Chapter 1 Introduction......................................... 1

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY................. 1

HIST ORY OF IMMUNOLOGY................................... 10

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 13

Suggested readingS .......................................... 13

Chapter 2 Antigen.................................................... 14

DEFINITION................................................................. 14

Epitopes...................................................................... 14

Classification of Antigens BASED ON

IMMUNE RESPONSE............................................. 15

DETERMINANTS OF IMMUNOGENICITY............ 15

ANTIGEN RECEPTORS.............................................. 16

ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY......................................... 17

STUDY QUESTIONS ................................................... 18

Suggested readingS........................................... 18

Chapter 3 Antigen Recognition Molecules

....................................................................... 19

ANTIBODIES¡ªIMMUNOGLOBULINS................... 20

Major Histocompatibility Complex ......... 25

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 28

Suggested ReadingS........................................... 28

Chapter 4 The Complement System............ 29

Complement Activation................................. 29

Regulation of the Complement

System ................................................................. 31

Biological Consequences of

Complement Activation.............................. 32

Defects in the Complement System........... 34

STUDY QUESTIONS ................................................... 34

Suggested readingS........................................... 35

Chapter 5 Organs and Tissues of the

Immune System................................. 36

LYMPHOID ORGANS................................................. 36

Contents

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 39

Suggested ReadingS........................................... 39

Chapter 6 Immune Cells...................................... 41

Lymphocytes........................................................... 41

Phagocytic Cells................................................. 47

Dendritic Cells .................................................... 48

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 48

Suggested ReadingS........................................... 48

Chapter 7 Immune Response............................ 49

AN TIGEN PROCESSING AND

PRESENTATION................................................... 49

AC TIVATION OF HELPER T LYMPHOCYTES.......... 51

HU MORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

(HUMORAL IMMUNITY).................................... 55

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSE ........... 58

FA CTORS INFLUENCING ANTIBODY

PRODUCTION........................................................ 59

CE LL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

(CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY).......................... 60

CYTOKINES.................................................................. 64

THEORIES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE....................... 71

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 73

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 75

Chapter 8 Immunological Tolerance........... 76

CE NTRAL T CELL TOLERANCE TO SELFANTIGENS...............................................................

76

PE RIPHERAL T CELL TOLERANCE TO SELFANTIGENS...............................................................

77

B C ELL TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS........... 78

AR TIFICIALLY INDUCED TOLERANCE IN

VIVO......................................................................... 79

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................... 80

SUGGESTED READINGS........................................... 80

Contents

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Chapter 9 Hypersensitivity................................ 81

DEFINITION................................................................. 81

GELL AND COOMBS CLASSIFICATION................ 81

IMMEDIATE TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY.............. 81

TY PE¢ò HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

(ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CYTOTOXICITY)........ 89

TY PE¢ó HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

(IMMUNE COMPLEX-MEDIATED).................... 93

TY PE ¢ô CELL-MEDIATED (DELAYED)

HYPERSENSITIVITY.............................................. 96

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 101

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 101

Chapter 10 Autoimmunity................................ 102

PR OBABLE MECHANISMS OF

AUTOIMMUNITY................................................ 102

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES...................................... 107

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 109

Suggested readings......................................... 110

Chapter 11 Immunodeficiency Disorders...... 111

PRIMARY IMMUNoDeFICIENCIES...................... 111

SE CONDARY (ACQUIRED) IMMUNodEFICIENCIES

.................................................................................. 117

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 125

SUGGESTED READINGs......................................... 125

Chapter 12 Tumor Immunology......................... 126

CANCER: ORIGIN..................................................... 126

TUMOR ANTIGENS.................................................. 129

Cancer Immunotherapy................................ 134

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 136

SUGGESTED READINGs......................................... 137

Chapter 13 Transplantation Immunology...... 138

Graft Rejection................................................... 138

FACTORS FAVORINGALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL...... 140

Mechanism Involved in Graft Rejection

................................................................................ 142

Tempo of Rejection............................................ 145

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 147

SUGGESTED READINGS......................................... 147

Chapter 14 Immunological Techniques.......... 149

ST AGES OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY

INTERACTIONS.................................................... 149

ME ASUREMENT OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY

................................................................................ 149

PrecipitationReactions................................. 149

Agglutination Reaction............................. 154

MO NOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND

HYBRIDOMA TECHNIQUE............................. 167

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 170

SUGGESTED READINGs......................................... 171

Chapter 15 Immunoprophylaxis &

Immunotherapy............................... 172

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS........................................ 172

IMMUNOTHERAPY.................................................. 179

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 183

SUGGESTED READINGs......................................... 183

Chapter 16 Immunity in Viral, Bacterial,

Fungal, and Parasitic

Infections............................................. 184

IMMU NITY IN VIRALINFECTIONS...................... 184

IMMU NITY IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS........... 188

IMMU NITY IN FUNGAL INFECTIONS................ 197

IMMU NITY IN PARASITIC INFECTIONS............ 198

STUDY QUESTIONS.................................................. 204

SUGGESTED READINGs......................................... 204