Unit 1 Introduction..................................... 1
1.1 Overview...............................................2
1.1.1 Purpose of the Introduction Section.....................2
1.1.2 Information Elements of the Introduction Section...........2
1.1.3 Main Focus of Writing the Introduction Section.............2
1.2 Sample Analysis.............................................4
1.3 Linguistic Features of the Introduction Section...................8
1.3.1 Lexical Features............................................8
1.3.2 Syntactical Features......................................10
1.4 Useful Expressions for the Introduction Section..............13
1.5 Reflections and Practice................................15
Unit 2 Literature Review.................................... 27
2.1 Overview................................................28
2.1.1 Purposes of the Literature Review Section....................28
2.1.2 Information Elements of the Literature Review Section...........28
2.1.3 Principles of Writing the Literature Review Section............30
2.1.4 Citation Methods in the Literature Review.....................30
2.1.5 Organizational Patterns of the Literature Review Section.......32
2.1.6 Common Problems of Writing the Literature Review Section........34
2.2 Sample Analysis........................................34
2.3 Linguistic Features of the Literature Review Section........37
2.3.1 Lexical Features..........................................37
2.3.2 Syntactical Features...................................39
2.4 Plagiarism and Paraphrase................................41
2.4.1 Plagiarism...............................................41
2.4.2 Paraphrase...............................................43
2.5 Useful Expressions for the Literature Review Section.........43
2.6 Reflections and Practice....................................45
Unit 3 Methods................................................. 55
3.1 Overview ...................................................56
3.1.1 Purpose of the Methods Section..............................56
3.1.2 Information Elements of the Methods Section.....................56
3.1.3 Principles of Writing the Methods Section.....................58
3.2 Sample Analysis............................................58
3.3 Linguistic Features of the Methods Section..................62
3.3.1 Lexical Features...........................................62
3.3.2 Syntactical Features.....................................63
3.4 Useful Expressions for the Methods Section...................68
3.5 Reflections and Practice.....................................70
Unit 4 Results.................................................... 77
4.1 Overview................................................78
4.1.1 Purpose of the Results Section........................78
4.1.2 Information Elements of the Results Section...............78
4.1.3 Sequential Structure of the Results Section................79
4.1.4 Principles of Results Presentation..........................80
4.1.5 Common Mistakes in Writing a Results Section..................81
4.1.6 Criteria for Judging a Results Section.......................81
4.2 Sample Analysis............................................82
4.3 Linguistic Features of the Results Section.................94
4.3.1 Lexical Features........................................94
4.3.2 Syntactical Features...............................95
4.4 Useful Expressions for the Results Section.................97
4.5 Reflections and Practice...................................98
Unit 5 Discussion.......................................... 107
5.1 Overview..............................................108
5.1.1 Purpose of the Discussion Section.........................108
5.1.2 Information Elements of the Discussion Section..............108
5.1.3 Principles of Writing the Discussion Section...............110
5.1.4 Organizational Pattern of the Discussion Section ..............111
5.2 Sample Analysis............................................111
5.3 Linguistic Features of the Discussion Section.............118
5.3.1 Lexical Features......................................118
5.3.2 Syntactical Features.................................121
5.4 Useful Expressions for the Discussion Section...............122
5.5 Reflections and Practice.................................124
Unit 6 Conclusion........................................... 133
6.1 Overview............................................134
6.1.1 Purpose of the Conclusion Section..........................134
6.1.2 Information Elements of the Conclusion Section.............134
6.1.3 Principles of Writing the Conclusion Section................136
6.1.4 Common Problems of Writing a Conclusion Section.........136
6.2 Sample Analysis.........................................137
6.3 Linguistic Features of the Conclusion Section............141
6.3.1 Lexical Features.......................................141
6.3.2 Syntactical Features.................................144
6.4 Useful Expressions for the Conclusion Section.............147
6.5 Reflections and Practice...............................150
Unit 7 Title and Abstract ................................... 157
7.1 Overview...............................................158
7.1.1 Purposes of the Title.................................158
7.1.2 Principles of Writing a Title..........................158
7.1.3 Types of Titles.......................................159
7.1.4 Capitalization of the Title............................160
7.1.5 Purposes of the Abstract...............................161
7.1.6 Information Elements of the Abstract..................161
7.1.7 Types of Abstracts.....................................162
7.1.8 Common Problems of Writing the Abstract................163
7.2 Sample Analysis..........................................164
7.2.1 Title Analysis.....................................164
7.2.2 Different Types of Abstracts........................165
7.2.3 Textual Analysis of the Abstract.......................168
7.3 Linguistic Features of the Title and the Abstract.........171
7.3.1 Lexical Features.........................................171
7.3.2 Syntactical Features..................................174
7.4 Useful Expressions for the Abstract.....................177
7.5 Reflections and Practice..................................179
Unit 8 Referencing............................................ 187
8.1 Overview ............................................188
8.1.1 Purpose of Referencing ..............................188
8.1.2 Information Elements of Referencing .....................188
8.1.3 Referencing Styles......................................190
8.2 Sample Analysis......................................202
8.3 Reflections and Practice..............................205
Unit 9 Common Mistakes in Students¡¯ Writings ............ 211
9.1 Common Mistakes ...................................212
9.1.1 Lexical Level.....................................212
9.1.2 Syntactical Level....................................214
9.1.3 Textual Level........................................217
9.1.4 Academic Conventions .................................224
9.2 Reflections and Practice................................226
Unit 10 Chinglish vs. English............................... 231
10.1 Overview............................................232
10.1.1 Interlingual Errors of Chinglish...................232
10.1.2 Positive and Negative Transfer Between Two Languages.....232
10.2 Sample Analysis of Representational Chinglish Structures....233
10.2.1 Interferences of Chinese Culture.................233
10.2.2 Interferences of Chinese Thinking Pattern.........234
10.2.3 Inappropriate Expressions...........................238
10.2.4 Confusion Between Coordination and Subordination.......239
10.3 Some Salient Differences Between English and Chinese..........240
10.3.1 Reversed Word Order...............................241
10.3.2 Postpositive Attributive in English..................241
10.3.3 Static English and Dynamic Chinese....................242
10.3.4 Multifunction of English Attributive Clauses...........242
10.3.5 Compact English and Relatively Loose Chinese...........243
10.3.6 Chinese Four-Character Sentences and English Words and Phrases................................244
10.3.7 English Passive Sentences and Chinese Sentences with No Subjects...............244
10.3.8 Inanimate Subjects in English and Chinese Sentences......245
10.4 Reflections and Practice.............................246
Unit 11 Posters for International Conferences and Data Presentation.. 251
11.1 Overview........................................252
11.2 Pre-Conference Correspondence ....................252
11.3 Making a Research Poster............................255
11.3.1 What Is a Research Poster?.........................255
11.3.2 Instructions on Making a Poster for an International Conference..256
11.3.3 Design Suggestions for Scientific Posters..............258
11.4 Information Elements of Posters.........................259
11.5 Poster Samples.......................................259
11.6 Linguistic Features of Posters.........................262
11.7 Data Presentation...................................265
11.8 Reflections and Practice.............................268
Unit 12 Manuscript Publication ................................ 271
12.1 Overview...............................................272
12.1.1 Aims and Scope of the Target Journal....................272
12.1.2 Guide for Authors......................................273
12.1.3 Cover Letter ..........................................275
12.2 Response to Editors and Reviewers ...................276
12.2.1 Peer-Review Process....................................276
12.2.2 Three Golden Rules of Responding to Reviewers¡¯ Comments.....277
12.3 Reflections and Practice..............................280
References................................................. 285
