This book is a theoretical monography that conducts metatheory thinking and study of the scientific research methodology in theoretical linguistics. It not only leads the readers to reflect on some commonly accepted views, but also offers its own insights based on the background of the history and philosophy of science: how to conduct academic criticism effectively, how theories are structured, how to construct an original linguistic theory, what exactly is the relationship between linguistics and philosophy, and so on. In addition, it looks at the advanced cognitive science, neuroscience, complexity science, etc., and prospectively puts forward the idea of a trans-disciplinary development paradigm that incorporates linguistics into the family of cognitive science. It also proposes how to reform the curriculums of graduate students in the future to cultivate theoretical linguists with innovative skills.