Chapter 1﹛ Introduction to an EFL Writing Workshop
and Its Research Context 1
1.1 Theoretical Background of the Study 2
1.2 Statement of the Phenomenon 4
1.3 Current Educational Context of the Study 10
Chapter 2﹛North American ESL Writing Theories and
English Writing Instruction in China 15
2.1 Overview of ESL Writing Research 15
2.2 Approaches to L2 Writing Pedagogy: An Overview of
Current Trends 17
2.2.1 Focus on Form and Current-Traditional Rhetoric, 1966每 17
2.2.2 Focus on the Writer: Expressionism and
Cognitivism, 1976每 18
2.2.3 Focus on Disciplinary Content and Discursive
Practices, 1986每 21
2.2.4 Focus on Readers and Discursive Communities: Social
Constructionism, 1986每 22
2.2.5 Focus on Sociopolitical Issues and Critical
Pedagogy, 1990每 23
2.3 The Context of Education in China 26
2.3.1 Historical Background 26
2.3.2 The Goal of Education 27
2.3.3 The Role of the Teacher 28
2.3.4 Classroom Participation 28
2.3.5 Cultural Framework 29
VI The Principles and Applications of North American Process Writing Approach
2.4 Current English Writing Instruction and Classroom
Practice in China 30
2.4.1 Overview of English Writing Instruction 30
2.4.2 English Writing Teaching and Research in China 33
2.5 North American Process Writing Approach Framework
in an EFL Setting 34
2.5.1 Characteristics of the L2 Writer 35
2.5.2 L1 Reader〞Audience of the L2 Text 36
2.5.3 L2 Text〞Genre and Discourse Communities 37
2.5.4 Contexts for L2 Writing〞Cultural, Social, and
Situational Aspects of Writing 40
2.5.5 Interaction in an Authentic EFL Setting 41
2.6 Building Adequate Writing Competence Among EFL
University Students 42
2.6.1 Components of Writing Proficiency 42
2.6.2 Factors Affecting ESL/EFL Writing Development 42
2.7 Summary 43
Chapter 3﹛ A Process Writing Workshop Conducted at a
Chinese University 45
3.1 The Qualitative Nature of the Study 45
3.2 Overview of the Study 47
3.2.1 Research Setting 49
3.2.2 Participants 52
3.3 Design of the Writing Workshop 58
3.3.1 Theoretical Basis of the Writing Workshop 58
3.3.2 Goals and Objectives of the Writing Workshop 58
3.3.3 Writing Workshop Description 59
3.4 Three Sets of Empirical Data 60
3.4.1 Process Data 62
Contents VII
3.4.2 Product Data 63
3.4.3 Perception Data 63
3.5 The Analysis of Three Sets of Data 67
3.5.1 Process Data 68
3.5.2 Product Data 69
3.5.3 Perception Data 69
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study 71
3.6.1 Credibility 71
3.6.2 Transferability 72
3.6.3 Dependability 73
3.6.4 Confirmability 73
3.7 Summary 74
Chapter 4﹛ Chinese Writing Teachers* Classroom Practice
and Perceptions of Process Writing Approach 75
4.1 Problems and Concerns in EFL Student English Writing 75
4.2 EFL Teachers* Writing Class Practice 78
4.2.1 Gao*s Writing Class 79
4.2.2 Chen*s Writing Class 80
4.2.3 Wang*s Writing Class 81
4.2.4 Lin*s Writing Class 83
4.3 EFL Teachers* Perceptions of North American Process
Writing Activities 84
4.3.1 Gao*s Perception 84
4.3.2 Chen*s Perception 85
4.3.3 Wang*s Perception 86
4.3.4 Lin*s Perception 87
VIII The Principles and Applications of North American Process Writing Approach
Chapter 5﹛ Students* Experiences, Attitudes and
Achievements from the Process Writing
Workshop 91
5.1 Students* Previous Writing Experiences and Attitudes 91
5.1.1 Previous Writing Experiences 92
5.1.2 Previous Writing Attitudes 93
5.2 Students* Workshop Writing Experiences and Attitudes 94
5.2.1 Most Liked Workshop Activities and Students*
Attitudes 95
5.2.2 Least Liked Workshop Activities and Students*
Attitudes 100
5.2.3 Attitudes Toward Specific Writing Strategies 102
5.3 Students* Written Evaluations of Workshop Sessions 111
5.3.1 Strategies to Get Started 112
5.3.2 Raising Awareness About Writing 113
5.3.3 Taking Charge of Their Own Learning in the Writing
Process 113
5.3.4 Learning Specific Strategies and Applying to
Own Writing 115
5.4 Students* Writing Samples in the Workshop 119
5.4.1 On the Textual Transitions 121
5.4.2 On Providing Details to Improve Clarity and
Reinforce Arguments 122
5.4.3 On Providing Vivid Descriptions 124
5.4.4 On Providing Supporting Evidence to General
Assertions 126
5.4.5 Revision of Opening Paragraph 129
Contents IX
5.5 Main Achievements from the Writing Workshop 130
Chapter 6﹛ Discussion and Interpretation of the Process
Writing Workshop 133
6.1 Overall Discussion and Interpretation 136
6.1.1 The Concept of Writing and Learning to Write 136
6.1.2 Overcoming Writing Apprehension and Applying
Writing Strategies 138
6.1.3 The Recursive Writing Process in the Workshop 139
6.2 Conflict and Convergence Between Traditional Chinese
Learning and Western Style Learning 141
6.2.1 The Fundamental Principles Behind Chinese
and American Composition 141
6.2.2 Conflicts Between Chinese Educational Traditions
and Western Pedagogy 146
6.3 Adapting and Tailoring Writing Courses for EFL Students 152
6.3.1 Building Adequate Writing Proficiency 152
6.3.2 Interactions Among Four Components of Writing
Proficiency 153
Chapter 7﹛The Implications of Teaching English Writing
in Chinese Universities 157
7.1 Conclusions 157
7.2 Implications for Current EFL Writing Practice 158
7.2.1 Adjusting Students* Attitudes Toward English
Writing 159
7.2.2 Providing Support for Writing Competence
Development 160
7.2.3 Considering Realistic Teaching Context 161
7.2.4 Making Cultural Adaptations 162
X The Principles and Applications of North American Process Writing Approach
7.3 Future Research in EFL Wirting in China 164
7.3.1 Individualized Learning and Collaborative
Learning 164
7.3.2 Hyper-textual Learning 165
7.4 Concluding Remark 167
References 169
Appendix 179
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Information of Student Participants 53
Table 2: Demographic Information of EFL Teacher Participants 56
Table 3: Previous Attitudes Toward Writing in English 93
Table 4: Summary of Workshop Writing Strategies and Student
Perceptions 102
