Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Development of Microelectronics
1.2 Evolution of Microsensors
1.3 Evolution of MEMS
1.4 Emergence of Micromachines
References
2 Electronic Materials and Processing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electronic Materials and their Deposition
2.2.1 Oxide Film Formation by Thermal Oxidation
2.2.2 Deposition of Silicon Dioxide and Silicon Nitride
2.2.3 Polysilicon Film Deposition
2.3 Pattern Transfer
2.3.t The Lithographic Process
2.3.2 Mask Formation
2.3.3 Resist
2.3.4 Lift-off Technique
2.4 Etching Electronic Materials
2.4.1 Wet Chemical Etching
2.4.2 Dry Etching
2.5 Doping Semiconductors
2.5.1 Diffusion
2.5.2 Ion Implantation
2.6 Concluding Remarks
References
3 MEMS Materials and their Preparation
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
3.1.2 Atomic Bonding
3.1.3 Crystallinity
3.2 Metals
3.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
3.2.2 Metallisation
3.3 Semiconductors
3.3.1 Semiconductors: Electrical and Chemical Properties
3.3.2 Semiconductors: Growth and Deposition
3.4 Ceramic, Polymeric, and Composite Materials
References
4 Standard Microelectronic Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wafer Preparation
4.2.1 Crystal Growth
4.2.2 Wafer Manufacture
4.2.3 Epitaxial Deposition
4.3 Monolithic Processing
4.3.1 Bipolar Processing
4.3.2 Characteristics of BJTs
4.3.3 MOS Processing
4.3.4 Characteristics of FETs
4.3.5 SOl CMOS Processing
4.4 Monolithic Mounting
4.4.1 Die Bonding and Wire Bonding
4.4.2 Tape-Automated Bonding
4.4.3 Flip TAB Bonding
4.4.4 Flip-Chip Mounting
4.5 Printed Circuit Board Technologies
4.5.1 Solid Board
4.5.2 Flexible Board
4.5.3 Plastic Moulded
4.6 Hybrid and MCM Technologies
4.6.1 Thick Film
4.6.2 Multichip Modules
4.6.3 Ball Grid Array
4.7 Programmable Devices And ASICs
References
5 Silicon Micromachining: Bulk
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Isotropic and Orientation-Dependent Wet Etching
5.3 Etch-Stop Techniques
5.3.1 Doping-Selective Etching (DSE)
5.3.2 Conventional Bias-Dependent BSE or Electrochemical Etch-Stop
5.3.3 Selective Etching of n-Type Silicon by Pulsed Potential Anodisation
5.3.4 Photovoltaic Electrochemical Etch-Stop Technique(PHET)
5.4 Dry Etching
5.5 Buried Oxide Process
5.6 Silicon Fusion Bonding
5.6.1 Wafer Fusion
5.6.2 Annealing Treatment
5.6.3 Fusion of Silicon-Based Materials
5.7 Anodic Bonding
5.8 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Silicon Micromachining: Surface
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sacrificial Layer Technology
6.2.1 Simple Process
6.2.2 Sacrificial Layer Processes Utilising more than One Structural Layer
6.3 Material Systems in Sacrificial Layer Technology
6.3.1 Polycrystalline Silicon and Silicon Dioxide
6.3.2 Polyimide and Aluminum
6.3.3 Silicon Nitride/Polycrystalline Silicon and Tungsten/Silicon Dioxide
6.4 Surface Micromachining using Plasma Etching
6.5 Combined IC Technology and Anisotropic Wet Etching
6.6 Processes Using Both Bulk and Surface Micromachining
6.7 Adhesion Problems in Surface Micromachining
6.8 Surface Versus Bulk Micromachining
References
7 Microstereolithography for MEMS
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Photopolymerisation
7.1.2 Stereolithographic System
7.2 Microstereolithography
7.3 Scanning Method
7.3.1 Classical MSL
7.3.2 IH Process
7.3.3 Mass-IH Process
7.3.4 Super-IH Process
7.4 Two-photon MSL
7.5 Other MSL Approaches
7.6 Projection Method
7.6.1 Mask-Projection MSL
7.6.2 Dynamic Mask-Projection MSL
7.7 Polymeric MEMS Architecture with Silicon, Metal, and Ceramics
7.7.1 Ceramic MSL
7.7.2 Metallic Microstructures
7.7.3 Metal-Polymer Microstructures
7.7.4 Localised Electrochemical Deposition
7.8 Combined Silicon and Polymeric Structures
7.8.1 Architecture Combination by Photoforming Process
7.8.2 MSL Integrated with Thick Film Lithography
7.8.3 AMANDA Process
7.9 Applications
7.9.1 Microactuators Fabricated by MSL
7.9.2 Microconcentrator
7.9.3 Microdevices Fabricated by the AMANDA Process
7.10 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Microsensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Thermal Sensors
8.2.1 Resistive Temperature Microsensors
8.2.2 Microthermocouples
8.2.3 Thermodiodes and Thermotransistors
8.2.4 SAW Temperature Sensor
8.3 Radiation Sensors
8.3.1 Photoconductive Devices
8.3.2 Photovoltaic Devices
8.3.3 Pyroelectric Devices
8.3.4 Microantenna
8.4 Mechanical Sensors
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Micromechanical Components and Statics
8.4.3 Microshuttles and Dynamics
8.4.4 Mechanical Microstructures
8.4.5 Pressure Microsensors
8.4.6 Microaccelerometers
8.4.7 Microgyrometers
8.4.8 Flow Microsensors
8.5 Magnetic Sensors
8.5.1 Magnetogalvanic Microsensors
8.5.2 Magnetoresistive Devices
8.5.3 Magnetodiodes and Magnetotransistors
8.5.4 Acoustic Devices and SQUIDs
8.6 Bio(chemical) Sensors
8.6.1 Conductimetric Devices
8.6.2 Potentiometric Devices
8.6.3 Others
8.7 Concluding Remarks
References
9 Introduction to SAW Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Saw Device Development and History
9.3 The Piezoelectric Effect
9.3.1 Interdigital Transducers in SAW Devices
9.4 Acoustic Waves
9.4.1 Rayleigh Surface Acoustic Waves
9.4.2 Shear Horizontal Acoustic Waves
9.4.3 Love Surface Acoustic Waves
9.5 Concluding Remarks
References
10 Surface Acoustic Waves in Solids
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Acoustic Wave Propagation
10.3 Acoustic Wave Propagation Representation
10.4 Introduction to Acoustics
10.4.1 Particle Displacement and Strain
10.4.2 Stress
10.4.3 The Piezoelectric Effect
10.5 Acoustic Wave Propagation
10.5.1 Uniform Plane Waves in a Piezoelectric Solid: Quasi-Static Approximation
10.5.2 Shear Horizontal or Acoustic Plate Modes
10.5.3 Love Modes
10.6 Concluding Remarks
References
11 IDT Microsensor Parameter Measurement
11.1 Introduction to IDT SAW Sensor Instrumentation
11.2 Acoustic Wave Sensor Instrumentation
11.2.1 Introduction
11.3 Network Analyser and Vector Voltmeter
11.4 Analogue (Amplitude) Measuring System
11.5 Phase Measurement System
11.6 Frequency Measurement System
11.7 Acoustic Wave Sensor Output Frequency Translation
11.8 Measurement Setup
11.9 Calibration
References
12 IDT Microsensor Fabrication
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Saw-IDT Microsensor Fabrication
12.2.1 Mask Generation
12.2.2 Wafer Preparation
12.2.3 Metallisation
12.2.4 Photolithography
12.2.5 Wafer Dicing
12.3 Deposition of Waveguide Layer
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 TMS PECVD Process and Conditions
12.4 Concluding Remarks
References
13 IDT Microsensors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Saw Device Modeling via Coupled-mode Theory
13.3 Wireless SAW-based Microsensors
13.4 Applications
13.4.1 Strain Sensor
13.4.2 Temperature Sensor
13.4.3 Pressure Sensor
13.4.4 Humidity Sensor
13.4.5 SAW-Based Gyroscope
13.5 Concluding Remarks
References
14 MEMS-IDT Microsensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles of a MEMS-IDT Accelerometer
14.3 Fabrication of a MEMS-IDT Accelerometer
14.3.1 Fabrication of the SAW Device
14.3.2 Integration of the SAW Device and Seismic Mass
14.4 Testing of a MEMS4DT Accelerometer
14.4.1 Measurement Setup
14.4.2 Calibration Procedure
14.4.3 Time Domain Measurement
14.4.4 Experimental
14.4.5 Fabrication of Seismic Mass
14.5 Wireless Readout
14.6 Hybrid Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
14.7 Concluding Remarks
References
15 Smart Sensors and MEMS
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Smart Sensors
15.3 MEMS Devices
15.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Appendices
A. List of Abbreviations
B. List of Symbols and Prefixes
C. List of Some Important Terms
D. Fundamental Constants
E. Unit Conversion Factors
F. Properties of Electronic & MEMS Metallic Materials
G. Properties of Electronic & MEMS Semiconducting Materials
H. Properties of Electronic & MEMS Ceramic and Polymer Materials
I. Complex Reciprocity Relation and Perturbation Analysis
J. Coupled-mode Modeling of a SAW Device
K. Suggested Further Reading
L. Webography
M. List of Worked Examples
Index
