目 录

第1章　安全生产管理 ······························1

1.1　安全生产相关法律法规及标准规范 ·····················1

1.1.1　《中华人民共和国安全生产法》 ·····················1

1.1.2　《特种作业人员安全技术培训考核管理规定》 ···············3

1.2　从业人员安全生产的相关规定 ······················3

1.2.1　从业人员安全生产的权利 ·······················4

1.2.2　从业人员安全生产的义务 ························5

1.2.3　从业人员安全生产的职责 ························6

1.2.4　从业人员安全生产口诀 ·························7

第2章　电力系统概述 ·····························9

2.1　电力系统简介 ······························9

2.1.1　发电厂 ································9

2.1.2　电力网 ································11

2.1.3　变配电所 ·······························11

2.1.4　电能用户和电力负荷 ··························11

2.1.5　电力系统运行的特点及要求 ·······················12

2.2　供配电系统概况 ·····························12

2.2.1　电力负荷的分级 ····························12

2.2.2　各级负荷对供电电源的要求 ·······················13

2.2.3　供配电系统的构成 ···························14

2.3　电力系统的电压 ·····························17

2.3.1　电压高低界限的划分 ··························17

2.3.2　用户供配电系统电压的选择 ······················17

2.3.3　供电电能的技术指标 ·························18

2.4　电力系统的中性点运行方式 ························20

2.4.1　中性点不接地的运行方式 ························20

2.4.2　中性点经消弧线圈接地的运行方式 ····················22

2.4.3　中性点经电阻接地的运行方式 ······················22

2.4.4　中性点直接接地的运行方式 ·······················23

2.5　10kV变电所及其电气主接线 ························23

2.5.1　变电所及其分类 ····························24

2.5.2　变电所主接线 ·····························24

2.5.3　变配电所一次接线图常用的图形符号与文字符号 ··············26

第3章　电力变压器 ······························28

3.1　变压器的工作原理 ····························28

3.2　变压器的分类及结构 ···························30

3.2.1　变压器的分类 ·····························31

3.2.2　变压器的结构 ·····························32

3.2.3　变压器的型号和主要技术参数 ······················37

3.2.4　变压器的接线组别和接线方式 ······················39

3.2.5　变压器的安装 ·····························40

3.3　电力变压器的运行维护 ··························42

3.3.1　油浸式变压器的运行维护 ························42

3.3.2　干式变压器的运行维护 ························43

3.3.3　电力变压器运行中应掌控的变量 ·····················45

3.3.4　变压器运行允许温度 ··························47

3.3.5　变压器的并列与解列运行 ························48

3.3.6　变压器分接开关 ····························50

3.4　变压器的异常运行与故障分析 ·······················54

3.4.1　油浸式变压器异常运行与故障分析 ····················54

3.4.2　干式变压器异常运行与故障分析 ·····················56

第4章　互感器 ································58

4.1　电流互感器 ·······························58

4.1.1　电流互感器的结构原理 ·························58

4.1.2　电流互感器的接线方式 ·························59

4.1.3　电流互感器的类型 ···························61

4.1.4　电流互感器的型号 ···························61

4.1.5　电流互感器的额定参数 ·························61

4.1.6　零序电流互感器 ····························64

4.1.7　电流互感器二次侧的相关要求 ······················65

4.1.8　电流互感器常见故障分析 ························66

4.2　电压互感器 ·······························67

4.2.1　电压互感器的基本结构原理 ·······················67

4.2.2　电压互感器的接线方式 ·························68

4.2.3　电压互感器的类型和型号 ························71

4.2.4　电压互感器的额定参数 ·························73

4.3　互感器运行中的巡视检查和故障处理 ····················74

4.3.1　仪用互感器运行 ····························74

4.3.2　电压互感器的熔断器保护 ························75

4.3.3　电压互感器的绝缘监察 ·························78

4.3.4　电压互感器的常见故障及处理 ······················79

第5章　高压电气·······························81

5.1　交流电弧 ································81

5.1.1　交流电弧的形成及熄灭 ·························81

5.1.2　开关设备中常用的灭弧方法 ·······················82

5.2　高压电气的基础知识 ···························83

5.2.1　高压电气的主要技术参数 ························83

5.2.2　高压电气操动机构 ···························83

5.3　高压断路器 ·······························84

5.3.1　高压断路器的分类 ···························84

5.3.2　高压断路器的主要技术参数 ·······················85

5.3.3　高压真空断路器 ····························86

5.3.4　高压六氟化硫断路器 ··························89

5.3.5　高压断路器的操动机构 ·························90

5.4　高压负荷开关 ······························92

5.4.1　FZN25-12系列真空负荷开关 ·······················93

5.4.2　FLN36-12六氟化硫高压负荷开关 ·····················94

5.5　高压隔离开关 ······························95

5.5.1　隔离开关的用途及分类 ·························95

5.5.2　户内式高压隔离开关 ··························96

5.5.3　户外式高压隔离开关 ··························97

5.5.4　高压隔离开关的安装 ··························98

5.5.5　高压隔离开关运行中的巡视检查及事故处理 ················99

5.5.6　高压隔离开关的操作顺序························100

5.6　高压熔断器 ······························100

5.6.1　户内式高压熔断器 ··························100

5.6.2　户外式高压熔断器 ··························102

5.6.3　高压熔断器的维护 ··························104

第6章　高压成套配电装置 ··························107

6.1　认识高压开关柜····························107

6.1.1　高压开关柜的主要特点 ························107

6.1.2　高压开关柜的组成 ··························108

6.1.3　高压开关柜的分类 ··························108

6.2　开关柜的常用类型 ···························109

6.2.1　GG1A-12（F）型固定式高压开关柜 ···················109

6.2.2　XGN2-12（Z）型固定式高压开关柜 ···················113

6.2.3　KYN28A-12型移开式高压开关柜 ····················117

6.2.4　高压环网开关柜 ···························122

6.3　预装式变电站·····························126

6.3.1　组合式箱变与预装式箱变 ·······················126

6.3.2　YB系列预装式变电站 ·························127

6.3.3　箱式变电站的使用 ··························128

第7章　高压电力线路 ····························129

7.1　高压电力线路的种类 ··························129

7.1.1　高压架空线路 ····························129

7.1.2　高压电缆线路 ····························130

7.2　高压架空线路的构成 ··························131

7.2.1　电杆································131

7.2.2　横担和拉线 ·····························133

7.2.3　绝缘子和金具 ····························134

7.2.4　导线································136

7.3　架空线路的安装、巡视检查与运行维护··················137

7.3.1　架空线路的安装 ···························137

7.3.2　架空线路的巡视检查和运行维护 ····················143

7.4　高压电力电缆·····························144

7.4.1　高压电力电缆的基本结构 ·······················144

7.4.2　常用高压电力电缆的类型及适用范围 ··················147

7.4.3　高压电缆截面的选择··························147

7.4.4　高压电力电缆的敷设·························148

7.4.5　高压电缆的连接 ··························149

7.4.6　高压电力电缆的安全管理·······················151

第8章　过电压保护与接地装置 ······················154

8.1　过电压及雷电的概念 ·························154

8.1.1　过电压的形成 ···························154

8.1.2　雷电的危害 ····························155

8.2　防雷装置 ······························156

8.2.1　接闪器 ······························156

8.2.2　避雷器 ······························157

8.2.3　避雷器的运行与维护 ························158

8.2.4　避雷器的主要故障分析 ·······················159

8.3　电力线路与变配电所的防雷保护 ····················160

8.3.1　10kV配电线路的防雷保护 ······················161

8.3.2　变配电所的防雷保护 ························163

8.4　接地装置······························165

8.4.1　人工接地极的制作安装要求 ·····················165

8.4.2　接地导体的最小截面 ························167

8.4.3　接地装置的敷设与连接 ·······················167

8.4.4　接地装置的检查及测量周期 ·····················169

第9章　继电保护与二次回路 ························170

9.1　继电保护的基本知识 ·························170

9.1.1　继电保护的任务 ··························170

9.1.2　继电保护的要求 ··························170

9.2　继电保护的原理及常用继电器 ····················171

9.2.1　继电保护的基本工作原理 ······················171

9.2.2　常用继电器····························172

9.3　10kV变配电所的继电保护及自动装置 ·················178

9.3.1　10kV配电系统的主要故障 ·····················178

9.3.2　10kV配电系统常用继电保护种类 ··················178

9.3.3　10kV配电系统的保护配置······················179

9.3.4　备用电源自投装置 ························182

 9.4　微机综合保护测控装置 ······················182

9.4.1　微机综合保护测控装置的特点 ···················182

9.4.2　微机综合保护测控装置的基本构成 ·················183

9.4.3　微机综合保护测控装置的基本功能 ·················183

9.4.4　微机综合保护测控装置的软件设定 ·················184

9.4.5　变配电室综合自动化系统的基本功能 ················184

9.4.6　监控系统（后台机）可反映的内容 ·················184

9.4.7　保护装置的运行管理 ·······················185

 9.5　10kV变配电所二次回路 ······················185

9.5.1　二次回路概述 ··························186

9.5.2　二次回路分类 ··························186

9.5.3　变配电室的操作电源 ·······················186

9.5.4　中央信号报警系统 ························187

9.5.5　认识二次回路图 ·························188

9.6　变配电所事故跳闸的分析与判断 ···················193

9.6.1　变压器事故跳闸的分析与判断 ···················193

9.6.2　配电线路事故跳闸的分析与判断 ··················193

9.6.3　其他事故跳闸信息的分析与判断 ··················194

第10章　变配电站安全保障 ·······················195

 10.1　变配电站值班人员安全管理要求 ··················195

10.1.1　变配电站值班人员应具备的素质 ·················195

10.1.2　变配电站值班人员的主要工作 ··················195

10.1.3　变配电站的负责人和值班长应具备的条件 ·············196

10.1.4　变配电站值班长和值班员的岗位职责 ···············197

10.2　变配电站工作安全保障的技术措施 ·················197

10.2.1　停电·····························197

10.2.2　验电·····························198

10.2.3　装设接地线 ··························199

10.2.4　悬挂标示牌和装设临时遮栏 ···················199

10.3　变配电站工作安全保障的制度措施 ·················200

10.3.1　工作票制度 ··························200

10.3.2　工作查活及交底制度 ······················201

10.3.3　工作许可制度 ·························201

10.3.4　工作监护制度 ·························202

10.3.5　工作间断和工作转移制度 ····················203

10.3.6　工作终结和送电制度 ······················203

10.4　变配电站填写工作票的规定 ····················204

10.4.1　填写第一种工作票的规定 ····················204

10.4.2　填写第二种工作票的规定 ····················205

10.4.3　口头或电话命令的工作 ·····················205

10.4.4　执行工作票的程序 ·······················206

第11章　高压开关柜的倒闸操作······················208

11.1　倒闸操作的基本知识 ·······················208

11.1.1　电气设备状态 ·························208

11.1.2　倒闸操作的目的和内容 ·····················209

11.2　倒闸操作的专用术语 ·······················209

11.2.1　电力系统设备的标准名称 ····················209

11.2.2　电力系统的调度术语 ······················210

11.2.3　电力系统的操作术语 ······················211

11.3　变配电站倒闸操作的程序与方法 ··················212

11.3.1　倒闸操作的基本规定 ······················212

11.3.2　倒闸操作的程序 ························214

11.3.3　倒闸操作逻辑控制 ·······················216

11.4　倒闸操作票填写的内容及操作术语举例 ···············218

11.4.1　倒闸操作票填写的内容及注意事项 ················218

11.4.2　倒闸操作票标准术语的应用举例 ·················219

11.4.3　10kV及以下高低压配电装置的调度操作编号原则 ··········222

第12章　变配电站运行管理 ·······················225

12.1　变配电站的制度和运行维护管理··················225

12.1.1　变配电站运行管理的职能 ····················225

12.1.2　变配电站运行的主要制度 ····················226

12.1.3　变配电站的运行工作 ······················228

12.1.4　变配电站的维护工作 ······················229

12.1.5　变配电站的培训工作 ······················230

12.2　变配电站的设备管理 ·······················230

12.2.1　设备专责制管理 ························230

12.2.2　设备缺陷管理 ·························230

12.2.3　设备检修计划管理 ·······················231

12.2.4　设备验收管理 ·························232

12.2.5　变配电站设备设施的具体要求 ··················233

12.3　变配电站的资料管理 ·······················233

12.3.1　变配电站规程和规章制度的管理 ·················234

12.3.2　变配电站的技术资料 ······················234

12.3.3　变配电站电气运行记录 ·····················235

12.4　变配电站异常运行及事故处理 ···················236

12.4.1　配电装置异常运行及事故处理 ··················236

12.4.2　断路器异常运行及事故处理 ···················236

12.4.3　隔离开关异常运行及事故处理 ··················237

12.4.4　负荷开关异常运行及事故处理 ··················238

12.4.5　电力变压器异常运行及事故处理 ·················238

12.4.6　互感器异常运行及事故处理 ···················239

12.4.7　母线、支持瓷瓶异常运行及事故处理 ···············240

第13章　高压安全用具 ·························241

13.1　基本绝缘安全用具 ························241

13.1.1　高压设备的基本绝缘安全用具的组成 ···············241

13.1.2　绝缘杆 ····························242

13.1.3　绝缘夹钳 ···························243

13.1.4　高压验电器 ··························244

13.1.5　使用安全用具的通则 ······················246

13.2　辅助绝缘安全用具 ························246

13.2.1　绝缘手套和绝缘靴（鞋） ····················247

13.2.2　绝缘垫和绝缘台 ························248

13.3　一般防护安全用具 ························249

13.3.1　携带型临时接地线 ·······················249

13.3.2　遮栏·····························251

13.3.3　标示牌 ····························252

附1　10kV中置柜双路市电+双路柴发供配电运行方案 ············255

附2　10kV固定柜双路市电供配电运行方案 ················256

附3　10kV环网柜双路市电供配电运行方案 ················257

附4　倒闸操作票示例 ·························258

参考文献 ······························267