By applying ordinal regression and propensity score matching, this book first empirically examines the impact of leadership on rural collective actions. Then it adopts a “structured- pragmatic-situational” case study approach to analyze the mechanisms of how leadership impacts on collective actions from the perspective of leaders through in-depth interviews and virtual ethnography. After that, the grounded theory is used for the analysis of the public service motivation behind the public’s participation in collective actions and its influencing factors from the perspective of participants. Finally, combining the findings of the qualitative study and on the basis of the infrastructure of institutional analysis and development framework, a leadership- motivation-institution framework is constructed from the actor’s point of view to explain rural collective actions in China, and a linear layered model is used for econometric and empirical evidence.