and university as well as any other training courses or certificates. You should indicate the date (the most recent first), the title of the qualification, the level obtained and the organisation/place. Achievements/skills/competences This can include foreign languages and computer skills, as well as things like artistic or musical skills. It is possible to highlight a particular achievement — personal or professional — which reflects well on your ability to do the job. Interests Hobbies or sports activities can help show particular abilities or skills which could be relevant for the job. References This section is for the name, position and contact details of at least two people who can provide a personal and/or work reference. Alternatively it is possible to state that references can be supplied on request. MY GLOSSARY curriculum vitae (CV) 简历,履历 summary n. 总结,小结 qualification n. 资格,资历 work history 工作经历 apply for 应聘,申请 interview n. 面试,面谈 application form 申请表 side n. (纸的)一面 positive adj. 积极的;建设性的 impression n. 印象 emphasise v. 强调,加强 adapt to 适应;改编 suit v. 适合;对……方便 profile n. 简介,概述 specifically adv. 明确地;具体地 position n. 职位,位置 voluntary adj. 自愿的;志愿的 certificate n. 证书;证明 achievement n. 成绩,成就 competence n. 能力,才干 artistic adj. 艺术的,美术的 highlight v. 突出,强调 reflect v. 反映;显示 relevant adj. 相关的,有关的 reference n. 推荐信,介绍信 contact detail 联系方式 alternatively adv. 或者,要不 2 Read the text and discuss these questions. 1) What is the purpose of a CV? 2) How long should it be? Why do you think that is? 3) Is it a good idea to use the same CV for different job applications? Why / Why not? 4) Why do you think the personal profile is normally at the start of the CV? 5) What order should you list your qualifications and previous jobs? Why do you think that is? 6) What kind of interests do you think would be positive to include in your CV? And negative? 7) What is the purpose of indicating references? 8) Can you think of other examples of positive words and expressions for a CV? Reading 2 How to write a covering letter Colin Smith 7 High Street Rochford SS4 7PT Tel: 01702 986631 colin.smith@virgin.net Here you should refer to the advertisement and where you saw it. Include the title of the position and any reference number. Ms Zelda Gatsby, Kraftyn Air, 83 Wimbledon Park Side, London 17th April, 2020 SW19 5LP Dear Ms Gatsby, I am writing in response to your advertisement in The Guardian and wish to apply for the post of Senior Shift Manager. Since graduating with a first class degree in Business Administration in Luton, then after my degree in Engeneering from Manchester University, I have been working as a Manager in Logistics, first at XStandard Logistics in Berlin then at DeanAir Service Inc. UK. During both experiences, I have gained an excellent understanding of Logistics and Operations. I have always enjoyed new challenges and of course working as a part of a team and I am confident that my experience of working in extreme conditions will enable me to face the demands that the position entails. Please find enclosed my Curriculum Vitae and I would welcome the opportunity to provide further information during an interview. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Colin Smith Colin Smith Enc. Here you can give a few details about your qualifications and/or experience. This is your chance to state why you would be perfect for the company. Do not just use the same letter for every job application. Each letter should be tailored to the specific requisites mentioned in the ad. Here you can mention any enclosures (CV, references, certificates) and state how you are going to follow up on your letter. MY GLOSSARY advertisement n. 广告,宣传 title n. 职位名称;职称 tailor v. 专门制作,使适应特定 需要 requisite n. 必要条件;必需品 enclosure n. (信中)附件 response n. 回应,回复 post n. 职位;(尤指)要职 graduate v. 毕业 Luton n. 卢顿(英国城市) Manchester n. 曼彻斯特(英国城市) Berlin n. 柏林(德国首都) challenge n. 挑战,考验 extreme adj. 极端的;极糟的 entail v. 需要;牵涉 enclose v. 随函附上 3 Read the text and answer these questions. 1) Why is a covering letter important? 2) What two kinds of covering letter are there? 3) How should a covering letter be written? 4) How does a covering letter usually start? 5) Should a covering letter repeat all the details of a CV? Why / Why not? 6) Why is it not a good idea to use a standard covering letter for all applications? Reading 3 Tips for a successful interview 4 Think of four tips for a successful interview and discuss them with your partner. Then, read the article below. Are they the same with what you think of? Job interviews can be stressful; however, with the proper planning and preparation, you can get the job. Read these tips to help you survive the interview and get the job offer. Before the interview Reaserch the company and prepare relevant questions. Interviewers appreciate when job candidates show interest in the company and available position. Organise all paperworks, including your CV and eventual references from previous employers. Plan responses to common interview questions and practise interviewing with a peer. Prepare for questions about salary expectations by finding out how much employees in the position you are applying for are typically paid. During the interview Make a good first impression by arriving on time for the interview. Make sure to dress in clean and professional attire. Finally, be polite and use the interviewer’s name when speaking. Respond to all questions clearly. Interviewees should provide solid examples of how their previous experience relates to skills needed for the new position. Also be sure to explain your future career goals. After the interview Employers may request a call-back to obtain more information as a follow-up. MY GLOSSARY job offer 工作机会 interviewer n. 面试考官,主持面试者; 采访者 candidate n. (竞选或求职的)候选 人,申请人 available adj. 可获得的;可用的 paperwork n. 文件;文书工作 peer n. 同龄人,同辈 typically adv. 通常,一般 attire n. (尤指特定样 式或正式的) 服装,衣着 respond v. 回答,回应 interviewee n. 参加面试者;接受采访者 solid adj. 可靠的,可信赖的 goal n. 目标,目的 call-back n. 回电 follow-up n. 后续(行动) 5 Read the text and decide if these sentences are true (T) or false (F). T F     1) A job candidate should ask about the company during the interview.      2) Interviewees make a good impression by dressing professionally for the interview.      3) A call-back is a typical way for a job candidate to follow up after an interview.      4) Talking about career goals and salary is not recommended.      5) You’d better provide CV and references upon request.      6) Before the interview, find out most of information about the company via web.      Writing 6 Think of a company you would like to work for and write a covering letter. Use these points for your help: . You saw the advertisement on The Guardian; . You looked at a logistic professionals website; . You are interested to the open position of Air Export Gateway Manager; . You will be in London in two weeks so would be available for an interview; . You can currently speak English and Chinese; . You gained 3 years’ experience in the same role; . You are available in 3 months starting from today. 7 Write a dialogue with your partner simulating an interview according the CV below. Think about what to say, how to dress and what questions to ask and answer before the interview. After the interview, call your partner on the phone and tell him/her everything went well and thank him/her for being helpful. Example of a CV MY GLOSSARY shift manager 值班经理 motivate v. 激励,激发…… 的积极性 senior adj. 级别高的 engineering n. 工程设计;工程 学 BS (Bachelor of Science) 理学学 士 business administration 工商管理 concentration n. 专注,集中 assistant manager 助理经理 Speaking 8 Look at the CV in Exercise 7 and say whether it follows all the advice given in Reading 1. 9 Now discuss the suitability of the candidate for the job advertised. 1) What position is being advertised? 2) What requisites are they looking for? 3) Does the candidate have the right experience? And qualifications? 4) Does the CV make a positive impression? Why / Why not? Technical Terms Six Sigma Certificate 六西格玛证书(一种技术资质证明) Unit 10 Applying for a Job 113