V
Contents
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................1
Chapter 1.Population Expansion and Demographic Pressure in Qing China (1644-1911).........................................................11
1. ¡°The Chinese Thomas Malthus¡±..................................................................11
2. Population Expansion in the Early Qing....................................................17
3. Solutions for the Demographic Pressure....................................................20
4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................28
Chapter 2.Total Trade Value in the First Half of the 19th-Century Qing China............................................................................31
1. Estimating the Market Circulation of Commodities ...............................34
2. Verifying the Value of Commodities with Customs Duties....................41
3. Conclusion.......................................................................................................62
Chapter 3.The Fiscal Transformation of the Qing State in the Middle of the 19th Century..............................................65
1. The Fiscal Structure of the Jiaqing and Daoguang Times.......................66
2. War: An Almost Collapse of the Fiscal System.........................................83
3. Structural Change...........................................................................................88
4. Conclusion.....................................................................................................102
Chapter 4.To Borrow Money (1851-1874).............................................110
1. Failure of Domestic Borrowing.................................................................110
2. Success of Foreign Loans............................................................................118
3. Conclusion.....................................................................................................124
Chapter 5.China¡¯s f.lood in 1823...........................................................130
1. The Organization of the Qing State..........................................................133
2. The 1823 Flood and Government Response...........................................136
3. Structure and Amount of Disaster Relief................................................151
4. Relationship to Debates in the Literature.................................................156
5. Conclusion.....................................................................................................161
Conclusion..............................................................................................163
References...............................................................................................172
Archival, printed and online sources .............................................................172
Bibliography.......................................................................................................174
Appendices.............................................................................................182
Appendix A.Customs Revenues Collected at selected Changguan in 1796-1850 (in taels of silver)................................................182
Table A-1.Shanhai Guan, Zhangjiakou, Shahukou, Guihuacheng, Dajianlu, Chen Guan, Zhongjiang..............................................182
Table A-2.Fengtian Niuma Shui, Wuchang and Xunchang, Pantaokou, Wuyuancheng, Gubeiko, Chongwenmen, Zuoyi......................184
Table A-3.Youyi, Zuoliangting, Huai¡¯an Guan, Xushu Guan, Yangzhou Guan, Wuhu Huguan, Wuhu Gongguan...................................186
Table A-4.Fengyang Guan, Longjiang Guan, Xixin Guan, Jiujiang Guan, Gan Guan, Beixin Guan, Nanxin Guan.........................188
Table A-5.Linqing Huguan, Linqing Gongguan, Taiping Guan, Wuchang Guan, Jingzhou Guan, Hubei Xinguan, Kui Guan..................190
Table A-6.Yu Guan, Tianjin Guan, Tianjin Haiguan, Donghai Guan, Jianghai Guan, Zhehai Guan........................................................192
Table A-7.Minhai Guan, Total, Subtotal Huguan, Subtotal Gongguan........................................................................194
Appendix B.Land Tax in 1821-1850 (in taels of silver)..........................196
Table B-1.Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan..................................................196
Table B-2.Jiangning, Suzhou, Anhui, Jiangxi...............................................197
Table B-3.Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei..................................................198
Table B-4.Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan...............................................199
Table B-5.Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Total.......................................200
Appendix C.Explaining China¡¯s 1823 Flood Regression Model...........201
Table C-1.Price behaviour during and after 1823 f.lood.............................205
Table C-2.Land Tax And Land Tax Reductions in 1823 (in tael of silver)...............................................................206
Table C-3.Total Relief Payments In China (1823, in tael of silver)...................................................................207
Table C-4.Disaster Spending in Britain (1845-1849, annual average), China (1823), and Prussia¡¯s Rhine Province (1816-1817) ......208
Appendix D.Calculating China¡¯s Historical Economic Aggregate: A GDP-centered Measurement............................................209
