Contents
朕村
Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................. 1
1.1 Chemistry is a Central Science ........................... 1
1.2 The Scope of the Book ......................................... 1
1.3 Advice for Studying Chemistry ......................... 2
Chapter 2 Colligative Properties of Dilute Solutions ..................................................... 3
2.1 Concentration Expressions .............................................3
2.2 Lowering of Vapor Pressure and RAOULT¨S Law.................................................... 4
2.3 Boiling Point Elevation........................................ 6
2.4 Freezing Point Depression ............................................7
2.5 Osmotic Pressure.................................................. 8 Exercises ....................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 Acid-Base Dissociation Equilibria ... 13
3.1 Br?nsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases.....13
3.2 The Autoionization of Water and the pH Scale ........................................................ 15
3.3 Ionization Constants for Weak Acids and Bases..................................................................... 16
3.4 Calculating the pH of Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases ............................................................. 20 Problems....................................................................... 25
Chapter 4 Buffer Solutions .................................... 26
4.1 Composition and Action of Buffer solutions..... 26
4.2 The pH Value of Buffer Solutions.................... 27
4.3 Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range...................29
4.4 Preparation of Buffer Solutions........................ 30
4.5 Buffer Solutions in Human Blood.................... 32 Problems....................................................................... 33
Chapter 5 Acid-Base Titration............................. 35
Introduction ........................................................ 35
5.1
5.2 Acid-Base Indicators.......................................... 35
5.3 The Titration Curve and the Selection of Indicators............................................................. 37
5.4 Standard Solutions of Acids and Bases........... 41
5.5 Application of Acid-Base Titration.................. 43 Problems....................................................................... 44
Chapter 6 Thermodynamics.................................. 45
6.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics.................. 45
6.2 Thermochemistry ............................................... 48
6.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics............. 52
6.4 Molar Gibbs Free Energy of Reaction ............. 54 Problems....................................................................... 57
Chapter 7 Chemical Kinetics................................ 59
7.1 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction ..................... 59
7.2 The Theory of Chemical Kinetics..................... 60
7.3 Effect of Concentration on Rates of Reactions.............................................................. 61
7.4 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates........ 65 Problems....................................................................... 66
Chapter 8 Chemical Equilibrium ....................... 67
8.1 The Concept of Equilibrium ............................. 67
8.2 Equilibrium Constants ...................................... 67
8.3 Calculating Values of Equilibrium Constants... 68
8.4 Application of Equilibrium Constants............ 68 Problems....................................................................... 69
Chapter 9 Electrochemistry................................... 70
9.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions ....................... 70
9.2 Voltaic Cells ........................................................ 71
9.3 Electrode Potentials and Cell Potentials ......... 73
9.4 The Uses of Electrode Potentials...................... 77 Problems....................................................................... 79
Chapter 10 Atomic Structure and Periodicity... 81
10.1 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen and the Bohr Theory................................................81
10.2 The Properties of Microscopic Particles........ 82
10.3 The Structure of Hydrogen Atom.................. 83
10.4 Many-Electron Atoms ..................................... 88
The Periodic Table............................................ 91 Problems....................................................................... 93
10.5
Chapter 11 Covalent Bond and Intermolecular Forces ........................................................ 95
11.1 Covalent Bond and the Valence Bond Theory................................................................ 95
11.2 Hybrid Orbital Theory .................................... 98
11.3 Molecular Orbital Theory ............................. 101
Delocalized π Bond ........................................ 104
11.4
11.5 Intermolecular Forces and Hydrogen Bonding............................................................ 105 Problems..................................................................... 107
Chapter 12 Coordination Compounds........... 109
12.1 Introduction to Coord ination Compounds... 109
12.2 Bonding Theory of Coordination Compounds..................................................... 112
12.3 Coordination Equilibria ................................ 114
Chelate ............................................................. 117
12.4
Problems..................................................................... 118
Chapter 13 Colloids................................................. 119
13.1 Colloidal Disperse System ............................ 119
13.2 The Properties of Sol...................................... 119
Problems..................................................................... 124
Keys to Exercises .......................................................... 125
Appendix A Standard Thermodynamic Data for Selected Substances at 298.15 K ... 131 Appendix B Standard Molar Enthalpies of Combustion for Selected Substances at 298.15 K................ 133 Appendix C Cumulative Stability Constants of Coordination Compounds
(298.15 K)........................................... 134 References ........................................................................ 140
