Chapter 1 Introduction...............................................1
1.1 What Is Lexicology?.......................................................2
1.2 English Lexicology and Its Relation to Other Disciplines..................2
1.3 Methods of Word Study ...........................................3
1.4 Aims and Significance of the Course...............................4
Exercises....................................................4
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary..........................7
2.1 Definition of a Word.....................................................8
2.2 Sound and Meaning .......................................................9
2.3 Sound and Form ................................................9
2.4 Vocabulary ..................................................... 10
2.5 Classification of Words..........................................11
2.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-Basic Vocabulary ............................... 11
2.5.2 Content Words and Functional Words ..................................14
2.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words..........................................14
Exercises.............................................................. 15
Chapter 3 The Developing English Vocabulary.........................17
3.1 The Indo-European Language Family.............................................................. 18
3.2 A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary ............................................ 18
3.2.1 The Period of Old English (450 CE每1100 CE)...............................19
3.2.2 The Period of Middle English (1100 CE每1500 CE)..............................20
3.2.3 The Period of Modern English (After 1500 CE).................................21
3.3 Growth of Present-Day English Vocabulary ............................. 23
3.3.1 The Rapid Development of Science and Technology .........................23
3.3.2 Political, Economic, and Cultural Changes in Society.......................24
3.3.3 The Formation of New Vocabulary...........................................28
3.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development ........................................ 29
Exercises......................................................... 30
Chapter 4 Morphological Structure of Words........................33
4.1 The Concept of Morpheme ........................................... 34
4.1.1 Types of Morphemes ...............................................34
4.1.2 Roots, Stems, and Bases..................................................36
4.2 Major Processes of Word Formation..................................... 37
4.2.1 Derivation......................................................38
4.2.2 Conversion..........................................................44
4.2.3 Compounding.......................................................48
4.3 Minor Processes of Word Formation................................. 54
4.3.1 Clipping.........................................................54
4.3.2 Blending........................................................55
4.3.3 Acronymy: Initialisms and Acronyms..................................57
4.3.4 Back-Formation......................................................59
4.3.5 Words from Proper Names.........................................60
4.3.6 Miscellaneous..................................................63
Exercises............................................................ 64
Chapter 5 Word Meaning, Polysemy, and Homonymy...................67
5.1 Motivation...................................................... 68
5.1.1 Phonetic Motivation..................................................68
5.1.2 Morphological Motivation............................................69
5.1.3 Semantic Motivation.................................................69
5.2 Main Types of Word Meaning....................................... 70
5.2.1 Grammatical Meaning.................................................70
5.2.2 Lexical Meaning..................................................71
5.2.3 Social or Stylistic Meaning........................................73
5.2.4 Affective Meaning...................................................77
5.2.5 Reflected Meaning.....................................................79
5.2.6 Collocative Meaning................................................80
5.2.7 Contextual Meaning..................................................80
5.3 Componential Analysis and Semantic Features....................... 81
5.3.1 Componential Analysis on the Basis of Semantic Contrast................82
5.3.2 The Role of Componential Analysis in English Lexical Teaching..........83
Exercises........................................................... 84
Chapter 6 Sense Relations Between Words..........................87
6.1 Synonymy ....................................................... 88
6.1.1 Complete Synonyms...................................................88
6.1.2 Relative Synonyms...................................................89
6.1.3 Other Types of Synonymy............................................94
6.2 Antonymy......................................................... 95
6.2.1 Types of Antonyms...................................................95
6.2.2 Different Antonyms of One Word......................................97
6.2.3 Marked and Unmarked Members.........................................98
6.2.4 Asymmetry in the Pragmatic Uses ....................................99
6.2.5 The Rhetorical Use of Antonyms......................................100
6.3 Hyponymy.........................................................101
6.4 Polysemy.........................................................103
6.4.1 Definition.........................................................103
6.4.2 Two Processes Leading to Polysemy..................................103
6.5 Homonymy.........................................................104
6.5.1 Types of Homonyms..................................................105
6.5.2 Sources of Homonyms................................................106
6.5.3 The Rhetorical Features of Polysemy and Homonymy...................107
6.6 Meronymy/Holonymy................................................108
6.6.1 Definition.........................................................108
6.6.2 Distinction Between Meronymy/Holonymy and Hyponymy ................108
6.6.3 Types of Meronymy..................................................109
6.7 Semantic Field...................................................109
Exercises........................................................... 111
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning..............................115
7.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning...............................116
7.1.1 Historical and Social Causes..................................... 117
7.1.2 Psychological Cause ............................................. 119
7.1.3 Linguistic Cause ................................................121
7.1.4 Foreign Influences ...............................................122
7.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change ............................122
7.2.1 Extension of Meaning..............................................123
7.2.2 Restriction of Meaning............................................125
7.2.3 Elevation of Meaning ............................................127
7.2.4 Degeneration of Meaning ..........................................128
7.3 Semantic Changes Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words......130
7.3.1 Metaphor...........................................................131
7.3.2 Synaesthesia ......................................................132
7.3.3 Metonymy .........................................................133
7.3.4 Synecdoche ......................................................133
Exercises........................................................135
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context..............................137
8.1 Types of Context.............................................138
8.1.1 Linguistic Context.............................................138
8.1.2 Extra-Linguistic Context........................................141
8.2 Role of Context in Deciding Word Meaning......................143
8.2.1 Eliminating Ambiguities...........................................143
8.2.2 Specifying Referents and the Range of the Meaning ..................145
8.2.3 Conveying Emotional Overtones .................................147
8.3 How to Guess Word Meaning from Context...........................149
8.3.1 Lexical Clues.......................................................149
8.3.2 Syntactical Restrictions ...........................................152
8.3.3 Semantic or Logical Connections .....................................153
8.3.4 The Role of Topic Sentence ........................................154
8.3.5 The Role of Background Knowledge ...................................155
Exercises.............................................................156
Chapter 9 Multi-Word Expressions................................159
9.1 Characteristics of Multi-Word Expressions.........................160
9.2 Importance of Multi-Word Expressions..............................163
9.3 Common Types of Multi-Word Expressions............................164
9.4 Challenges of Learning Multi-Word Expressions for L2 Learners......165
Exercises...........................................................168
Chapter 10 Idioms..............................................173
10.1 Definition of Idioms.............................................174
10.2 Sources of English Idioms........................................175
10.2.1 From Daily Life....................................................175
10.2.2 From Food and Cooking..............................................176
10.2.3 From Body Parts....................................................177
10.2.4 From Names of Animals...............................................178
10.2.5 From Military or Sailor*s Life.....................................179
10.2.6 From Literary Works.................................................180
10.2.7 From Other Languages................................................180
10.2.8 From Other Sources..................................................181
10.3 Classification of English Idioms..................................181
10.3.1 Nominal Phrases...............................................182
10.3.2 Verbal Phrases..................................................184
10.3.3 Adjectival Idiomatic Expressions...................................188
10.3.4 Adverbial and Prepositional Idiomatic Expressions...................190
10.3.5 Proverbs............................................................192
10.4 Syntactic, Structural, and Stylistic Features.....................194
10.4.1 Syntactic Function................................................194
10.4.2 Structural Features................................................196
10.4.3 Stylistic Features..................................................199
10.5 Beware of Translation Traps......................................201
Exercises............................................................... 205
Chapter 11 Differences Between American English and British English.....209
11.1 Growth of American English...........................................210
11.1.1 Before Independence (1607 CE每1789 CE)....................................211
11.1.2 From Independence to the Early 19th Century (1789 CE每1860 CE).............212
11.1.3 From the Early 19th Century to the Present Time (1860 CE每Present)............213
11.2 Characteristics of American English.................................214
11.2.1 Conservatism and Innovation..........................................214
11.2.2 Heterogeneity.......................................................217
11.2.3 Uniformity in Speech ............................................219
11.2.4 Verbose and Plain Style in Writing................................220
11.2.5 Popularity of Slang...............................................221
11.3 Differences Between American English and British English......... 222
11.3.1 Differences in Pronunciation......................................222
11.3.2 Differences in Spelling............................................225
11.3.3 Differences in Grammar and Usage...................................227
11.3.4 Differences in Vocabulary...........................................231
11.4 A Brief Summary.................................................... 235
Exercises............................................................... 236
Chapter 12 Vocabulary Learning....................................237
12.1 Vocabulary Knowledge.............................................. 238
12.1.1 Components of Vocabulary Knowledge...................................238
12.1.2 Receptive and Productive Vocabulary Knowledge.........................240
12.2 Approaches to Vocabulary Learning .................................241
12.2.1 Incidental Vocabulary Learning........................................241
12.2.2 Intentional Vocabulary Learning................................244
12.3 Resources for Learning Vocabulary............................... 246
12.3.1 Dictionaries........................................................246
12.3.2 Online Resources for Vocabulary Learning.............................250
References.......................................................255
Appendix: Difference Between American English and British English..265