Chapter 1 Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1
¢ñ. Development of Pharmacology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1
¢ò. New Drug Research¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2
Chapter 2 Pharmacodynamics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3
¢ñ. General Classification of Drug Effects¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3
¢ò. Dose-Effect Relationship¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4
¢ó. Receptor Theory and Drug Receptor Interaction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6
¢ô. Receptor Families and Their Transducer and Effector Molecules¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9
¢õ. Relationship Between Regulatory Mechanisms of Receptors and
the Pharmacological Action¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡11
¢ö. Mechanism of Action¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡12
Chapter 3 Pharmacokinetics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13
¢ñ. Drug Transport across Membranes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13
¢ò. The Dynamics of Drug Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡14
¢ó. General Principles of Pharmacokinetics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡19
Chapter 4 Pharmacogenetics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡24
¢ñ. The Objectives of Research in Pharmacogenetics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡24
¢ò. The Effect of Genetic Factors on Drug Reactions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25
¢ó. The Racial Difference of Drug Reaction and Metabolism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29
Chapter 5 Autonomic Pharmacology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡31
¢ñ. Anatomy and Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System¡¡¡31
¢ò. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Transmitters¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡32
¢ó. Locations of Autonomic Receptors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡35
¢ô. Presynaptic Regulation of Transmitter Release¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36
¢õ. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡38
¢ö. Coupling Mechanism of Receptor-effect¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡39
¢÷. Mode of Action of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡40
¢ø. Classification of Autonomic Nervous System Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡41
Chapter 6 Cholinoceptor-Activating and Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡42
¢ñ. Direct-acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡42
¢ò. Cholinesterase Inhibitors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡44
Chapter 7 Organophosphates Anticholinesterase Intoxication and Cholinesterase Reactivators¡¡47
¢ñ. Organophosphates Anticholinesterase Intoxication¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡47
¢ò. Cholinesterase Reactivator¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48
Chapter 8 M Cholinoceptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50
¢ñ. Natural M Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50
¢ò. Synthetic Spasmolytic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡53
Chapter 9 N Cholinoceptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡54
¢ñ. N1 Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡54
¢ò. N2 Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡55
Chapter 10 Adrenoceptor-Activating Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡58
¢ñ. Chemical Structure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡58
¢ò. Classification¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡59
¢ó. Mixed ¦Á and ¦Â Receptor Agonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡60
¢ô. ¦Á Receptor Agonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡63
¢õ. ¦Â Receptor Agonists ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡64
¢ö. Dopaminergic Receptor Agonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡66
Chapter 11 Adrenoceptor Blocking Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡69
¢ñ. ¦Á Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡69
¢ò. ¦Â Receptor Antagonists ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡73
¢ó. ¦Á, ¦Â Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡76
Chapter 12 Sedative-Hypnotics Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡78
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡78
¢ò. Benzodiazepines¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡79
¢ó. Barbiturates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡83
¢ô. Other Sedative-Hypnotics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡85
Chapter 13 Antiepileptic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡88
¢ñ. Classification of Seizure Types¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡88
¢ò. Drugs Used in Seizures¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡89
¢ó. Selectivity and Withdrawal of Antiepileptic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡94
¢ô. Anticonvulsant Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡95
Chapter 14 Psychotropic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡97
¢ñ. Antipsychotic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡97
¢ò. Antimanic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡103
¢ó. Antidepressants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡105
Chapter 15 Antiparkinsonism Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡108
¢ñ. Dopaminergic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡108
¢ò. Anticholinergic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡111
¢ó. Others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡112
Chapter 16 Antipyretic-Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡113
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡113
¢ò. Salicylates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡115
¢ó. Anilines¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡117
¢ô. Pyrazolones¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡117
¢õ. Others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡118
¢ö. Analgesic Compounds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡120
¢÷. Slow Acting Antirheumatic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡120
¢ø. Antigout Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡121
Chapter 17 Narcotic Analgesics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡123
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡123
¢ò. Opioid Receptor Agonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡125
¢ó. Opioid Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡130
Chapter 18 Central Stimulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡132
¢ñ. Cerebral Stimulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡132
¢ò. Medullary Stimulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡135
Chapter 19 Drugs Used in the Treatment of Heart Failure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡136
¢ñ. Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡136
¢ò. Diuretics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡138
¢ó. Aldosterone Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡138
¢ô. Inhibitors of RAAS: ACEI and AT1 Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡138
¢õ. ¦Â Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Agents¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡139
¢ö. Vasodilators¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡139
¢÷. Cardiac Glycosides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡139
¢ø. ¦Â Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡146
¢ù. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡147
Chapter 20 Antihypertensive Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡148
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡148
¢ò. Drugs that Alter Sodium and Water Balance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡150
¢ó. Drugs that Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡152
¢ô. Vasodilators¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡156
¢õ. Drugs that Interfere with the Renin-Angiotensin System¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡160
¢ö. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡162
Chapter 21 Anti-Angina Pectoris Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡164
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡164
¢ò. Nitrates and Nitrites¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡165
¢ó. Calcium Channel Blockers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡167
¢ô. ¦Â Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡167
Chapter 22 Antiarrhythmic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡170
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡170
¢ò. Class ¢ñA¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡174
¢ó. Class ¢ñB¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡176
¢ô. Class ¢ñC¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡178
¢õ. Class ¢ò¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡178
¢ö. Class ¢ó¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡179
¢÷. Class ¢ô¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡180
¢ø. Others¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡181
Chapter 23 Antihyperlipidemic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡184
¢ñ. Atherogenesis¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡184
¢ò. Lipoprotein Transport¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡185
¢ó. Dyslipidaemia¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡186
¢ô. Antihyperlipidemic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡186
Chapter 24 Diuretic and Dehydrant Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡191
¢ñ. Kidney Structure and Function¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡191
¢ò. Diuretics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡193
¢ó. Osmotic Diuretics (Mannitol, Sorbitol, Glucose, Urea)¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡198
Chapter 25 Antiasthmatic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡199
¢ñ. Bronchodilators¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡199
¢ò. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡203
Chapter 26 Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Diseases¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡206
¢ñ. Drugs Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡206
¢ò. Antiemetic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡210
¢ó. Antidiarrheal Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡212
¢ô. Laxatives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡212
Chapter 27 Drugs Affecting Uterine Motility¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡214
¢ñ. Drugs that Stimulate Uterine Contraction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡214
¢ò. Drugs that Inhibit Uterine Contraction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡216
Chapter 28 Anticoagulants and Coagulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡217
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡217
¢ò. Anticoagulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡219
¢ó. Antiplatelet Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡223
¢ô. Fibrinolytic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡225
¢õ. Coagulants¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡226
Chapter 29 Histamine and Antihistamine Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡228
¢ñ. Histamine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡228
¢ò. H1 Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡231
¢ó. H2 Receptor Antagonists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡232
Chapter 30 Adrenocorticosteroids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡234
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡234
¢ò. Glucocorticoids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡235
¢ó. Mineralocorticoids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡243
Chapter 31 Drugs Affecting the Thyroid Gland¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡245
¢ñ. Thyroid Hormone (TH)¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡245
¢ò. Antithyroid Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡247
Chapter 32 Antidiabetic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡250
¢ñ. Insulin¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡250
¢ò. Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡254
¢ó. Current Treatment Options¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡258
Chapter 33 Introduction to Antibacterial Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡259
¢ñ. Specialty Terms¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡259
¢ò. Antimicrobial Mechanisms¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡260
¢ó. Mechanism of Resistance to Antibiotics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡261
Chapter 34 Synthetic Antimicrobial Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡263
¢ñ. Sulfonamides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡263
¢ò. Trimethoprim¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡265
¢ó. Quinolones¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡268
Chapter 35 ¦Â-Lactam Antibiotics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡272
¢ñ. Penicillins¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡272
¢ò. Cephalosporins¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡278
¢ó. Other ¦Â-Lactam Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡281
Chapter 36 Macrolides, Lincosamides and Glycopeptides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡284
¢ñ. Macrolides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡284
¢ò. Lincosamides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡288
¢ó. Glycopeptides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡290
Chapter 37 Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡292
¢ñ. Tetracyclines¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡292
¢ò. Chloramphenicols¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡296
Chapter 38 Aminoglycosides and Polypeptides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡299
¢ñ. Aminoglycosides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡299
¢ò. Polypeptides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡305
Chapter 39 Antifungal Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡306
¢ñ. Antibiotics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡306
¢ò. Azole Antifungal Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡307
¢ó. Allylamine Antifungal Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡308
¢ô. Pyrimidine Antifungal Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡308
Chapter 40 Antiviral Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡310
¢ñ. Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡311
¢ò. Anti-Herpersvirus Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡318
¢ó. Anti-Influenza Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡324
¢ô. Anti-Hepacivirus Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡328
Chapter 41 Antimycobacterial Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡332
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡332
¢ò. First-Line Drugs Used in Tuberculosis¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡332
¢ó. Alternative Second-Line Drugs in Treatment of Tuberculosis¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡337
¢ô. Combination Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡339
Chapter 42 Antimalarial Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡340
¢ñ. Plasmodium Life Cycles and Action of Antimalarial Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡340
¢ò. Antimalarial Drugs Mainly Applied to Control Symptoms¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡341
¢ó. Antimalarial Drugs Mainly Applied to Control Relapse and Transmission¡¡¡¡351
¢ô. Antimalarial Drugs Mainly Applied to Causal Prophylaxis¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡352
Chapter 43 Amebicides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡355
¢ñ. Life Cycles of Entamoeba Histolytica and Action of Amebicides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡355
¢ò. Luminal Amebicides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡356
¢ó. Extraintestinal Amebicides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡359
¢ô. Luminal and Simultaneously Extraintestinal Amebicides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡360
Chapter 44 Anthelmintic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡364
¢ñ. Nematocides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡364
¢ò. Taeniacides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡366
¢ó. Anti-Trematode Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡366
Chapter 45 Antineoplastic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡369
¢ñ. Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡369
¢ò. Cytotoxic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡372
¢ó. Non-Cytotoxic Drugs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡378
References¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡382
