This textbook is divided into two main sections: the theoretical part (Part I) and the empirical part (Part II and Part III). In the empirical section, it is further divided into static description (Part II) and dynamic description (Part III). In the theoretical part, the textbook introduces new institutionalism on the one hand and the basic principles of modern political institutions on the other. In the static description of the empirical part, the textbook compares different institutional arrangements from several aspects such as state structure, legislation, administration, judiciary, elections, and political parties. In the dynamic description of the empirical part, the textbook attempts to analyze the forces and mechanisms of political institutional change. In each chapter, the textbook not only provides a general introduction to relevant institutions but also extracts important research themes, absorbing achievements from academia to provide students with a comprehensive knowledge landscape.