This is the fourth volume of The History of Rural Changes in China Since the Modern Era. It presents the track of rural reform and development in China from 1978 to 2012, and systematically reflects the tremendous changes in China’s rural areas over the past thirty-four years by depicting the major achievements of China’s rural reform along with development and changes in various aspects. In industrial aspects, it demonstrates achievements in basic rural management system, rural land management system, agricultural product market system, agricultural support and protection system, rural fiscal and financial system, rural governance mechanism, rural leadership and management system, and agricultural legal system. And in development aspects, it exhibits achievements in modern agriculture construction, new countryside construction, industrialization and urbanization of rural areas, rural poverty alleviation and development, comprehensive development of farmers, and opening up of agriculture to the outside world. This volume also examines rural reform and development by integrating it into the industrialization process of the country and analyzes the factors and experiences that have influenced rural development and changes.