Chapter 1
Brief Introduction to Intercultural Communication
1.1 Defining and Describing Culture ................................................. 2
1.1.1 Two Types of Culture ..................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Five Dimensions of Culture ........................................................................... 3
1.1.3 Characteristics of Culture............................................................................. 5
1.2 Culture and Communication.......................................................9
1.2.1 Defining and Describing Communication.....................................................9
1.2.2 Relationship Between Culture and Communication ...................................10
1.3 Defining and Describing Intercultural Communication...............13
1.3.1 Definition of Intercultural Communication ..................................................13
1.3.2 Five Elements in the Communication Process ............................................14
Chapter 2
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
2.1 Introduction to Verbal Communication ..................................... 22
2.1.1 Role of Language in Verbal Communication ............................................... 23
2.1.2 Receptive and Productive Language Skills................................................. 25
2.1.3 Need for Using Bias-Free Language ........................................................... 26
2.1.4 Types of Verbal Communication ................................................................ 26
2.2 Verbal Communication Skills ................................................... 29
2.2.1 Effective Verbal Communication................................................................ 29
2.2.2 Examples of Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace.................... 29
2.2.3 7Cs of Communication .............................................................................. 32
2.2.4 Steps to Improve Your Verbal Communication Skills in the Workplace .... 33
2.3 Introduction to Nonverbal Communication .............................. 36
2.3.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication.................................................... 37
2.3.2 Types and Features of Nonverbal Communication ................................... 37
2.4 Functions of Nonverbal Communication.................................. 43
2.4.1 Conveying Meaning....................................................................................43
2.4.2 Regulating Conversational Flow................................................................44
2.4.3 Affecting Relationships..............................................................................45
2.4.4 Expressing Identities.................................................................................49
2.5 Guidelines to Improve Nonverbal Competence .........................51
Chapter 3
Communicative Competence & Intercultural Competence
3.1 Communicative Competence & Intercultural Communicative
Competence.............................................................................60
3.1.1 Framework for Communicative Competence .............................................61
3.1.2 Concept of Intercultural Communicative Competence ............................ 62
3.1.3 Concept of Transcultural Competence .....................................................63
3.1.4 Skills of Multilingual Communicators ........................................................64
3.2 Communicating Under Different Cultural Contexts .................. 65
3.2.1 Differences in Greetings.............................................................................66
3.2.2 Differences in Approval and Disapproval Movements ..............................68
3.2.3 High-Contact Culture & Low-Contact Culture........................................... 71
3.2.4 Signs Cannot Be Used Casually Abroad .................................................... 73
3.3 A Recipe for Successful Intercultural Communication .............. 75
3.3.1 A Heart Set................................................................................................. 76
3.3.2 A Mindset .................................................................................................. 77
3.3.3 A Skill Set .................................................................................................. 78
3.3.4 Other Practical Approaches ...................................................................... 79
3.4 Culture Shock .......................................................................... 79
3.4.1 Five Stages of Culture Shock ..................................................................... 79
3.4.2 Reverse Culture Shock .............................................................................. 83
3.4.3 Transition Shock ........................................................................................84
Chapter 4
Cultural Patterns
4.1 A Brief Introduction to Cultural Patterns ...................................90
4.1.1 Beliefs...........................................................................................................91
4.1.2 Values ......................................................................................................... 92
4.1.3 Norms.........................................................................................................94
4.2 High-Context & Low-Context Cultures ....................................96
4.2.1 High-Context Culture.................................................................................96
4.2.2 Low-Context Culture................................................................................. 97
4.2.3 Differences Between High-Context Culture & Low-Context Culture .......98
4.2.4 China—A Country in a High-Context Culture.......................................... 101
4.2.5 America—A Country in a Low-Context Culture ......................................102
4.3 Cultural Dimensions Theory ...................................................106
4.3.1 Masculinity & Femininity ...........................................................................107
4.3.2 High Power Distance & Low Power Distance ......................................... 109
4.3.3 Collectivism & Individualism .....................................................................113
4.3.4 Uncertainty Avoidance ..............................................................................117
4.3.5 Long-Term Orientation & Short-Term Orientation.................................... 119
4.4 Values Orientation Theory......................................................124
4.4.1 Human-Nature Orientation .......................................................................125
4.4.2 Man-Nature Orientation...........................................................................126
4.4.3 Time Orientation ......................................................................................127
4.4.4 Activity Orientation ..................................................................................128
4.4.5 Relational Orientation ..............................................................................129
Chapter 5
Intercultural Communication in Various Social Contexts
5.1 Family and Friends...................................................................136
5.1.1 Brief Introduction to Relationship...............................................................136
5.1.2 Family Relationships ..................................................................................137
5.1.3 Friendships ................................................................................................138
5.2 Education................................................................................140
5.2.1 Relationship Between Education and Culture ...........................................140
5.2.2 Cultural Dimensions in an Educational Context....................................... 141
5.3 Economics and Business..........................................................144
5.3.1 Three Main Factors Influencing International Communication in Business...144
5.3.2 Important Tips on Doing Business Internationally....................................146
5.4 Principles and Rules of Intercultural Communication...............148
Chapter 6
Cultural Bias
6.1 Stereotype..............................................................................158
6.1.1 Definition of Stereotype.............................................................................158
6.1.2 Three Major Types of Stereotypes ............................................................159
6.1.3 Two Dimensions of Stereotypes............................................................... 160
6.1.4 Characteristics of Stereotypes ................................................................ 160
6.1.5 Causes of Stereotypes............................................................................... 161
6.1.6 Influences of Stereotypes..........................................................................162
6.1.7 Tips on Reducing Stereotypes ...................................................................163
6.2 Prejudice ................................................................................172
6.2.1 Definition of Prejudice...............................................................................173
6.2.2 Seven Types of Prejudice..........................................................................173
6.2.3 Causes of Prejudice.................................................................................. 177
6.2.4 Influences of Prejudice .............................................................................179
6.3 Racism....................................................................................183
6.3.1 Brief Introduction to Racism......................................................................183
6.3.2 Four Main Types of Racism ......................................................................184
6.3.3 Causes and Effects of Different Types of Racism ...................................186
6.3.4 Ways to Cope with Racism.......................................................................192
6.4 Stereotypes, Prejudice & Intercultural Communication ...........194
6.4.1 Interrelationship Among Stereotypes, Prejudice & Discrimination...........194
6.4.2 Impacts of Stereotype and Prejudice on Intercultural Communication .....197
Chapter 7
Identity
7.1 Personal Identity ..................................................................... 202
7.2 Social Identity ........................................................................ 206
7.2.1 Understanding of Social Identity............................................................... 207
7.2.2 Henri Tajfel and His Social Identity Theory..............................................208
7.2.3 Three Stages of Social Identity Awareness .............................................209
7.2.4 Realistic Group Conflict Theory: Intergroup Conflict...............................212
7.2.5 Identity Threat........................................................................................... 217
7.3 Cultural Identity ..................................................................... 220
7.3.1 Definition of Cultural Identity ................................................................... 220
7.3.2 Major Types of Cultural Identities............................................................ 222
7.3.3 Formation of Cultural Identity: Jean S. Phinney’s Three-Stage Model of
Ethnic Identity Development ................................................................... 225
Chapter 8
Globalization and Global Citizenship
8.1 Globalization .......................................................................... 234
8.1.1 Overview of Globalization......................................................................... 234
8.1.2 Economic Globalization............................................................................ 237
8.1.3 Political Globalization............................................................................... 239
8.1.4 Cultural Globalization...............................................................................240
8.2 Global Citizenship ................................................................. 248
8.2.1 Definition of Global Citizenship ............................................................... 248
8.2.2 Core Themes of Global Citizenship......................................................... 249
8.2.3 Outlooks of Global Citizenship ................................................................251
8.2.4 Skills Needed for Global Citizenship........................................................251
8.3 Global Citizenship Education ................................................. 256
8.3.1 Definition of Global Citizenship Education .............................................. 256
8.3.2 Pedagogical Features of Global Citizenship Education........................... 257
References ...................................................................................... 269
