目录

第1 章　计算机及其程序设计

　　　　基础……………………… 001

1.1　计算机基本原理 ·······················001

1.1.1　信息技术的五次革命 ·············001

1.1.2　计算机系统组成 ··················001

1.1.3　计算机组成原理 ··················003

1.2　计算机语言及程序 ····················008

1.2.1　计算机语言分类 ··················008

1.2.2　计算机语言排名 ··················008

1.2.3　C 语言 ······························008

1.2.4　VC++、C++ 和C 语言···········009

1.2.5　Java 语言 ···························009

1.2.6　Python 语言 ························009

1.2.7　作者建议 ···························010

1.3　程序的三种基本结构 ·················011

1.3.1　算法的定义 ························ 011

1.3.2　算法的基本特征 ·················· 011

1.3.3　算法的基本要素 ·················· 011

1.3.4　程序的三种基本结构 ·············012

第2 章　Scratch3.0 系统概述 … 015

2.1　关于Scratch 图形化编程 ·············015

2.1.1　Scratch 发展历史··················015

2.1.2　图形化编程的意义和作用 ·······020

2.1.3　机器人编程、Scratch 少儿编程、

　　　人工智能编程三者之间的区别和

　　　关系 ··········································· 023

2.2　Scratch3.0 编程环境 ··················033

2.2.1　系统安装 ···························033

2.2.2　认识编程环境 ·····················033

2.3　Scratch3.0 画图功能 ··················039

2.3.1　图形编辑器功能区域 ·············039

2.3.2　位图和矢量图及其转换 ··········039

2.3.3　矢量顶部工具栏 ··················040

2.3.4　侧面工具栏 ························041

2.3.5　位图边栏工具 ·····················044

2.3.6　编辑器的方格背景 ················045

第3 章　Scratch3.0 程序设计及其

　　　　调试……………………… 046

3.1　Scratch3.0 程序设计实例·············046

3.1.1　川剧变脸 ···························046

3.1.2　小猪佩奇跳蹦床 ··················048

3.1.3　小工匠大梦想 ·····················051

3.1.4　金丝猴跳竹竿 ·····················054

3.2　程序设计的步骤和方法 ··············064

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3.2.1　软件设计的原则 ··················064

3.2.2　程序设计的一般步骤 ·············065

3.2.3　Scratch3.0 图形化程序设计的

　　　原则和步骤 ························067

3.3　程序的调试 ·····························068

第4 章　运动类指令详解 ……… 073

4.1　移动……步 ·····························073

4.1.1　指令解析 ···························073

4.1.2　参数设定方法 ·····················073

4.1.3　举例 ·································074

4.1.4　综合实例 ···························074

4.2　右转……度 ·····························075

4.2.1　指令解析 ···························075

4.2.2　参数设定方法 ·····················075

4.2.3　举例 ·································075

4.2.4　综合实例 ···························076

4.3　左转……度 ·····························076

4.4　移到……································076

4.4.1　指令解析 ···························077

4.4.2　参数设定方法 ·····················077

4.4.3　举例 ·································077

4.4.4　综合实例 ···························077

4.5　移到x：…… y：…… ················078

4.5.1　指令解析 ···························078

4.5.2　举例 ·································078

4.5.3　综合实例 ···························079

4.6　在……秒内滑行到…… ··············079

4.6.1　指令解析 ···························079

4.6.2　举例 ·································080

4.6.3　综合实例 ···························080

4.7　在……秒内滑行到x：……

　 　y：…… ································081

4.7.1　指令解析 ···························081

4.7.2　举例 ·································081

4.7.3　综合实例 ···························081

4.8　面向……方向 ··························082

4.8.1　指令解析 ···························082

4.8.2　举例 ·································082

4.8.3　综合实例 ···························083

4.9　面向……································084

4.9.1　指令解析 ···························084

4.9.2　举例 ·································084

4.9.3　综合实例 ···························084

4.10　将x 坐标增加……将y 坐标

　 　增加…… ······························085

4.10.1　指令解析 ························085

4.10.2　举例 ·····························085

4.10.3　综合实例 ························086

4.11　将x 坐标设为……将y 坐标设

　 　为…… ·································086

4.11.1　指令解析 ························086

4.11.2　举例 ······························087

4.11.3　综合实例 ························087

4.12　碰到边缘就反弹 ·····················088

4.12.1　指令解析 ························088

4.12.2　举例 ·····························088

4.12.3　综合实例 ························088

4.13　将旋转方式设为…… ················089

4.13.1　指令解析 ························089

4.13.2　举例 ·····························089

4.13.3　综合实例 ························090

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4.14　x 坐标、y 坐标和方向 ··············091

4.14.1　指令解析 ························091

4.14.2　参数设定方法 ··················092

4.14.3　综合实例 ························092

第5 章　外观类指令详解 ……… 093

5.1　说…… ……秒 ························093

5.1.1　指令解析 ···························093

5.1.2　参数设定方法 ·····················093

5.1.3　举例 ·································093

5.1.4　综合实例 ···························094

5.2　说…… ··································095

5.2.1　指令解析 ···························095

5.2.2　举例 ·································095

5.2.3　综合实例 ···························095

5.3　思考……秒 ·····························096

5.4　思考……································096

5.5　换成……造型 ··························096

5.5.1　指令解析 ···························096

5.5.2　参数设定方法 ·····················097

5.5.3　举例 ·································097

5.6　下一个造型 ·····························097

5.6.1　指令解析 ···························097

5.6.2　举例 ·································097

5.6.3　综合实例 ···························098

5.7　换成……背景 ··························099

5.7.1　指令解析 ···························099

5.7.2　参数设定方法 ·····················100

5.7.3　举例 ·································100

5.8　下一个背景 ·····························100

5.9　将大小增加…… ·······················100

5.9.1　指令解析 ···························100

5.9.2　举例 ·································100

5.9.3　综合实例 ···························101

5.10　将大小设为…… ·····················102

5.10.1　指令解析 ························103

5.10.2　举例 ·····························103

5.11　将……特效增加…… ················103

5.11.1　指令解析 ························103

5.11.2　综合实例 ························104

5.12　将……特效设定为…… ·············108

5.12.1　指令解析 ························109

5.12.2　参数设定方法 ··················109

5.13　清除图形特效 ························109

5.13.1　指令解析 ························109

5.13.2　举例 ·····························109

5.14　显示和隐藏 ···························109

5.14.1　指令解析 ························ 110

5.14.2　综合实例 ························ 110

5.15　移到最…… ··························· 111

5.15.1　指令解析 ························ 111

5.15.2　参数设定方法 ·················· 111

5.15.3　举例 ····························· 111

5.16　前移（后移）……层 ················112

5.16.1　指令解析 ························ 112

5.16.2　举例 ····························· 112

5.17　造型编号（名称） ···················112

5.17.1　指令解析 ························ 113

5.17.2　参数设定方法 ·················· 113

5.17.3　举例 ····························· 113

5.18　背景编号（名称） ···················113

5.19　大小 ····································114

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5.19.1　指令解析 ························ 114

5.19.2　综合实例 ························ 114

第6 章　声音类指令详解 ……… 115

6.1　播放声音……等待播完 ··············115

6.1.1　指令解析 ··························· 115

6.1.2　参数设定方法 ····················· 115

6.1.3　综合实例 ··························· 115

6.2　播放声音…… ··························116

6.3　停止所有声音 ··························116

6.3.1　指令解析 ··························· 116

6.3.2　举例 ································· 116

6.4　将音调（左右平衡）音效

　 　增加…… ································117

6.4.1　指令解析 ··························· 117

6.4.2　参数设定方法 ····················· 118

6.4.3　举例 ································· 118

6.5　将音调（左右平衡）音效

　 　设为…… ································118

6.6　清除音效································118

6.6.1　指令解析 ··························· 118

6.6.2　举例 ································· 118

6.7　将音量设为……% 和将音量

　 　增加…… ································119

6.7.1　指令解析 ··························· 119

6.7.2　举例 ································· 119

6.8　音量 ·····································119

6.8.1　指令解析 ···························120

6.8.2　举例 ·································120

第7 章　事件类指令详解 ……… 121

7.1　当“小绿旗”被单击 ·················121

7.1.1　指令解析 ···························121

7.1.2　举例 ·································121

7.2　当按下……键 ··························122

7.2.1　指令解析 ···························122

7.2.2　综合实例 ···························122

7.3　当角色被单击 ··························122

7.3.1　指令解析 ···························122

7.3.2　举例 ·································122

7.4　当背景换成…… ·······················123

7.4.1　指令解析 ···························123

7.4.2　举例 ·································123

7.5　当响度（计时器）大于…… ·········123

7.5.1　指令解析 ···························123

7.5.2　举例 ·································124

7.6　广播……和当接收到…… ···········124

7.6.1　指令解析 ···························124

7.6.2　参数设定方法 ·····················125

7.6.3　综合实例 ···························125

7.7　广播……并等待 ·······················127

7.7.1　指令解析 ···························128

7.7.2　举例 ·································128

第8 章　控制类指令详解 ……… 129

8.1　等待……秒 ·····························129

8.1.1　指令解析 ···························129

8.1.2　举例 ·································129

8.2　重复执行……次和重复执行 ·········130

8.2.1　指令解析 ···························130

8.2.2　举例 ·································130

8.3　如果……那么…… ····················130

8.3.1　指令解析 ···························130

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8.3.2　举例 ·································131

8.4　如果……那么……否则…… ·········131

8.4.1　指令解析 ···························131

8.4.2　举例 ·································131

8.5　等待……································132

8.5.1　指令解析 ···························132

8.5.2　参数设定方法 ·····················132

8.5.3　举例 ·································132

8.6　重复执行直到…… ····················132

8.6.1　指令解析 ···························132

8.6.2　举例 ·································132

8.7　停止……································133

8.7.1　指令解析 ···························133

8.7.2　举例 ·································133

8.8　克隆指令································133

8.8.1　指令解析 ···························133

8.8.2　参数设定方法 ·····················134

8.8.3　举例 ·································134

8.8.4　综合实例 ···························135

第9 章　侦测类指令详解 ……… 137

9.1　碰到……？ ·····························137

9.1.1　指令解析 ···························137

9.1.2　举例 ·································137

9.2　碰到颜色……？ ·······················138

9.2.1　指令解析 ···························138

9.2.2　举例 ·································138

9.3　颜色……碰到……？ ·················139

9.3.1　指令解析 ···························139

9.3.2　举例 ·································139

9.4　到……的距离 ··························139

9.4.1　指令解析 ···························140

9.4.2　举例 ·································140

9.5　询问……并等待和回答 ··············140

9.5.1　指令解析 ···························140

9.5.2　举例 ·································140

9.6　按下……键？ ··························141

9.6.1　指令解析 ···························141

9.6.2　举例 ·································141

9.7　按下鼠标？ ·····························141

9.7.1　指令解析 ···························141

9.7.2　举例 ·································141

9.8　鼠标的x 坐标和鼠标的y 坐标 ······142

9.8.1　指令解析 ···························142

9.8.2　举例 ·································142

9.9　将拖动模式设为…… ·················142

9.9.1　指令解析 ···························142

9.9.2　举例 ·································142

9.10　响度 ····································143

9.10.1　指令解析 ························143

9.10.2　举例 ·····························143

9.11　计时器和计时器归零 ················143

9.11.1　指令解析 ························143

9.11.2　综合实例 ························144

9.12　舞台（角色）的…… ················144

9.12.1　指令解析 ························144

9.12.2　综合实例 ························145

9.13　当前时间的…… ·····················147

9.13.1　指令解析 ························147

9.13.2　综合实例 ························147

9.14　2000 年至今的天数 ··················149

9.14.1　指令解析 ························149

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9.14.2　举例 ·····························149

9.15　用户名 ·································149

9.15.1　指令解析 ························149

9.15.2　举例 ·····························149

第10 章　运算类指令详解 ……… 150

10.1　算术运算 ······························150

10.1.1　指令解析 ························150

10.1.2　参数设定方法 ··················150

10.1.3　举例 ·····························150

10.2　在……和……之间取随机数 ·······151

10.2.1　指令解析 ························151

10.2.2　综合实例 ························151

10.3　比较运算 ······························152

10.3.1　指令解析 ························152

10.3.2　综合实例 ························152

10.4　逻辑运算指令 ························153

10.4.1　指令解析 ························153

10.4.2　举例 ·····························153

10.5　连接……和…… ·····················154

10.5.1　指令解析 ························154

10.5.2　参数设定方法 ··················154

10.5.3　举例 ·····························154

10.6　（字符串）的第……个字符 ·······154

10.6.1　指令解析 ························154

10.6.2　举例 ·····························154

10.7　字符串中的字符数 ···················155

10.7.1　指令解析 ························155

10.7.2　举例 ·····························155

10.8　某个字符串中包含某个字符？ ····155

10.8.1　指令解析 ························155

10.8.2　举例 ·····························155

10.9　……除以……的余数 ················155

10.9.1　指令解析 ························156

10.9.2　举例 ·····························156

10.10　四舍五入…… ·······················156

10.10.1　指令解析 ·····················156

10.10.2　举例···························156

10.11　绝对值（等）…… ·················156

10.11.1　指令解析 ·····················157

10.11.2　举例 ···························157

第11 章　变量类指令详解 ……… 160

11.1　猫咪走路速度 ························160

11.1.1　指令解析 ························160

11.1.2　参数设定方法 ··················160

11.1.3　综合实例 ························161

11.2　将……设为…… ······················162

11.3　将……增加…… ······················162

11.4　显示变量…… ························163

11.5　隐藏变量…… ························163

11.6　歌单 ····································163

11.6.1　指令解析 ························164

11.6.2　参数设定方法 ··················164

11.6.3　综合实例 ························164

11.7　将……加入…… ······················169

11.7.1　指令解析 ························169

11.7.2　参数设定方法 ··················169

11.8　删除……的第……项 ················169

11.8.1　指令解析 ························169

11.8.2　参数设定方法 ··················169

11.9　在……的第……项前插入…… ····170

X V

目　录

11.9.1　指令解析 ························170

11.9.2　参数设定方法 ··················170

11.10　将……的第……项替换为…… ···170

11.10.1　指令解析 ·····················170

11.10.2　参数设定方法 ···············170

11.11　……的第……项 ····················171

11.11.1　指令解析 ·····················171

11.11.2　参数设定方法 ···············171

11.12　列表其他指令 ·······················171

11.12.1　指令解析 ·····················171

11.12.2　综合实例 ·····················172

第12 章　自制积木指令详解 …… 173

12.1　自制第一个积木 ·····················173

12.1.1　为自制积木命名 ···············173

12.1.2　定义“跳舞”的功能 ·········174

12.1.3　运行程序 ························174

12.2　添加输入项（数字或文本） ·······174

12.3　添加布尔值输入项和添加文本

　 　标签 ····································176

12.3.1　自制积木“猫咪走路……？” ···176

12.3.2　使用自制积木编写代码 ·······176

12.4　运行时是否刷新屏幕 ················176

12.4.1　是否刷新屏幕 ····················176

12.4.2　实例 ·······························177

12.4.3　运行程序 ··························177

12.5　综合实例一 ···························177

12.5.1　新建角色 ························177

12.5.2　自制新积木 ·····················177

12.5.3　为角色编写代码 ···············177

12.6　综合实例二 ···························178

12.6.1　新建角色 ························178

12.6.2　自制新积木 ·····················178

12.6.3　为角色编写代码 ···············179

第13 章　画笔类指令详解 ……… 180

13.1　全部擦除指令解析 ···················180

13.2　图章 ····································180

13.2.1　指令解析 ························180

13.2.2　举例 ·····························180

13.3　落笔和抬笔 ···························181

13.3.1　指令解析 ························181

13.3.2　举例 ·····························181

13.4　画笔的粗细和颜色等设置 ··········181

13.4.1　指令解析即参数设置 ·········181

13.4.2　举例 ·····························182

13.4.3　综合实例 ························182

第14 章　音乐类指令详解 ……… 185

14.1　击打（……）（……）拍 ··········186

14.1.1　指令解析 ························186

14.1.2　参数设定方法 ··················187

14.1.3　举例 ·····························187

14.2　休止……拍 ···························187

14.2.1　指令解析 ························187

14.2.2　参数设定方法 ··················187

14.2.3　举例 ·····························187

14.3　演奏音符（……）（……）拍 ······188

14.3.1　指令解析 ························188

14.3.2　参数设定方法 ··················188

14.3.3　举例 ·····························188

14.4　将乐器设为…… ·····················188

14.4.1　指令解析 ························189

X V I Scratch3.0编

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14.4.2　参数设定方法 ··················189

14.4.3　举例 ·····························189

14.5　将演奏速度设定为…… ·············189

14.5.1　指令解析 ························189

14.5.2　参数设定方法 ··················189

14.5.3　举例 ·····························189

14.6　将演奏速度增加…… ················190

14.7　演奏速度 ······························190

第15 章　视频侦测类指令详解 … 191

15.1　视频侦测概述 ························191

15.1.1　添加扩展 ························191

15.1.2　视频侦测原理 ··················191

15.1.3　视频侦测指令 ··················192

15.2　当视频运动大于…… ················192

15.2.1　指令解析 ························192

15.2.2　参数设定方法 ··················192

15.2.3　举例 ·····························192

15.3　相当于……的视频…… ·············192

15.3.1　指令解析 ························193

15.3.2　参数设定方法 ··················193

15.3.3　举例 ·····························193

15.4　……摄像头 ···························193

15.4.1　指令解析 ························193

15.4.2　参数设定方法 ··················193

15.5　将视频透明度设为…… ·············193

15.5.1　指令解析 ························193

15.5.2　参数设定方法 ··················194

15.5.3　综合实例 ························194

第16 章　翻译类指令详解 ……… 196

16.1　添加扩展 ······························196

16.2　将……译为…… ·····················196

16.3　访客语言 ······························196

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