目 录

第1章 概述 ···························································1

1.1 数据中心概述 ···············································································1

1.1.1 数据中心的定义 ·········································································1

1.1.2 数据中心的构成 ·········································································1

1.1.3 数据中心的分级 ·········································································2

1.2 数据中心供配电系统 ······································································4

1.2.1 电力系统的组成 ········································································4

1.2.2 数据中心供配电系统的组成 ··························································5

1.2.3 数据中心对供配电系统的要求 ·······················································6

1.2.4 数据中心对供配电系统的其他要求 ···············································11

第2章 电工基础知识 ················································13

2.1 直流电路基本概念 ·······································································13

2.1.1 电路 ······················································································13

2.1.2 电路的组成 ·············································································13

2.1.3 电路状态 ················································································14

2.1.4 电路的基本物理量 ····································································15

2.2 欧姆定律 ···················································································18

2.2.1 电阻电路的欧姆定律 ·································································19

2.2.2 电阻电路的连接 ·······································································19

2.2.3 电容器电路的连接 ····································································21

2.2.4 电功、电功率和电流的热效应 ·····················································23

2.3 交流电路 ···················································································26

2.3.1 交流电的概念 ··········································································26

2.3.2 交流电的产生原理 ····································································27

2.3.3 正弦交流电的基本物理量 ···························································29

2.3.4 正弦交流电的表示方法 ······························································33

VIII

数据中心低压供配电系统运维

2.3.5 单相交流电路 ··········································································34

2.3.6 功率因数 ················································································44

2.3.7 无功功率的补偿 ·······································································45

2.3.8 三相交流电路 ··········································································46

2.4 电磁感应和磁路 ··········································································54

2.4.1 磁的基本概念 ··········································································54

2.4.2 电流的磁效应 ··········································································56

2.4.3 电磁感应 ················································································59

2.4.4 磁路 ······················································································62

2.5 电子技术常识 ·············································································63

2.5.1 晶体二极管概要 ·······································································63

2.5.2 晶体二极管的整流 ····································································63

2.5.3 晶体三极管概要 ·······································································66

2.5.4 晶体三极管的测试 ····································································66

第3章 电击及现场救护 ·············································68

3.1 电击 ·························································································68

3.1.1 电击的种类 ·············································································68

3.1.2 电击伤害的表象 ·······································································69

3.1.3 常见触电现象 ··········································································70

3.1.4 触电事故原因及规律 ·································································72

3.2 现场救护 ···················································································73

3.2.1 急救原则 ················································································73

3.2.2 急救方法 ················································································73

3.2.3 急救注意事项 ··········································································76

3.2.4 救护触电者的其他科学方法 ························································78

第4章 低压配电系统接地形式 ·····································79

4.1 低压配电系统电击防护种类 ···························································79

4.1.1 IT系统 ··················································································79

4.1.2 TT系统 ················································································81

4.1.3 TN系统 ··············································································82

4.1.4 保护导体 ················································································86

4.1.5 等电位联结 ·············································································88

4.2 接地装置 ···················································································90

4.2.1 自然接地体和人工接地体 ···························································90

4.2.2 接地装置的安装 ·······································································91

4.2.3 接地线 ···················································································92

4.2.4 接地装置的连接 ·······································································92

4.2.5 接地装置的检查和维护 ······························································93

第5章 防电击技术 ··················································94

5.1 绝缘 ·························································································94

5.1.1 绝缘材料的种类 ·······································································94

5.1.2 绝缘材料的性能 ·······································································95

5.1.3 绝缘的破坏 ·············································································95

5.1.4 绝缘电阻 ················································································97

5.2 屏护和安全间距 ··········································································99

5.2.1 屏护 ······················································································99

5.2.2 安全间距 ···············································································100

5.3 双重绝缘和加强绝缘 ···································································101

5.3.1 双重绝缘和加强绝缘结构 ··························································101

5.3.2 双重绝缘和加强绝缘的安全条件 ·················································102

5.3.3 双重绝缘设备的使用 ································································103

5.4 安全电压 ··················································································103

5.4.1 安全电压的区段、限值和安全电压额定值 ·····································103

5.4.2 安全电源及回路配置 ································································104

5.5 漏电保护 ··················································································106

5.5.1 剩余电流动作保护装置的组成 ····················································106

5.5.2 剩余电流动作保护装置的工作原理 ··············································107

5.5.3 剩余电流动作保护装置的分类 ····················································108

5.5.4 剩余电流动作保护装置的主要技术参数 ········································110

5.5.5 剩余电流动作保护装置的应用 ····················································111

第6章 电气防火与防爆 ············································116

6.1 危险物质及危险环境 ···································································116

6.1.1 爆炸危险物质的分类、分组 ·······················································116

6.1.2 危险环境 ···············································································117

6.2 防爆电气设备和防爆电气线路 ·······················································119

6.2.1 防爆电气设备 ·········································································119

6.2.2 防爆电气线路 ·········································································122

6.3 电气防火防爆措施 ······································································123

6.3.1 消除或减少爆炸性混合物 ··························································123

6.3.2 隔离和间距 ············································································124

数据中心低压供配电系统运维

6.3.3　消除引燃源 ············································································125

6.3.4 爆炸危险环境接地和接零 ··························································125

6.3.5 消防供电 ···············································································126

6.3.6 电气灭火 ···············································································127

第7章 防雷和防静电 ··············································129

7.1 防雷 ························································································129

7.1.1 雷电的形成和种类 ···································································129

7.1.2 雷电危害的事故后果 ································································130

7.2 防雷技术 ··················································································131

7.2.1 防雷技术的分类 ······································································131

7.2.2 防雷装置 ···············································································131

7.2.3 防雷措施 ···············································································133

7.3 防静电 ·····················································································134

7.3.1 静电的产生 ············································································135

7.3.2 静电的危害 ············································································135

7.3.3 消除静电危害的措施 ································································136

第8章 常用电气仪表及测量 ······································138

8.1 常用电气仪表概述 ······································································138

8.1.1 常用电气仪表的分类 ································································138

8.1.2 常用电气仪表的标示 ································································138

8.2 常用便携式电气仪表 ···································································141

8.2.1 电压表 ··················································································141

8.2.2 电流表 ··················································································142

8.2.3 万用表 ··················································································142

8.2.4 钳形电流表 ············································································146

8.2.5 兆欧表 ··················································································148

8.2.6 接地电阻测量仪 ······································································151

8.3 电压和电流的测量 ······································································152

8.3.1 电流的测量 ············································································153

8.3.2 电压的测量 ············································································154

8.4 功率因数表与有功电能表的接线及读表 ···········································155

8.4.1 用单相功率因数表测量三相功率的接线 ········································155

8.4.2 功率因数表的选用及注意事项 ····················································156

8.4.3 用三相有功功率表测量三相有功功率的接线方法 ····························157

8.4.4 有功电能表 ············································································157

第9章 电工安全用具与安全标志 ································161

9.1 电工安全用具 ············································································161

9.1.1 电工安全用具的种类及作用 ·······················································161

9.1.2 电工安全用具试验 ···································································163

9.2 绝缘安全用具使用的基本方法 ·······················································164

9.2.1 验电器 ··················································································164

9.2.2 绝缘手套和绝缘靴 ···································································166

9.2.3 绝缘垫和绝缘台 ······································································167

9.2.4 电工安全用具的使用注意事项 ····················································168

9.3 安全标志 ··················································································168

9.3.1 安全色 ··················································································169

9.3.2 警示牌 ··················································································169

第10章 电工常用工具 ············································170

10.1 通用电工工具 ···········································································170

10.1.1 电工用钳 ·············································································170

10.1.2 电工刀 ················································································171

10.1.3 电工扭矩扳手 ·······································································171

10.1.4 扳手 ···················································································171

10.1.5 凿 ······················································································171

10.1.6 冲击电钻和电锤 ····································································171

10.1.7 压接钳 ················································································172

10.1.8 电烙铁 ················································································173

10.1.9 游标卡尺 ·············································································173

10.2 手持式电动工具和移动式电气设备 ················································173

10.2.1 手持式电动工具的基本分类 ·····················································174

10.2.2 手持式电动工具的合理选用 ·····················································175

10.2.3 手持式电动工具的安全要求 ·····················································176

10.2.4 手持式电动工具的机械防护装置 ···············································176

第11章 低压电器及其成套开关设备 ····························178

11.1 低压电器 ·················································································178

11.1.1 低压电器常用名词术语 ···························································178

11.1.2 低压电器产品基本使用环境条件 ···············································179

11.2 常用低压控制电器和保护电器 ······················································179

11.2.1 常用低压手动开关电器 ···························································179

数据中心低压供配电系统运维

11.2.2 常用低压断路器 ····································································181

11.2.3 交流接触器 ··········································································185

11.2.4 主令电器 ·············································································190

11.2.5 低压熔断器 ··········································································192

11.2.6 热过载继电器 ·······································································194

11.2.7 中间继电器 ··········································································196

11.2.8 时间继电器 ··········································································197

11.2.9 起动器 ················································································198

11.3 其他电器 ·················································································200

11.3.1 自动转换开关电器 ·································································200

11.3.2 电动机电子保护器 ·································································202

11.3.3 机柜配电电源分配单元 ···························································203

11.4 低压成套开关设备 ·····································································204

11.4.1 低压开关柜的组成 ·································································204

11.4.2 低压开关柜的型号 ·································································204

11.4.3 部分型号低压开关柜介绍 ························································205

11.4.4 低压配电分配方式 ·································································208

11.4.5 低压配电箱、柜的安装及投入运行前的检查 ································208

11.5 低压配电系统运行方案 ·······························································209

11.5.1 双路市电（0.4kV）+单路低压柴油发电机系统运行方案 ················209

11.5.2 低压倒闸操作 ·······································································212

11.5.3 低压配电装置的巡视检查 ························································215

11.5.4 低压配电装置的运行维护 ························································215

第12章 异步电动机 ···············································217

12.1 异步电动机概述 ········································································217

12.1.1 异步电动机的分类 ·································································217

12.1.2 三相异步电动机的基本结构 ·····················································217

12.1.3 三相异步电动机的工作原理 ·····················································220

12.1.4 旋转磁场的方向和转速 ···························································220

12.1.5 转差及转差率 ····································································221

12.2 三相异步电动机的使用 ·······························································222

12.2.1 电动机的铭牌 ·······································································222

12.2.2 电动机的主要技术参数 ···························································222

12.2.3 电动机绕组的接法 ·································································223

12.2.4 电动机的起动 ·······································································224

12.3 三相异步电动机的控制及保护 ······················································228

12.3.1 三相异步电动机的控制 ···························································228

12.3.2 电动机保护 ··········································································230

12.4 三相异步电动机的运行维护 ·························································232

12.4.1 电动机的监测与维护 ······························································232

12.4.2 应立即停止电动机运行的异常情况 ············································233

12.4.3 电动机的定期维修 ·································································233

12.5 三相异步电动机常见故障及处理 ···················································234

12.5.1 电动机定子耐压强度不良 ························································234

12.5.2 电动机空载电流偏大 ······························································234

12.5.3 电动机三相电流不平衡 ··························································234

12.5.4 电动机温度高 ······································································235

12.5.5 电动机的振动和噪声 ······························································235

12.5.6 电动机扫膛 ·········································································235

12.5.7 电动机轴承过热 ···································································235

12.5.8 电动机缺相运行 ····································································236

12.6 单相异步电动机 ········································································236

12.6.1 单相异步电动机的结构 ···························································236

12.6.2 单相异步电动机的起动元件 ·····················································237

12.6.3 单相异步电动机的起动类型 ·····················································237

第13章 电力电容器 ···············································240

13.1 电力电容器在电力系统中的应用 ···················································240

13.1.1 电容器分类 ··········································································240

13.1.2 电力电容器在电力系统中的作用 ···············································241

13.1.3 并联电容器的补偿方式 ···························································242

13.2 并联电容器的结构与主要参数 ······················································242

13.2.1 并联电容器的结构 ·································································242

13.2.2 国产并联电容器的命名规则和主要技术数据 ··························243

13.3 电容器的安全运行 ·····································································245

13.3.1 电容器的安装与接线 ······························································245

13.3.2 电容器的运行参数 ·································································245

13.3.3 电容器的投入和退出 ······························································245

13.3.4 电容器操作注意事项 ······························································246

13.3.5 电容器的保护 ·······································································246

13.3.6 电容器故障判断及处理 ···························································247

13.3.7 电容器的巡视与检查周期 ························································247

数据中心低压供配电系统运维

第14章 照明装置 ·················································249

14.1 电气照明 ·················································································249

14.1.1 照明方式与种类 ····································································249

14.1.2 照明电压 ·············································································250

14.1.3 照明配电系统图与平面图 ························································250

14.2 电气照明装置的安装 ··································································250

14.2.1 导线截面积的选择 ·································································250

14.2.2 照明装置的安装 ····································································251

14.2.3 插座的安装与接线要求 ···························································252

14.2.4 常见故障处理 ·······································································253

第15章 电气线路 ·················································255

15.1 电缆线路 ·················································································255

15.1.1 电缆的分类及结构 ·································································255

15.1.2 电缆的型号 ··········································································256

15.1.3 电缆安装 ·············································································256

15.1.4 电缆的敷设 ··········································································258

15.1.5 电力电缆的运行与维护 ···························································262

15.2 室内配线 ·················································································264

15.2.1 室内配线的一般要求 ······························································264

15.2.2 常用配线方式 ·······································································265

15.2.3 室内配线导线截面积选择 ························································270

15.2.4 电缆线路的故障 ····································································273

第16章 临时用电 ·················································275

16.1 临时用电的安全要求 ··································································275

16.1.1 临时用电管理的要求 ······························································275

16.1.2 临时用电低压配电线路的要求 ··················································276

16.1.3 临时用电的接地保护及防雷保护的要求 ······································276

16.2 临时用电的变配电设施的安装和使用规定 ·······································277

16.3 临时用电的电气线路的安装和安全规定 ··········································279

参考文献 ······························································280