Preface
In 1820, The Asiatic Journal published the very first translated excerpt of Sanguo yanyi; a work entitled ¡°The Death of the Celebrated Minister Tung-cho,¡± translated by P. P. Thoms. A Historical Survey of Sanguo yanyi in English Translation is the first attempt to make an overall descriptive study of the English translation history of Sanguo yanyi.
The translation history is divided into three periods: the early period (1820¨C1924), the middle period (1925¨C1975) and the late period (1976¨C ). The description of each period encompasses all types of paratexts attached to the versions (the preface, afterword, acknowledgements, annotations and titles, etc.) and a variety of documents introducing the novel to the English-speaking world (book reviews, translation reviews, encyclopedias, anthologies and bibliographies, etc.).
In the early period it was mainly expatriates in China who engaged in translation activities. As interested amateurs, they produced versions of texts adapted, summarized or excerpted from the original to help the local expatriate communities and those in their home countries gain a first-hand knowledge of China. Versions appeared in the form of leisure-time reading material, language learning material and research. As the texts were comparatively short, English journals published by expatriates in China served as their major outlet.
In the middle period translation activities show a greater diversity in terms of translator, purpose and target readership. The scope of translation expanded significantly, individual books becoming the dominant publication format. This period witnessed the appearance of the first complete translation of Sanguo yanyi.
The late period has seen a noteworthy academic turn. Moss Roberts, Professor of Chinese at New York University, has retranslated the novel to meet the requirements of teaching and research in the English-speaking countries. His translation, published in its entirety and in an abridged edition, has been patronized by Chinese as well as American presses and academic institutions. It is accompanied by academic paratexts.
Thus the work¡¯s translation history shows a transformation of translators from amateurs to professionals, an expansion of readerships and shifts of cultural orientation from domestication to foreignization, from simplification to amplification. This book points out that the language ability and interculturality of the translator and his readership are the decisive factors over the cultural orientation of the translation.
This book contains historical and textual analyses of the translation activities of the past nearly 200 years. It devotes much attention to the social and cultural environments that have generated the various versions and promoted their dissemination, and avoids using contemporary standards to evaluate those produced in earlier periods. It also cites numerous instances of the textual characteristics of different versions, extending the discussion beyond abstract theorization. The overall analysis will therefore prove a reliable source for future studies on the English translation and dissemination of the novel.
