Contents
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Chapter 1¡¡Introduction ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1
1.1¡¡Organic Compounds ...........................................1
1.2¡¡Features of Organic Compounds........................2
1.3¡¡The Covalent Bond...............................................2
1.4¡¡Structural Representations of Organic ¡¡Compounds............................................................5
1.5¡¡Functional Groups and Classification of ¡¡Organic Compounds.............................................7
1.6¡¡Isomerism...............................................................8
1.7¡¡Significance of Studying Organic Chemistry for ¡¡Medical Students...................................................9
Chapter 2¡¡Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and Cycloalkanes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡11
2.1¡¡Classification of Hydrocarbons.........................11
2.2¡¡Alkanes.................................................................12
2.3¡¡Cycloalkanes .......................................................21
Chapter 3¡¡Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics¡¡26
3.1¡¡Alkenes.................................................................26
3.2¡¡Alkynes.................................................................32
3.3¡¡Aromatic Hydrocarbons....................................34
Chapter 4¡¡Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers¡¡41
4.1¡¡Alcohols................................................................41
4.2¡¡Phenols..................................................................45
4.3¡¡Ethers....................................................................46
4.4¡¡Thioalcohols and Disulfides..............................48
Chapter 5¡¡Aldehydes and Ketones¡¡¡¡¡52
5.1¡¡Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones...............52
5.2¡¡Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones ..........52
5.3¡¡Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones.............54
5.4¡¡Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones ..........54
5.5¡¡Chemical Properties of Aldehydes ¡¡ and Ketones.........................................................55
Chapter 6¡¡Carboxylic Acids and Acid Derivatives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡65
6.1¡¡Introduction to Acids and Acid Derivatives...65
6.2¡¡Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic ¡¡ Acids.....................................................................67
6.3¡¡Naming the Carboxylic Acids...........................69
6.4¡¡Reactions of Carboxylic Acids...........................70
6.5¡¡Reactions which yield carboxylic acids...........74
6.6¡¡Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives...................74
6.7¡¡Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid ¡¡ Derivatives...........................................................77
6.8¡¡Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acid ¡¡ Derivatives...........................................................78
Chapter 7¡¡Amines¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡87
7.1¡¡Classification and Nomenclature of Amines..87
7.2.Structure of Amines............................................88
7.3¡¡Physical Properties of Amines..........................89
7.4¡¡Chemical Properties of Amines........................89
7.5.Aromatic Diazonium Salts.................................92
7.6.Alkaloids..............................................................92
Chapter 8¡¡Optical Isomerism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡95
8.1.Optical Activity...................................................95
8.2.Molecular Chirality.............................................97
8.3¡¡Nomenclature of Chiral Carbon Atoms...........98
8.4.Fischer Projections............................................100
8.5¡¡Assigning R or S Configuration to ¡¡Fischer Projections.............................................101
8.6¡¡Compounds Have Two or More ¡¡Chiral Centers....................................................102
8.7¡¡Chirality in the Biological World....................103
Chapter 9¡¡Carbohydrates¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡108
9.1¡¡Structure and Names of Monosaccharides....108
9.2.Disaccharides.....................................................117
9.3.Polysaccharides.................................................119
Chapter 10¡¡Lipids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡123
10.1¡¡Triacylglycerol¡ªFats and Oils......................123
10.2¡¡Chemical properties of triacylglycerol.........124
10.3¡¡Fatty Acids in Triacylglycerols......................124
10.4.Glycerophospholipids....................................126
10.5.Steroids.............................................................127
Chapter 11¡¡Amino Acid and Proteins¡¡¡¡130
11.1.Amino Acids....................................................130
11.2.Structures of Polypeptides.............................134
11.3.Structures of Proteins.....................................136
Chapter 12¡¡Nucleic Acids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡142
12.1.Pentose..............................................................142
12.2¡¡Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Bases...................142
12.3.Nucleosides......................................................142
12.4.Nucleotides......................................................143
12.5¡¡Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids............143
12.6¡¡Secondary Structure of DNA.........................144
12.7¡¡Higher orders of DNA Structures.................145
12.8¡¡The Roles of DNA and RNA in Genetic ¡¡.Process...............................................................145
References¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡146
