目录
第 1章认知与计算 ............................................................................................ 1
1.1认知
........................................................................................................1
1.2元认知
....................................................................................................2
1.3认知计算
.................................................................................................2
1.4脑结构与功能
..........................................................................................3
1.5三位一体
...............................................................................................10
1.6脑与认知框架
........................................................................................11
1.7人类脑计划
............................................................................................12 习题 .............................................................................................................13
第 2章方法与技术 ...........................................................................................15
2.1心理学方法
............................................................................................15
2.1.1反应时法
....................................................................................15
2.
1.2眼动分析法 .................................................................................15
2.
1.3口语报告分析法 ..........................................................................15
2.
1.4内隐联想测验..............................................................................16
2.
1.5计算机模拟法..............................................................................16
2.2电生理学方法
........................................................................................16
2.
2.1膜片钳技术 .................................................................................16
2.
2.2细胞记录法 .................................................................................16
2.
2.3脑损伤研究法..............................................................................17
2.3脑成像
..................................................................................................17
2.3.1 CT.............................................................................................17
2.3.2 PET...........................................................................................17
2.3.3 SPECT......................................................................................18
2.3.4 MRI...........................................................................................18
2.3.5 fMRI..........................................................................................19
2.3.6 TPM..........................................................................................20
2.3.7 EEG ..........................................................................................20
2.3.8 MEG..........................................................................................22
2.4技术比较
...............................................................................................22
2.5设计实验范式
........................................................................................23
2.6数据处理
...............................................................................................25 习题 .............................................................................................................27
第 3章神经与信息 ...........................................................................................29
3.1神经元
..................................................................................................29
3.2神经胶质细胞
........................................................................................31
3.3神经信息
...............................................................................................33
3.
3.1神经信息产生..............................................................................33
3.
3.2神经信息编码..............................................................................34
3.
3.3神经信息传播..............................................................................35
3.
4神经通路和层级 .....................................................................................38
3.5人工神经
...............................................................................................40
3.
5.1人工神经元 .................................................................................40
3.
5.2人工神经网络..............................................................................41
3.
5.3深度学习系统..............................................................................42
3.6微观与超微观
........................................................................................44
3.6.1分子 ...........................................................................................44
3.6.2量子
...........................................................................................44 习题 .............................................................................................................45
第 4章视觉与计算 ...........................................................................................47
4.1眼睛
......................................................................................................47
4.2视觉信息
...............................................................................................47
4.
2.1视觉信息感知..............................................................................47
4.
2.2视觉信息传递..............................................................................49
4.
2.3视觉感受机制..............................................................................51
4.
2.4视觉信息编码..............................................................................54
4.3对象识别
...............................................................................................56
4.3.1神经机制
....................................................................................57
4.3.2认知模型
....................................................................................57
4.3.3眼球运动
....................................................................................60
4.3.4运动知觉
....................................................................................60
4.3.5立体视觉
....................................................................................61
4.3.6颜色视觉
....................................................................................61
4.
3.7视觉恒常性与脑补 .......................................................................63
4.4视觉理论
...............................................................................................64
4.
4.1马尔计算视觉..............................................................................64
4.
4.2格式塔理论 .................................................................................65
4.4.3主动视觉
....................................................................................66
4.5计算机视觉
............................................................................................66
4.5.1深度估计
....................................................................................66
4.5.2行人预测
....................................................................................68
4.5.3水下视觉
....................................................................................71
4.6视觉系统比较
........................................................................................72 习题 .............................................................................................................72
第 5章感知与运动 ...........................................................................................75
5.1感觉与知觉
............................................................................................75
5.2感受器和编码
........................................................................................76
5.
2.1感受器的种类..............................................................................76
5.
2.2感受器的换能作用 .......................................................................76
5.
2.3感觉信息编码..............................................................................77
5.3听觉与平衡觉
........................................................................................79
5.
3.1声音与听觉 .................................................................................79
5.
3.2耳朵与声音感知 ..........................................................................80
5.3.3人工耳蜗
....................................................................................82
5.3.4听声辨位
....................................................................................83
5.3.5平衡觉
........................................................................................84
5.4触觉和痛觉
............................................................................................85
5.4.1触痛感知
....................................................................................86
5.4.2触觉
...........................................................................................87
5.4.3痛觉
...........................................................................................88
5.4.4痒觉
...........................................................................................88
5.5嗅觉和味觉
............................................................................................89
5.5.1嗅觉
...........................................................................................89
5.5.2味觉
...........................................................................................90
5.6联觉和直觉
............................................................................................92
5.6.1联觉
...........................................................................................92
5.6.2直觉
...........................................................................................93
5.
7初级感觉与运动皮层 ..............................................................................93
5.8运动与控制
............................................................................................94
5.8.1下行传导通路..............................................................................95
5.
8.2运动层级与控制 ..........................................................................96 习题 .............................................................................................................97
第 6章注意与意识 ...........................................................................................99
6.1注意
......................................................................................................99
6.2注意与分辨
.......................................................................................... 100
6.3注意网络
............................................................................................. 100
6.
4注意的生理机制 ................................................................................... 101
6.
5注意的信息加工 ................................................................................... 102
6.
5.1选择性注意 ............................................................................... 102
6.5.2注意分配
.................................................................................. 105
6.5.3变化视盲
.................................................................................. 105
6.
5.4外显型与内隐型注意.................................................................. 106
6.
5.5特征整合理论............................................................................ 107
6.6人工注意网络
...................................................................................... 108
6.7睡眠与梦
............................................................................................. 108
6.8意识与思维
.......................................................................................... 111 习题 ........................................................................................................... 112
第 7章学习与记忆 .........................................................................................113
7.1学习
.................................................................................................... 113
7.
1.1学习认知模型............................................................................ 113
7.1.2赫布理论
.................................................................................. 115
7.1.3迁移学习
.................................................................................. 115
7.
1.4学习形成记忆............................................................................ 116
7.2元学习
................................................................................................ 117
7.3记忆
.................................................................................................... 119
7.4记忆模型
............................................................................................. 120
7.
4.1多重存储记忆模型 ..................................................................... 120
7.
4.2工作记忆模型............................................................................ 121
7.
5记忆的神经基础 ................................................................................... 122
7.
5.1记忆相关的脑区 ........................................................................ 122
7.
5.2记忆相关的皮层 ........................................................................ 123
7.
5.3海马与记忆 ............................................................................... 124
7.6记忆转移
............................................................................................. 124
7.7遗忘曲线
............................................................................................. 125
7.8概念与分类
.......................................................................................... 126
7.9知识建构
............................................................................................. 127
7.
9.1符号网络模型............................................................................ 128
7.
9.2层次语义网络模型 ..................................................................... 129
7.9.3原型模型
.................................................................................. 130
7.
9.4激活扩散模型............................................................................ 130
7.10知识表征
........................................................................................... 131
7.
10.1联想记忆模型 ........................................................................ 131
7.
10.2知识图谱............................................................................... 133
7.11贝叶斯大脑
........................................................................................ 134
习题 ........................................................................................................... 136
第 8章沟通与语言 .........................................................................................137
8.1沟通
.................................................................................................... 137
8.
2人类语言的演化 ................................................................................... 137
8.
3人类语言的独特性................................................................................ 137
8.
4失语症与语言中枢................................................................................ 138
8.5语言处理模型
...................................................................................... 139
8.5.1
Lichtheim模型 ......................................................................... 139
8.5.2
Wernicke-Geschwind模型.......................................................... 140
8.6词脑
.................................................................................................... 142
8.
7中英语言认知异同................................................................................ 146
8.
8脑电到文字转译 ................................................................................... 147
8.9自然语言处理
...................................................................................... 147
8.10对偶学习
........................................................................................... 148 习题 ........................................................................................................... 149
第 9章情感与计算 .........................................................................................151
9.1报偿与动机
.......................................................................................... 151
9.2成瘾
.................................................................................................... 152
9.3人脑经济学
.......................................................................................... 153
9.
3.1经济学现象 ............................................................................... 153
9.3.2能量函数
.................................................................................. 155
9.4强化学习
............................................................................................. 156
9.5理性与情绪
.......................................................................................... 158
9.6情绪脑
................................................................................................ 160
9.7情感与选择
.......................................................................................... 161
9.8预测与期望
.......................................................................................... 163
9.9期望最大化
.......................................................................................... 164
9.10对抗网络
........................................................................................... 165
9.
11自律与自监督..................................................................................... 166
9.12情感计算
........................................................................................... 166
习题 ........................................................................................................... 168
第 10章发育与可塑 .......................................................................................169
10.1脑功能发育
........................................................................................ 169
10.
2脑功能可塑性..................................................................................... 170
10.3脑改进方案
........................................................................................ 171
10.
4脑区到脑网络..................................................................................... 173
10.
4.1结构洞与智力 .......................................................................... 174
10.
4.2复杂性临界点 .......................................................................... 175
10.5脑网络演化
........................................................................................ 177
10.
5.1演化动力学 ............................................................................. 177
10.
5.2图网络学习 ............................................................................. 179
10.6男女有别
........................................................................................... 180
10.
7神经架构搜索..................................................................................... 182 习题 ........................................................................................................... 182
第 11章社会与创造 .......................................................................................183
11.1社会认知
........................................................................................... 183
11.2归因理论
........................................................................................... 185
11.3分类与图式
........................................................................................ 186
11.4同理心
............................................................................................... 188
11.
4.1镜像神经元 ............................................................................. 188
11.
4.2自闭症情绪图谱理论 ................................................................ 188
11.
4.3同理心和道德决策 ................................................................... 189
11.
4.4同理心与公平感....................................................................... 190
11.5模仿行为
........................................................................................... 191
11.
6具身认知与元宇宙 .............................................................................. 192
11.7利他行为
........................................................................................... 193
11.
8智力与创造力..................................................................................... 194
11.
9人类智力的起源与演化 ....................................................................... 194
11.10弗林效应
.......................................................................................... 195
11.
11社会网络与大数据 ............................................................................ 196
习题 ........................................................................................................... 198
第 12章人工与系统 .......................................................................................199
12.1人工智能
........................................................................................... 199
12.
2类脑计算与人工脑 .............................................................................. 199
12.3仿真机器人
........................................................................................ 201
12.4脑机系统
........................................................................................... 204
12.
5自主无人系统..................................................................................... 206
12.
6复杂性与奥卡姆剃刀........................................................................... 206
12.7安全和伦理
........................................................................................ 207
12.7.1可信与安全 ............................................................................. 207
12.
7.2道德与伦理 ............................................................................. 209 习题 ........................................................................................................... 211
参考文献 ...........................................................................................................213
