Foreword
Maarteen Duijvendak*1
Among today¡¯s economists exists a lively debate on the recent economic
development of China. One point of dispute is when China will become the
largest and most productive economy. Economic historians likewise debate the
question of when and why China lost its prominent position as the richest economy
in world history. Should we place this change in the sixteenth, eighteenth
or nineteenth century? Was this position lost because of policies by the Chinese
state; policies on trade, taxes or trust, or was it about the access to coal, capital
and colonies in the other countries? And when this happened, was it China that
diverted from the standard track, or was it the country that took over; England,
the Dutch Republic, or the young United States? Books on the topic could easily
f ill a bookstore, the majority written by historians from the West. Recently however
Asian voices have risen in the debate.
It is understood that historians who write about these global processes use
generalised arguments. The assessment of economic developments in two or
more countries demands the author to adopt more of a bird¡¯s eye view. A looking
glass or microscope simply will not do. However, among most of the western
scholars knowledge of the development of Chinese economy, institutions and
policies rests on a limited amount of sources. Here the input of Chinese historians
is of vital importance. Only by observing and assessing all available information
can one come to the right generalisation.
Of course there is an important difference between the arguments of aforementioned
modern scholars discussed in this book, and the great and sometimes
* Professor emeritus Economic, Social and Regional History, Faculty of Arts, Director of the Netherlands
Agronomic Historical Institute, University of Groningen, Netherlands.
II
speculative ideas of early twentieth century scholars like Otto Franke, Henri
Gordier or Joseph Needham. Still this research relies heavily on literary sources.
More quantitative and empirical knowledge of institutions and policies is urgently
needed. This type of information is essential for a more precise understanding
of the f iscal system and its revenues; of the state¡¯s expenditures and ability to
borrow capital; and how the state answered when disasters struck and relief was
organised. This detailed data will not just result in more comprehensive spreadsheets,
statistical precision and colourful graphs. Used well, it produces more
thorough arguments on topics that are prominent in the existing debate.
This book brings such evidence to the table, fresh from the archives. Important
data presented on f iscal and f inancial policies in the Qing Dynasty
(1644-1911) is put in context and discussed. In doing so it improves our collective
understanding of the economic developments in China and the role of the
state. It adds to the existing arguments, it ref ines some and it provides some new
ideas about a distinct Chinese model of economic growth during these years.
At the heart of this study lies a PhD-thesis defended at the University of
Groningen in 2020. The author, Yuping Ni, is a scholar who presented his material
and ideas at seminars and workshops in different parts of Asia, Europe and
the United States. A conference in Seoul brought him in contact with my department
in Groningen. Grants from the Dutch Research Council, the Chinese Scholarship
Council and the Confucius Institute made it possible for him to stay and
study in the Netherlands for a year. During this year Ni published a book with
Brill Publishers in Leiden, wrote an article¡ªin cooperation with Dr. Martin Uebele¡ª
published in the Australian Economic History Review, and now the thesis
has grown into a book published with the Tsinghua University Press in Beijing.
This book brings an end to a project that brought Yuping Ni to Groningen
and carried me to Beijing. We found great joy in getting to know each other and
each other¡¯s families; to explore our societies and history. As we were discussing
the things we observed, mutual respect and friendly ties developed, plus our
scholarship nurtured. Where the latter is about understanding arguments and improving
their underpinnings, it is the former that fosters bonds between peoples
and societies. I think the existence of this book proves the relevance of scholarly
exchange in both directions.