Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................. 1
1.1 Research Background ........................................................ 2
1.2 Research Questions............................................................ 4
1.3 Significance of the Study ................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................ 7
2.1 Theoretical Framework......................................................7
2.2 Relevant Studies ................................................................ 9
2.2.1 The Efficacy of Grammar Correction .................. 10
2.2.2 Feedback Focus ................................................... 12
2.2.3 Feedback Strategy................................................ 15
2.2.4 Error Type............................................................21
2.3 Methodological Problems in Previous Studies ................ 23
2.3.1 Problems with Artificially Setting up Experiment and Control Groups......................... 24
2.3.2 Problems with Focusing on One Dimension of the Feedback Issue .................................... 25
2.4 A Possible Solution: Multi-Dimensional Interactive Analysis............................................................................ 26
Chapter 3 Research Design and Methodology .......................... 29
3.1 Research Design .............................................................. 29
3.1.1 Participants .......................................................... 30
viii A Study on the Multi-Dimensional Interaction of Teacher Feedback in College English Writing
3.1.2 Procedures ........................................................... 31
3.1.2.1 Grading of the First and Revised Drafts.................................................... 31
3.1.2.2 Delivering Teacher Feedback & Collecting Revised Drafts .................... 32
3.1.3 Coding of Teacher Feedback: An Analytic Model ....................................... 33
3.1.3.1 Feedback Strategy: Explicitness...........34
3.1.3.2 Feedback Focus & Error Type..............39
3.1.3.3 Student Revision Ratings ..................... 41
3.2 Research Methodology .................................................... 45
3.2.1 Theoretical Conceptualization of Multi- Dimensional Interaction ............................ 45
3.2.2 Statistical Methods of Multi-Dimensional Interaction........................................... 46
3.2.2.1 Full Factorial Variance ....................... 46
3.2.2.2 Multiple Comparisons: Games-Howell..................................... 47
3.3 Summary..........................................................................47
Chapter 4 Results and Analysis .................................................. 49
4.1 Effectiveness of Teacher Feedback..................................49
4.1.1 Descriptive Statistics and Reliability ................... 49
4.1.2 Paired Samples T-test........................................... 50
4.2 Analysis of Three Factors: Feedback Strategy, Feedback Focus, and Their Interaction ..................... 52
4.2.1 Full Factorial Variance Analysis .......................... 52
4.2.2 ANOVA and Multiple Comparisons of Feedback Strategy......................................................... 54
4.2.3 ANOVA and Multiple Comparisons of Feedback Focus .................................................. 56
4.2.4 Interaction between Feedback Focus and Feedback Strategy ............................................... 59
4.2.4.1 Definition of a New Interaction Variable ................................................ 59
4.2.4.2 ANOVA Analysis.................................. 61
4.2.4.3 Results of Multiple Comparisons and Analysis................................................ 62
4.2.5 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis................... 68
4.3 FeedbackStrategy and Error Type...................................70
4.3.1 Feedback Strategy and Language Error Type ...... 70
4.3.1.1 Full Factorial Variance Analysis........... 70
4.3.1.2 The Interaction of Language Error Type and Feedback Strategy ......................... 73
4.3.1.3 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ... 80
4.3.2 Feedback Strategy and Content Error Type ......... 82
4.3.3 Feedback Strategy and Structure Error Type ....... 83
4.4 Results and Analysis of the Questionnaire....................... 84
4.4.1 Students’ Perceptions of the Difficulties of Error Types....................................................85
4.4.2 Students’ Perception of the Helpfulness of Teacher Feedback................................................86
4.4.3 Students’ Perception of Feedback Focus and Feedback Strategy ............................................... 87
4.4.4 Students Revision Strategies................................92
A Study on the Multi-Dimensional Interaction of Teacher Feedback in College English Writing
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion........................................ 95
5.1 Major Findings................................................................. 95
5.2 Implications ..................................................................... 99
5.2.1 Pedagogical Implications.....................................99
5.2.2 Methodological Implications ............................. 100
5.2.2.1 Experiment Design Method ................ 100
5.2.2.2 Use of Multi-dimensional Interaction Method ............................................... 101
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research ......... 102
References...................................................................................... 105
Appendices..................................................................................... 109
Appendix Ⅰ Writing Rubrics ............................................. 110
Appendix Ⅱ Language Error Codes....................................111
Appendix Ⅲ Classification of Error Types with Some Examples .................................................. 113
Appendix Ⅳ Coding of Teacher Feedback and Student Revision Rating ......................................... 116
Appendix Ⅴ A Sample First Draft with Teacher Feedback, and Second Draft ........................................ 119 Appendix Ⅵ中国大学英语写作修改过程调查问卷 ....... 123
